Powder Metallurgy Techniques For Titanium Alloys

Powder Metallurgy Techniques for Titanium Alloys
Qasim Saad Abulwahid

Ph.D. student
Introduction
The high quality, low weight proportion and great erosion opposition of
titanium and its composites have achieved a wide scope of uses requiring elevated
levels of dependable execution in medical procedure and medication just as in
aviation, car, concoction plants and other significant enterprises. In a large number
of the building applications, titanium possesses less functional or less financially
savvy materials. Structures made with the properties of titanium regularly produce
financial and progressively solid frameworks and segment [1].
Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) compound is one which is most broadly used. It has an

average machinability and great mechanical properties. For different weight
decrease applications in car, aviation and marine gear, this combination has the
best in general execution. Ti6Al-4V is likewise known to have different
applications in medication [2]. Similar to other metals, at a wide scope of
temperatures titanium can crystallize into different precious crystal structures, the
greater part of the titanium compounds and alloys of titanium solidify at low
temperatures in an obviously adjusted hexagonal close packed structure, called α
titanium. However, at high temperatures, the body-focused cubic structure is
alluded as β titanium. The β progress temperature for alloys of titanium is noted as
882±2ºC. Over a period of time, the capacity to comprehend and control materials
has been fundamental to our specialized advancement. Researchers and designers
today recognize the significance of utilizing inventive materials for economic and
ecological reasons [3]. One such major innovation is powder metallurgy.
Powder metallurgy’s greatest advantage is control of compositional gradient,

identifying estimation of mechanical properties tentatively permits the material to
be simulated by directing auxiliary, thermal or coupled examines to evaluate its
suitability for genuine issues.
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P/M of Ti alloys
Powder metallurgy is a kind of the solid-state process where the graded

material is blended in the necessary extent and stacked consistently or in a step
wise manner. Squeezing the green conservative at that point packs the material, so
the bit got is 80% thick. The minimized bit is then sintered to deliver 100% thick
segment at the appropriate temperature. The mechanical and tribological property
of the completed item relies upon temperature, time of sintering and compaction
load.
The succession of procedure steps in the Powder Metallurgy process includes

blending powder, compacting that blended powder into a die, followed by sintering
process in a consolidation chamber. Specific behavior or dimensional accuracy
may be implemented in secondary service [4].
The steps involved in Powder metallurgy techniques are given as below
(i) Preparation of metal alloy powder, (ii) Blending or mixing, (iii) Compacting,
(iv) Sintering, (v) Sizing or impregnation, (vi) Secondary operations.
Preparation of metal alloy powder
Metal powders are the principal constituents of an item made of Powder

metallurgy through which properties of the completed item is determined, Powder
metallurgy part relies upon size, shape, and surface territory of powder particles.
Mechanical methods are the least expensive of the powder generation; these
techniques include utilizing mechanical forces, for example, compressive forces,
shear to facilitate size reduction of particles from bulk materials.
During processing (milling), impact, steady loss, compression and shear forces
are followed up on particles. During impact, striking of one powder molecule
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against another happens. Steady loss refers to the creation of wear debris because
of the rubbing activity between two particles. Shear refers to cutting of particles
which results in fracture. The particles are broken into fine particles by
compressing activity in pressure power type. Primary goals of processing are
Molecule size decrease, Molecule size development, shape change, agglomeration
(consolidating of particles) and solid-state alloying, mechanical or solid-state
blending, and alteration of material properties [5].
Sequential steps of milling
In general milling, Changes in the crystal structures of powder particles results in

the following sequential events: Such as Micro forging, Fracture, Agglomeration
and Deagglomeration.
The diverse powder qualities affected by processing are shape, size, surface,
molecule size dispersion, crystalline size, hardness, flowability, compressibility,
chemical composition, sinterability, sintered thickness.
Milling: The equipment’s generally possess crushers & mills. Crushing is done for
making clay materials such as metal oxides whereas grinding for reactive metals
such as titanium, niobium, zirconium and tantalum. Fig 1 shows various types of
crushers and mills.
3
Blending or mixing
Powders of materials are to be mixed or blended appropriately for getting the

necessary properties in the result of sintering. In this procedure the powder and
blender are combined finely. Lubricant is additionally utilized to reduce the friction
and subsequently getting a better blending. The lubricant to be evacuated of the
pass on before submitting it to sintering as the presence of grease may alter the
properties of the finished item. Numerous kinds of blenders are being utilized for
the assembling of different parts by powder metallurgy method [6].
Compacting
Compacting can be accomplished for molding of the powder in to the necessary

shape. In this blended mixture is exposed to pressure, because of the use of weight
the gap in the particles gets decreased and the powder gets reduced thus increases
adequate strength to withstand ejection and handling. Pressure applied on the
powder should be carefully directed as though low pressures are applied on them
the part created will be delicate in nature. On the off chance that the pressure
applied is more, at that point there might be a twisting of tool at a pressure of 1to
4
150 Nm2. Compacting is finished through various processes like explosive
forming, powder extrusion, isostatic pressing, vibratory compacting, roll
compacting or powder rolling.
Sintering
Powder metallurgy process improves the mechanical properties of the

manufactured product as a result of appropriately blended reinforcement particles
inside the lattice. The connection between the size of the Nano- particle, amount,
surface type and form of reinforcement and the composite properties provided by
the powder metallurgy has been established. Various sintering processes are
used to bind powder particles classified as below.
Spark Plasma Sintering
The Spark plasma sintering has the advantage of producing items with a high
density other than conventional and micro wave sintering. Powder of the necessary
proportions is put in a graphite die in SPS method, where the powder is first
compacted followed by sintering, here, pressure and temperature through this
process is applied at the same time in the SPS chamber. Increase in temperature
rate is very high due to internal heating and can be done in minutes where it takes
hours as in traditional processes.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Selective laser sintering is the method of combining powder material to form

solid parts through heat and pressure application. The material used in this process
may be nylon, polystyrene, and thermoplastic. SLS is a most flexible technique
capable of generating complex shapes directly from the CAD model, having high
accuracy. SLS process can handle wide range of powder content through layer-by-
layer process that is done using electron laser beams.
5
This approach is ideally suitable for biomedical applications such as pre-
operative preparation, tissue engineering prosthetics and bone scaffolds [7]. So, it
has some benefits, which are described below. This PBF process is rapid and
accurate, surface of smoother quality is obtained. no need of mold or other tools
with minimal waste of material.
Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)
Materials are manufactured via two processes in the hot isostatic pressing
method, one is casting and the other process is of powder metallurgy. These
materials mechanical operation is a function of auxiliary, dispersion and porosity
that imparts mechanical behavior such as failure resistance, tensile strength, and
toughness of fracture. In this process, uniform pressure and high temperature in all
directions were applied to the green compact, and argon gas was taken as the fluid
medium in a closed vessel to properly consolidate the materials [8]. Due to the
simultaneous application of pressure and temperature, it is called ‘gas pressure
bonding. 'Hot isostatic pressing is widely used to remove defects and to synthesize
denser ceramics. In this process mechanical properties are strengthened such as
impact resistance and ductility [9]. HIP is regarded as a best technique to enhance
mechanical properties of a greater number of materials till present time [10].
Sizing or impregnation
From the above we comprehended that during the procedure of densification in

sintering there might be a variety in size. So, in the consequence of sintering the
conveyed part is checked by utilizing a master die and weight is applied over the
part. This methodology is called sizing. Because of this system the interconnected
porosity of the part gets shut and it will be unrealistic to fill the pores with oil or
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some other metal. So sizing isn't as regularly adopted. A pre machining action is
adopted before impregnation.
Secondary operations
A finished segment is to be checked obviously about its properties and different

things before it is utilized for the work. The absolute most usually performed tests
are elasticity, hardness, compressive quality, porosity, thickness, structure and
microstructure.
The titanium amalgams can be seen across wide assortment applications.

Despite the fact that they are to a great extent utilized in the aeronautic trade other
market areas are presently starting to receive titanium in their different
applications, for example, in clinical gadgets, car parts and development designing,
for example, aviation motors and airframes. Titanium compounds are additionally
utilized in embeds vessels, rocket motor housings, fuel tanks, valve housings, hair
springs and blower wheels and so on [11].
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Conclusion
 Titanium is a substance which is generally accessible and positions ninth

most plentiful component and the fourth richest auxiliary metal situated in
the World's outside layer, which surpasses just by iron, aluminum and
magnesium. It isn't accessible in unadulterated state and once in a while
found in high fixations.
 The quantity and type of alloying elements imparts good mechanical
properties and great corrosion and wear resistance to titanium alloy.
 Because of the temperature increment, the issue that ascents with the
titanium and its composites is supporting titanium without adjustment in
metal phase.
 Because of the great physical and mechanical properties, titanium have
numerous advantages for example high softening temperature and
lightweight contrasted and steel, which has extended applications.
 Various compositions and different proportions of powders enables different
mechanical compatibility properties which are used in many appliances.
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Reference
1.F.H. (Sam) Froes, “Titanium Alloys”, chapter 8 of the Handbook of Advanced

Materials, Ed. in Chief James K. Weasel, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY. To be
published 2000.
2. F.H. (Sam) Froes “Titanium Metal Alloys”, Handbook of Chemical Industry

Economics, Inorganic, Ed. in Chief Jeff Ellis, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York, NY. To be published 2000.
3. R.R. Boyer, G. Welsch and E.W. Collings, Eds. “Materials Properties Handbook:
Titanium Alloys”, 1994, ASM Int., Materials Park, OH.
4. F.H. Froes and D. Eylon, “Powder Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys,” International
Materials Reviews, Vol. 35, 1990, p. 162.
5. F.H. Froes and C. Suryanarayana, “Powder Processing of Titanium Alloys,”

Reviews in Particulate Materials, Eds. A. Bose, R.M. German and A. Lawley,
MPIF, Princeton, NJ, vol. 1, 1993, p. 223.
6. F. Arcella and F.H. (Sam) Froes, “Production Of Titanium Aerospace

Components From Powder Using Laser Forming”, JOM Vol. 52, No. 5 (2000), p.
28.
7. Powder Metallurgy Science, 2nd Edition, R.M. German, 1994, Chapter Six, p.
192 et seq. MPIF, Princeton, NJ.
8. F.H. (Sam) Froes and R.M. German, Metal Powder Report, “Titanium Powder
InjectionMolding (PIM)”, Vol. 55, No. 6 (2000), p. 12.
9. F.H. (Sam) Froes, John Lombardi, Larry LaVoie, Joe Fravel and Mitch Godfrey,
9
“Titanium Powder Injection Molding – A Cost Effective Alternative”, Proceedings
of the TMS Symposium on High Performance Metallic Materials for Cost
SensitiveApplications, held in Seattle, WA, 17-21 Feb.2002, Eds. F.H. (Sam)
Froes, et al TMS, Warrendale, PA 2002.
10. F.H. (Sam) Froes, “Conference Report: Fourth International Conference on

Spray Forming”, LMA, Feb. 2000, vol. 58, p. 72.
11. Y. Liu, Z. Jin, Electric current assisted sintering of continuous functionally

graded Ti2AlN/TiN material, Ceramics International. 38 (2012) 217– 222.
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Powder Metallurgy Techniques for Titanium Alloys

Qasim Saad Abulwahid

Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) compound is one which is most broadly used. It has an

Powder metallurgy’s greatest advantage is control of compositional gradient,

Powder metallurgy is a kind of the solid-state process where the graded

The succession of procedure steps in the Powder Metallurgy process includes

The steps involved in Powder metallurgy techniques are given as below

Preparation of metal alloy powder

Metal powders are the principal constituents of an item made of Powder

Sequential steps of milling

In general milling, Changes in the crystal structures of powder particles results in

Powders of materials are to be mixed or blended appropriately for getting the

Compacting can be accomplished for molding of the powder in to the necessary

Powder metallurgy process improves the mechanical properties of the

Spark Plasma Sintering

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

Selective laser sintering is the method of combining powder material to form

Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)

From the above we comprehended that during the procedure of densification in

A finished segment is to be checked obviously about its properties and different

The titanium amalgams can be seen across wide assortment applications.

 Titanium is a substance which is generally accessible and positions ninth

1.F.H. (Sam) Froes, “Titanium Alloys”, chapter 8 of the Handbook of Advanced

2. F.H. (Sam) Froes “Titanium Metal Alloys”, Handbook of Chemical Industry

Titanium Alloys”, 1994, ASM Int., Materials Park, OH.

4. F.H. Froes and D. Eylon, “Powder Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys,” International

Materials Reviews, Vol. 35, 1990, p. 162.

5. F.H. Froes and C. Suryanarayana, “Powder Processing of Titanium Alloys,”

6. F. Arcella and F.H. (Sam) Froes, “Production Of Titanium Aerospace

10. F.H. (Sam) Froes, “Conference Report: Fourth International Conference on

11. Y. Liu, Z. Jin, Electric current assisted sintering of continuous functionally

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