Circuit Theorem

Part 1: Superposition and Source Transformation

Arwindra Rizqiawan

School of Electrical Engineering & Informatics

Institut Teknologi Bandung
Course Schedule

Week Course
1 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Laws
3 Method of Analysis - Nodal
4 Method of Analysis - Mesh Quiz 1
5 Circuit Theorems Test 1
6 Circuit Theorems
7 Operational Amplifiers
8 Operational Amplifiers Quiz 2
9 Capacitors and Inductors
10 First Order Circuits Test 2
11 First Order Circuits
12 Second Order Circuits Quiz 3
13 Second Order Circuits
14 Sinusoid and Phasor
15 Sinusoid and Phasor Test 3
1
Table of contents

1. Linearity

2. Superposition

3. Source Transformation

2
Linearity
Linearity Property

Linearity
The property of an element
describing linear relationship
between cause and effect. 1. Homogeneity property
Suppose that
a1 y1 = f (a1 x1 )
y = f (x) a2 y2 = f (a2 x2 )
y1 = f (x1 )
2. Additivity property
y2 = f (x2 )
a1 y1 + a2 y2 = f (a1 x1 + a2 x2 )
The function f (x) is linear if it has
1. Homogeneity (scaling) property
2. Additivity property

3
Linearity of Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law
The voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current f (i) = v = iR
i flowing through the resistor.
f (i1 ) = v1 = i1 R
f (i2 ) = v2 = i2 R

f (a1 i1 + a2 i2 ) = (a1 i1 + a2 i2 )R
= a1 (i1 R) + a2 (i2 )R
= a1 v1 + a2 v2

4
Linearity of Resistor’s Power

f (a1 i1 + a2 i2 ) = (a1 i1 + a2 i2 )2 R
= a12 i12 R + a22 i22 R + 2a1 a2 i1 i2 R
p = f (i)
6= a1 p1 + a2 p2
p = i 2R

Quadratic
p1 = i12 R Since the power of resistor is a
p2 = i22 R quadratic function rather than
linear, therefore linearity property
is not applicable.

5
Example 1

Express vo as a function of Vs , then

solve for Vs = 10V and Vs = 20V

6
Example 1
In node A
Vs − VA VA VA
= +
2k 4k 4k
Vs VA 2VA
− =
Express vo as a function of Vs , then 2k 2k 4k
solve for Vs = 10V and Vs = 20V Vs = 2VA

Since vo = VA − 0 then

Vs = 2vo

For Vs1 = 10V and Vs2 = 20V

vo1 = 5V
vo2 = 10V

6
Example 1

7
Example 2

Express vo as a function of is , then

solve for is = 15A and is = 30A

8
Example 2

In mesh 1 i1 = is
Express vo as a function of is , then
In mesh 2
solve for is = 15A and is = 30A
2(i2 − i1 ) + 10i2 = 0
12i2 − 2i1 = 0
6i2 = i1 = is

Therefore

vo = 4i2
4
= is
6
For is1 = 15A ⇒ vo1 = 10V
For is2 = 30A ⇒ vo2 = 20V

8
Example 2

9
Example 3

Express vo as a function of Vs and

Is

10
Example 3

In mesh 2 i2 = −Is
Express vo as a function of Vs and
In mesh 1
Is
4ki1 − 2ki2 = Vs
4ki1 + 2kIs = Vs
Vs − 2kIs
i1 =
4k
Therefore

vo = 2k(i1 − i2 )
= 2k(i1 + Is )
1
vo = Vs + 1kIs
2

10
Example 3

If Is = 0A
1
Express vo as a function of Vs and Is voVs = Vs
2
If Vs = 0V

voIs = 1kIs

Therefore

vo = voVs + voIs
1
vo = Vs + 1kIs 1
2 vo = Vs + 1kI
2 |{z}s
Contribution of Is
|{z}
Contribution of Vs

11
Superposition
Superposition

Superposition
The voltage across (or current
through) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the
voltages across (or currents
through) that element due to each
1
independent source acting alone. vo = Vs + 1kI
2 |{z}s
Contribution of Is
|{z}
Contribution of Vs

12
Superposition

Steps

1. Only one independent source is allowed to be active in the circuit,

the rest are deactivated (turned off).
• To deactivate a voltage source, replace it with a short circuit.
• To deactivate a current source, replace it with an open circuit.
2. The response obtained by applying each source then added
algebraically to obtain a solution.

13
Example 4

Find the current i using superposition principle.

14
Example 4
Deactivate voltage source
Deactivate current source

1
i1 = 6V 3Ω
6Ω + 3Ω i2 = 2A
2 3Ω + 6Ω
i1 = A 2
3 i2 = A
3

4
i = i1 + i2 = A
3

15
Example 4

16
Example 5

Find io by using superposition principle.

17
Example 5

For io1

12V
io1 =
2kΩ + 2kΩ
io1 = 3mA

18
Example 5

For io2

−4kio2 = 6
6
io2 = −
4k
io2 = −1.5mA

19
Example 5

For io3

2kΩ
io3 = 2mA
2kΩ + 2kΩ
io3 = 1mA

Therefore

io = io1 + io2 + io3

io = 3mA − 1.5mA + 1mA
io = 2.5mA

20
Example 5

21
Example 6

Using superposition, find i

22
Example 6

Using superposition, find i

(2 + 3)i1 + 3i1 = 24
24
i1 = = 3A
8

22
Example 6

v1
Where −i2 = 3 ⇒ v1 = −3i2

Using superposition, find i −3i − 3i2

i2 + 7 =
2
7
i2 = − A
4

v1 − 3i2
i2 + 7 =
2

23
Example 6

v1
Where −i2 = 3 ⇒ v1 = −3i2

Using superposition, find i −3i − 3i2

i2 + 7 =
2
7
i2 = − A
4
Therefore

i = i1 + i2
7
i =3−
4
v1 − 3i2
i2 + 7 = 5
2 i= A
4

23
Example 6

24
Source Transformation
Source Transformation

Source Transformation
The process of replacing a voltage
source Vs in series with a resistor
R by a current source Is in parallel
with a resistor R, or vice versa.

Vs = Is R
Vs
Is =
R

25
Source Transformation

Vs = Is R
Is = VRs

26
Source Transformation

General considerations
1. Also works for dependent source
2. The arrow of the current source
is directed toward the positive
terminal of the voltage source
3. Is not possible when R = 0

27
Example 7

Use source transformation to find vo

28
Example 7

29
Example 7

Current division for i

2Ω
i= 2A
2Ω + 8Ω
i = 0.4A

Solve for vo

vo = 8i = 8(0.4)
vo = 3.2V

29
Example 7

30