Circuit Analysis

Nodal

Arwindra Rizqiawan

School of Electrical Engineering

Institut Teknologi Bandung
Course Schedule

Week Course
1 Basic Concepts
2 Basic Laws
3 Method of Analysis
4 Method of Analysis
5 Circuit Theorems Quiz 1
6 Circuit Theorems
7 Operational Amplifiers Quiz 1
8 Operational Amplifiers Mid-Test 1
9 Capacitors and Inductors
10 First Order Circuits
11 First Order Circuits
12 Second Order Circuits
13 Second Order Circuits Quiz 3
14 Sinusoid and Phasor
15 Sinusoid and Phasor Quiz 4, Final Test
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Table of contents

1. Introduction

2. Recalling

3. Nodal Analysis

4. Supernode

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Introduction
Introduction

• Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Laws are two powerful tools for circuit
analysis.
• Circuit analysis methods
1. Nodal Analysis: Kirchhoff Current Law
2. Mesh Analysis: Kirchhoff Voltage Law

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Recalling
Recall: Kirchhoff Current Law

Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)

The algebraic sum of currents
entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.

PN
n in =0
i1 − i2 + i3 + i4 − i5 = 0
The sum of the currents entering a i1 + i3 + i4 = i2 + i5
node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.

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Recall: Branch, Node, Loop

• A branch represents a single

element such as a voltage source or
a resistor.
• A node is the point of connection
between two or more branches.
• A loop is any closed path in a
circuit.

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Recall: Reference Node

• Reference node is commonly

called as ground node
• It is assumed to have zero
potential
• Mostly we will use symbol
indicated in (b)

In nodal analysis,
The number of nonreference nodes is
equal to the number of independent
equations that will be derived.

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Nodal Analysis
Nodal Analysis

1. Identify all nodes in the circuit

2. Select a node as reference node
3. Label the voltages and current
at all other nodes
4. Apply KCL at each node, use
Ohm Law to express the branch
current in terms of node
voltages
5. Solve the resulting simultaneous
equations for node voltages

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1. Identify all nodes in the circuit

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2. Select a node as reference node

• Any arbitrary node can be

selected, in theory.
• Reference node is usually node
with largest number of element
connected to it
• Useful reference node is node
which many voltage sources
connected to it

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3. Label the voltages and current at all other nodes

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4. Apply KCL at each node

KCL at node 1:

v1 = Vs (1)

KCL at node 2:

i1 = i2 + i3 (2)
Vs − v2 v2 v2 − v3
= + (3)
R1 R2 R3
Vs − v2 v2 v2 − v3
0= − − (4)
R R2 R
1 3
1 1 1 1 1
Vs = v2 + + − v3
R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
(5)

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4. Apply KCL at each node

KCL at node 3:
v2 − v3 v3
= (6)
R3 R4
 
1 1 1
v3 + − v2 =0 (7)
R3 R4 R3

Solve simultaneous linear equations:

" #" # " #

R1 R1
1+ R2 + R3 − RR31 v2 Vs
R1 R1 R1 =
− R3 R3 + R4 v3 0
(8)

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Current Source in Circuit

At nodes current source:

i3 = Is (9)
v3 = Is R3 (10)

KCL at node 2:

i1 = i2 + Is (11)
Vs − v2 v2 v3
= + (12)
R1 R2 R3
Solution:
Vs
R 1 − I s R3
v2 = 1 1 (13)
R1 + R2

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Example 1

Determine node voltages v1 and v2

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Example 1

At node v1 :
v1 v1 − v2
2= + (14)
10 5
20 = 3v1 − 2v2 (15)

At node v2 :
v1 − v2 v2
=4+2+ (16)
5 20
120 = 4v1 − 5v2 (17)

Solution:

v1 = −20V (18)
v2 = −40V (19)

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Supernode
Supernode

• If a voltage source is not

connected to the reference
frame, it is called floating
voltage source
• Nodal analysis can be
conducted by considering a
floating source as supernode

Supernode
A Supernode is formed by enclosing
a voltage source (dependent or
independent) connected between
two nonreference nodes and any
element connected in parallel with it.

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Supernode

KCL at supernode:

i1 = i2 + i3 (20)
V1 − v2 v2 v3
= + (21)
R1 R2 R3
Voltage relation of supernode:

V2 = v3 − v2 (22)

Solution:
v1 v2
R1 − R3
v2 = 1 1 1 (23)
R1 + R2 + R3

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Supernode

KCL at supernode:

i1 = i2 + i3 (24)
V1 − v2 v2 v3
= + (25)
R1 R2 R3
Voltage and current relation of
supernode:

V2 = v3 − v2 (26)
V2
i4 = − (27)
R4

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Supernode

Solution:
v1 v2
R1 − R3
v2 = 1 1 1 (28)
R1 + R2 + R3

v3 = v2 + V2 (29)

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Example 2

Determine voltage across resistor 6Ω

and 10Ω.

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Example 2

At supernode:

v3 − v1 = 10 (30)
i2 = i1 + i3 (31)
−v1 v3 − v2
− = +5 (32)
10 4
−v1 v1 + 10 − v2
− = +5 (33)
10 4
−150 = 7v1 − 5v2 (34)

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Example 2

At node v2
v2 v3 − v2
= (35)
6 10
v2 v1 + 10 − v2
= (36)
6 10
60 = −6v1 + 10v2 (37)

Solution:

vR6Ω = v2 = −12V (38)

vR10Ω = v1 = −30V (39)

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