CHAPTER 1 :

Information Representation

·
1 2
.
: Multimedia
Main
Topics :

·
Images
-

Bitmap
-
vector
· sound
·
File Compression

IMAGES :

>Pixel
·

Bitmap :
-

made up of
·
Bitmap imager are
pixels .

· A pixel is the smallest element of the screen .

·
Millions of
pixels combined together make up an

image .

·
Data of a
bitmap image is encoded through bit

patterns
.

· A Bitmap image contains a File Header .

·
A file header consist of the bitmap file which includes
the image size ,
number of colors etc .

·
Bit Depth : Number of bits used to
represent a
pixel .

The the bit depth

greater , greater the
quality of
the
image .
 W
L >-
screen
W a
>x

-
↓
h h

Image

Screen Resolution :

refers to the number of horizontal and

vertical pixels that make up a screens
display .

Resolution refers the number of pixels that

Image :
to

make up an
image .

· Lower the resolution ,

file size would be less
, image
will reduced
quality be ·

If
image greater than screen resolution
resolution is
·

pixels of the image will be cropped or deleted which

can cause the
image to become pixelated .

How to calculate bit-map file size

In
1920 x 1080
Img
·
< ·

z
W

1080
pixels
per
column >
1920 pixels per row
 1080
No
pixels 1920 x Bit depth 4
=
.
of =

=
2
,
073 , 600 pixels

No . of bits : No of.

pixels x Bit depth

= 2073600x4
=
8 , 294 , 400 bits

Image size :

Ibyte: Sbits

=8294400 036 , 800

=
1 , bytes ~
v
8

Actral
Ikilobyte =
1000
bytes In
1024
I
megabyte
=
1000 kilobytes 1 kB =

bytes
I
gigabyte =
1000
megabytes
I
terabyte
=
1000 gigabytes

In MB =
1036800 1036 800 .

1000
.S
10
=

1036 8kB
0368 MB
.

1 .
1000

=
1.0368 MB
 he

Bytes =

1500x3000x8=36000000
bytes
36000444 =

36000kB =
36 MB
1444 1000

36

VECTOR GRAPHICS

Images that use 2D points to describe lines and

curves and their properties .

·
Lines and curves are
grouped to form geometric shapes .

A vector
graphic has a
drawing List
· .

Drawing List :

set of commands defining a vector

image .

· An vector image has

properties which determine the
and appearence
shape .

·
If shape is resized , properties are recalculated .
 Bitmap and Vector
Diff .
blw Images :

VECTOR BITMAP
·
made up of geometric made
up of pixels of different

shapes . colors .

They do require Since

they use
pixels file size
·

not a ,

size since it is is
large very large
.

made up of simple shapes .

graphics built up pixel

vector are
Images are
by
· ·

not realistic pixel so realistic

very very
.
.

Sound :

·
Sound is
analogue in nature .

data to
·
A
computer converts this analogue digital
data using an ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter)
-
sound wave amplitude amplitude
sampled at set time intervals
A
·

-
these samples are encoded
as
binary sequence -

-
This
sequence provides digital representation
of sound .
 Sampling Rate :
No .
of
samples per unit time
taken .

increases sound
Increasing sampling rate
quality
but
·
,

increases file size .

Resolution encode each

Sampling Number bits used
:

of to

sample .

Increasing sampling resolution increases of

accuracy
·

sound wove but increases file size .

Bit rate :
No . of bits used for storing I second of sound .

Rate
Bit rate :

Sampling x
Sampling Resolution .

File size :
Bit rate x
Length of Sound

1 3 .
Compression

Compression is the process of reducing file size without

·
a
significant loss in quality

Benefits :

-Reduces time to transmit and recieve data .

-
Reduces the amount of
storage needed to
store files .

there compression
two
types
:
are of
·

Lossless compression Lossy compression

- .
 Lossless Compression :

This is the
type of compression that allows original
·

data (before compression) be

perfectly reconstructed to

from compressed file .

·
This is important for files where loss data world
of
any
be disastrous .

Lossy Compression :

This is the of
·

type compression which

irreversibly
eliminates
unnecessary data
-

and this is lower than lossless but

·
Accuracy quality of
file size is lower than lossless .

Applications of Compression :

·
MP3 : ·
This is a
type of audio compression .

MP3 reduces file size almost 90 %

by
·

·
MP3 uses perceptual music shaping .

Perceptual outside human

Music Shaping :
Frequencies of

hearingrange are eliminated

.

·
If two sounds are being played at the same times only
the lorder be heard the the softer
one can
by ear , so

sound is eliminated .

·
MP3 is a
lossy compression technique .

·
MP4 :

Same as MP3 , but can store audio and video files .

·
RUN-LENGTH ENCODING :

This is form lossless

a of
compression
· .

·
It can be used to
compress text and bitmap files .

Reduces file size of elements which has

sequence
·
a of

adjacent ,
identical values ·

Repeating sequences of elements are encoded in two

values :

1) run count 2) run value

Example :

·
we have a text
string "accabibbccdddd"
·
After RLE :
Sa ub 2 4d

w =
1 , B =
0

........

........

........

9 W
C I
run count run value
 ·

0
-

·
RLE is beneficial where there are adjacent repecting
values ·