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Fundamentals of Antenna - pptx-1

This document provides an introduction to different types of antennas, including their fundamental parameters and characteristics. It discusses various wire antennas like dipoles and loops, aperture antennas like horns, microstrip antennas, array antennas, reflector antennas and lens antennas. The key parameters of antennas covered are radiation pattern, directivity, gain, efficiency, bandwidth, beamwidth and polarization. Common antenna patterns such as isotropic, directional and omnidirectional are also described.

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paulkani-ece
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121 views18 pages

Fundamentals of Antenna - pptx-1

This document provides an introduction to different types of antennas, including their fundamental parameters and characteristics. It discusses various wire antennas like dipoles and loops, aperture antennas like horns, microstrip antennas, array antennas, reflector antennas and lens antennas. The key parameters of antennas covered are radiation pattern, directivity, gain, efficiency, bandwidth, beamwidth and polarization. Common antenna patterns such as isotropic, directional and omnidirectional are also described.

Uploaded by

paulkani-ece
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS

By
I.Paulkani
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Engineering College, K.R. Nagar, Kovilpatti-628503
Email id: [email protected]
Introduction to antenna
Antenna :
o A metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or

receiving radio waves – Webster’s dictionary

o A means of radiating or receiving radio waves – IEEE

standard definition (IEEE Std 145-1943)*

o Transitional structure between free-space and a guiding


device

* IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.AP-17, No.3, May


1969; AP-22, No.1, January 1974; and AP-31,No.6, Part II, November 1983
Types of antennas

o Wire antennas

o Aperture antennas

o Microstrip antennas

o Array antennas

o Reflector antennas

o Lens antennas
Wire antennas
- Dipole, monopole, loop antenna, Helix
- Used in personal applications, automobiles, buildings,
ships, aircrafts and space crafts.
Aperture antennas
- Horn antennas, waveguide
- Used in aircrafts and space crafts, because these
antennas can be flush-mounted.
Microstrip antennas
- Rectangular, circular …
- Shaped metallic patch above the ground plane
- Used in aircrafts, space crafts, satellites, car, missile and
mobile phones.
Reflector Antennas
- Parabolic reflectors, Corner reflectors
- Microwave communication, satellite tracking, radio
astronomy
Lens Antennas
- Convex-plane, Concave-plane, Convex-convex,
Concave-concave lenses
- Used for very high frequency applications

Array Antennas
- Yagi-Uda antenna, Micro strip patch array, Aperture array,
Slotted wave guide array
- Used for very high gain applications, mostly when needs to
control the radiation pattern
Fundamental parameters of antennas
* Radiation pattern
* Directivity
* Gain
* Efficiency
* Radiation resistance
* Mutual impedance
* Input impedance
* Polarization
* Bandwidth
* Beamwidth
* Effective aperture,
* Vector effective length
* Antenna temperature
Directivity
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the
antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.

- The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power


radiated by the antenna divided by 4π

U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)


U0 = radiation intensity of isotropic source (W/unit solid angle)
Prad = total radiated power (W)
Gain
The ratio of the intensity, in a given direction, to the radiation
intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the
antenna were radiated isotropically.
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies within which the performance of the
antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a
specified standard.
BW = F2 - F1
F2 - Upper frequency
F1 - Lower frequency
Antenna Efficiency
The ratio of the radiated power of the antenna to the input
power accepted by the antenna.

Prad - Radiated power


Pin - Input power
Radiation pattern
- Mathematical function or a graphical representation of the
radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates.
Radiation properties
- Power flux density
- Radiation intensity
- Field strength
- Directivity
- Polarization
Field pattern : represents a plot of the magnitude of the electric
or magnetic field as a function of the angular space
Power pattern: represents a plot of the square of the magnitude
of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular
space
Radiation pattern lobes
Various parts of a radiation pattern are referred to as lobes
o major or main
o minor
o side
o back lobes
Major lobe : The radiation
lobe containing the direction
of maximum radiation
Minor lobe is any lobe except
a major lobe
Side lobe is a radiation lobe
in any direction other than the
intended lobe
Back lobe is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of
approximately 180◦ with respect to the beam of an antenna
Isotropic, Directional and Omnidirectional
Patterns
Isotropic radiator : A hypothetical lossless antenna having
equal radiation in all directions. Physically unrealizable

Omnidirectional antenna: It is defined as one having an


essentially nondirectional pattern in a given and a directional
pattern in any orthogonal plane

Directional antenna: It is defined as one having the property


of radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves more
effectively in some directions than in others
Principal Patterns
E-plane is defined as “the plane containing the electric-field
vector and the direction of maximum radiation,”

H-plane is defined as “the plane containing the magnetic-field


vector and the direction of maximum radiation.”
Beamwidth
The beamwidth of a pattern is defined as
the angular separation between two
identical points on opposite side of the
pattern maximum.
Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) - In a
plane containing the direction of the
maximum of a beam, the angle between
the two directions in which the radiation
intensity is one-half value of the beam
First-Null Beamwidth (FNBW) -
angular separation between the first nulls
of the pattern

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