Circuit Analysis

Mesh

Arwindra Rizqiawan

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Institut Teknologi Bandung
Course Schedule

Week Course
1 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Laws
3 Method of Analysis - Nodal
4 Method of Analysis - Mesh Quiz 1
5 Circuit Theorems Test 1
6 Circuit Theorems
7 Operational Amplifiers
8 Operational Amplifiers Quiz 2
9 Capacitors and Inductors
10 First Order Circuits Test 2
11 First Order Circuits
12 Second Order Circuits Quiz 3
13 Second Order Circuits
14 Sinusoid and Phasor
15 Sinusoid and Phasor Test 3
1
Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Recalling

3. Mesh and Planarity

4. Mesh Analysis

5. Supermesh

6. Circuit Analysis by Inspection

2
Introduction
Introduction

• Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws are two powerful tools for circuit
analysis.
• Circuit analysis methods
1. Nodal Analysis: Kirchhoff Current Law
2. Mesh Analysis: Kirchhoff Voltage Law

3
Recalling
Recall: Kirchhoff Voltage Law

Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is
zero.

PM
m vm = 0

−v1 + v2 + v3 − v4 + v5 = 0
Sum of voltage drops equal to the
v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4
sum of voltage rises.

4
Recall: Branch, Node, Loop

• A branch represents a single

element such as a voltage source or
a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a
circuit.

5
Mesh and Planarity
Introduction: Mesh

Mesh
A loop which does not contain
any other loops within it.

• Limitation
1. Mesh analysis is not quite as • Path abefa is a mesh
general as nodal analysis.
• Path bcdeb is a mesh
2. It is only applicable to planar
circuit. • Path abcdefa is a loop but not
a mesh

6
Planar Circuit

Planar circuit
A circuit that can be drawn in a
plane with no branches crossing
one another

A Planar circuit

A Nonplanar circuit

7
Mesh Analysis
Mesh Analysis

1. Determine n meshes available in the circuit.

2. Assign mesh currents i1 , i2 , . . . , in to the n meshes.
3. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.
4. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
5. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh
currents.

8
Mesh Analysis: Determine meshes and assign mesh currents

9
Mesh Analysis: Apply KVL and Ohm’s Law on each mesh

For mesh 1

−V1 + vR1 + vR3 = 0

−V1 + R1 i1 + R3 (i1 − i2 ) = 0

Therefore

(R1 + R3 )i1 − R3 i2 = V1

10
Mesh Analysis: Apply KVL and Ohm’s Law on each mesh

For mesh 2

vR2 + V2 + vR3 = 0
R2 i2 + V2 + R3 (i2 − i1 ) = 0

Therefore

−R3 i1 + (R2 + R3 )i2 = −V2

11
Mesh Analysis: Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations

Circuit equations
" #" # " #
R 1 + R3 −R3 i1 V1
=
−R3 R2 + R3 i2 −V2

Relation between branch and mesh

currents

I1 = i1
I2 = i2
I3 = i1 − i2

12
Example 1

Determine vo by using mesh

analysis.

13
Example 1

Determine vo by using mesh

analysis.

13
Example 1
Assume that i1 and i2 are in mA.
For mesh 1

−30 + 20 + 7i1 − 5i2 = 0

7i1 − 5i2 = 10

14
Example 1
Assume that i1 and i2 are in mA.
For mesh 1

−30 + 20 + 7i1 − 5i2 = 0

7i1 − 5i2 = 10

For mesh 2

−20 + 9i2 − 5i1 = 0

−5i1 + 9i2 = 20

14
Example 1
Assume that i1 and i2 are in mA.
For mesh 1

−30 + 20 + 7i1 − 5i2 = 0

7i1 − 5i2 = 10

For mesh 2

−20 + 9i2 − 5i1 = 0

−5i1 + 9i2 = 20

Solving the equations

i2 = 5
vo = 4i2 = 20V

14
Mesh Analysis with Current Source: Exist only in one mesh

Mesh 1

−10 + 4i1 + 6(i1 − i2 ) = 0

Mesh 2

i2 = −5A

Circuit equation

−10 + 4i1 + 6(i1 + 5) = 0

i1 = −2A

15
Supermesh
Mesh Analysis with Current Source: Exist between two meshes

• Could not be directly solved by

ordinary mesh analysis
• Solving by using supermesh
• Supermesh can be constructed
by excluding the current source
and any elements connected in
series with it

Supermesh
It results when two meshes have a,
either dependent or independent,
current source in common

16
Mesh Analysis with Current Source: Exist between two meshes

Excluding the current source and the Supermesh is formed.

element in series.

17
Mesh Analysis with Current Source: Exist between two meshes

KVL in the supermesh

−20 + 6i1 + 10i2 + 4i2 = 0

6i1 + 14i2 = 20

KCL in the node where two meshes

intersect

i2 = i1 + 6

Solving both equations

i1 = −3.2A
i2 = 2.8A

18
Example 2

Find current i in the circuit.

19
Example 2

Find current i in the circuit.

19
Example 2
For mesh 1,

5i1 − 3i2 − 2i3 = 30

20
Example 2
For mesh 1,

5i1 − 3i2 − 2i3 = 30

For mesh 2,

10i2 − 3i1 − 6i4 = 0

20
Example 2
For mesh 1,

5i1 − 3i2 − 2i3 = 30

For mesh 2,

10i2 − 3i1 − 6i4 = 0

For supermesh,

6i3 + 14i4 − 2i1 − 6i2 = 0

i4 − i3 = 4

20
Example 2
For mesh 1,

5i1 − 3i2 − 2i3 = 30

For mesh 2,

10i2 − 3i1 − 6i4 = 0

For supermesh,

6i3 + 14i4 − 2i1 − 6i2 = 0

i4 − i3 = 4

Solution

i = i1 = 8.56A

20
Circuit Analysis by Inspection
Circuit Analysis by Inspection

• Nodal or mesh equation can be created by simple inspecting the

circuit
• Nodal analysis: inspection can be used when all the sources are
independent current sources
• Mesh analysis: inspection can be used when all the sources are
independent voltage sources

21
Nodal Analysis by Inspection

In node v1

I1 = I2 + i1 + i2
v1 v1 − v2
I1 − I2 = +
R1 R2
In node v2

I2 = i3 − i2
v2 v1 − v2
I2 = −
R3 R2

22
Nodal Analysis by Inspection

In node v1

I1 = I2 + i1 + i2
v1 v1 − v2
I1 − I2 = +
R1 R2
In node v2

I2 = i3 − i2
v2 v1 − v2
I2 = − "
1
#" # " #
R3 R2 R1+ R12 − R12 v1 I1 − I2
=
− R12 1
R3 + R2
1
v2 I2

22
Nodal Analysis by Inspection

In terms of conductance
" #" # " #
• The diagonal terms is the sum G1 + G2 −G2 v1 I1 − I2
=
of the conductances connected −G2 G3 + G2 v2 I2
directly to node v1 or v2 .
• The off-diagonal terms are the
negatives of the conductances
connected between the nodes.
• Current vector is the algebraic
sum of the currents entering
the node.

23
Example 3

Determine circuit equations by using nodal inspection.

24
Example 3

Determine circuit equations by using nodal inspection.

    
G1 + G2 −G2 0 v1 I1 − I2
 −G2 G2 + G3 + G4 −G4  v2  =  I2 
    
0 −G4 G4 + G5 v3 0

24
Mesh Analysis by Inspection

For mesh 1

−V1 + vR1 + vR3 = 0

−V1 + R1 i1 + R3 (i1 − i2 ) = 0
(R1 + R3 )i1 − R3 i2 = V1

For mesh 2

vR2 + V2 + vR3 = 0
R2 i2 + V2 + R3 (i2 − i1 ) = 0
−R3 i1 + (R2 + R3 )i2 = −V2

25
Mesh Analysis by Inspection

For mesh 1

−V1 + vR1 + vR3 = 0

−V1 + R1 i1 + R3 (i1 − i2 ) = 0
(R1 + R3 )i1 − R3 i2 = V1

For mesh 2
" #" # " #
vR2 + V2 + vR3 = 0 R1 + R3 −R3 i1 V1
=
R2 i2 + V2 + R3 (i2 − i1 ) = 0 −R3 R2 + R 3 i2 −V2

−R3 i1 + (R2 + R3 )i2 = −V2

25
Mesh Analysis by Inspection

• Diagonal elements are sum of " #" # " #

resistances in the mesh. R1 + R3 −R3 i1 V1
=
• Off-diagonal elements are −R3 R2 + R 3 i2 −V2
negative of resistances common
to the meshes.
• Voltage vector is sum of
independent voltage sources in
each mesh in a clockwise
fashion

26
Example 4

Write the mesh-current equation.

27
Example 4

Write the mesh-current equation.

27
Example 4

Inspection on resistances,

R11 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 R12 = −3
R22 = 3 + 5 = 8 R13 = −4
R33 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 R14 = 0
R44 = 1 + 1 = 2 R23 = 0
R34 = −1

28
Example 4

Inspection on resistances,

R11 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 R12 = −3
R22 = 3 + 5 = 8 R13 = −4
R33 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 R14 = 0
R44 = 1 + 1 = 2 R23 = 0
R34 = −1

Inspection on voltage sources,

v1 = 6 v2 = 4
v3 = 2 v4 = −3

28
Example 4

    
9 −3 −4 0 i1 6
−3 8 0 0  i2   4 
   
  =  

−4 −1 i3   3 

0 6
0 0 −1 2 i4 −3

29
Nodal Vs. Mesh Analysis?

Which one is better?

1. Look the nature of the circuit ⇒ choose the method that results in
smaller number of equations
• Circuit with many series-connected elements, voltage sources, or
supermeshes ⇒ Mesh analysis
• Circuit with many parallel-connected elements, current sources, or
supernode ⇒ Nodal analysis
• Circuit with fewer nodes than meshes ⇒ Nodal analysis
• Circuit with fewer meshes than nodes ⇒ Mesh analysis
2. Check the information required
• If node voltage is required ⇒Nodal analysis
• If mesh or branch current is required ⇒ Mesh analysis

30
Applications: DC Transistor Circuit

PNP Transistor NPN Transistor

31
Applications: DC Transistor Circuit

IE = IB + IC

Where in the active mode,

VCE + VEB + VBC = 0
IC = βIB
IC = αIE

32
Applications: DC Transistor Circuit

NPN Transistor DC equivalent circuit

33