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    Chapter 4 9th Class Long Questions

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    - Ionic bonds form between ions when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, as in sodium chloride where sodium loses an electron to become Na+ and chlorine gains that electron to become Cl-. - Covalent bonds form between atoms that share electrons, including single, double, and triple bonds. Coordinate covalent bonds form when one atom donates an electron pair to another atom. - Polar covalent bonds form between different atoms and the electron pair is not shared equally, while non-polar covalent bonds form between identical atoms that share electrons equally.

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    Chapter 4 9th Class Long Questions

    Uploaded by

    somerakhan2023
    2K views7 pages
    - Ionic bonds form between ions when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, as in sodium chloride where sodium loses an electron to become Na+ and chlorine gains that electron to become Cl-. - Covalent bonds form between atoms that share electrons, including single, double, and triple bonds. Coordinate covalent bonds form when one atom donates an electron pair to another atom. - Polar covalent bonds form between different atoms and the electron pair is not shared equally, while non-polar covalent bonds form between identical atoms that share electrons equally.

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    - Ionic bonds form between ions when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, as in sodium chloride where sodium loses an electron to become Na+ and chlorine gains that electron to become Cl-. - Covalent bonds form between atoms that share electrons, including single, double, and triple bonds. Coordinate covalent bonds form when one atom donates an electron pair to another atom. - Polar covalent bonds form between different atoms and the electron pair is not shared equally, while non-polar covalent bonds form between identical atoms that share electrons equally.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views7 pages

    Chapter 4 9th Class Long Questions

    Uploaded by

    somerakhan2023
    - Ionic bonds form between ions when one atom transfers electrons to another atom, as in sodium chloride where sodium loses an electron to become Na+ and chlorine gains that electron to become Cl-. - Covalent bonds form between atoms that share electrons, including single, double, and triple bonds. Coordinate covalent bonds form when one atom donates an electron pair to another atom. - Polar covalent bonds form between different atoms and the electron pair is not shared equally, while non-polar covalent bonds form between identical atoms that share electrons equally.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    Unit

    4 Structure of Molecules

    Long Answer Questions


    QI. Define Ionic bond. How Ionic bond is formed in sodium chloride?
    Ans: Definition
    "A bond formed due to transfer of electron from one atom to another atom, is called
    ionic bond".
    Formation of sodium chloride
    2Na —2NaC1
    Sodium chloride is a simple compound formed from sodium (Z l) and chlorine
    (Z = 17). The ground state electronic configuration of these elements is shown below:
    IINa= 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p6 , 3s
    -
    = 1s2 , 2s 2 , 2p6 , 3s2 , 3p2
    This shows that sodium has only OR") while chlorine has seven electrons in their
    valence shells. Sodium has the tendency to lose valence Sheli electron and form a positive ion,
    while chlorine has the tendency to gain an electron in its valence shell to form a negative
    Na + e
    catholi (sodium positiveion )

    x • or CI
    anion (chlotidc negative 1 on )

    When sodium loses one electron it forms a Na+ ion, while CI- is formed when chlorine
    gains that electron. Both these atoms are now oppositely charged ions. They stabilize
    themselves by combining with each other due to electrostatic force of attraction between them
    and a low energy state. (Na+ + Cl- —+NaCl)
    Q2. What is Covalent Bond? Explain its different types with examples.
    Ans. Covalent Bond:
    "A bond which is formed due to mutual sharing of electrons is called covalent bond'
    Types of covalent bonds
    i. Single Covalent bond (-)
    When one electron is contributed by each bonded atom, one bond pair is formed and
    forms a single covalent bond. It is indicated by (-).
    Examples of molecules with single covalent bonds are hydrogen (H2), chlorine (C12), methane
    (CH4) etc.
    H.xH H. + —H or H 2

    H —C—H

    ii. Double Covalent bond (=)

    ni. Triple Covalent Bond (E)


    When each bonded atom contributes three electrons, three bond pairs are shared and
    a triple bond is formed. It is indicated by (9.
    Example of molecules with triple covalent bonds are nitrogen (N2) and ethyne (C2H2).

    Q3. Write a note on coordinate covalent bond.


    Ans: Definition
    "Coordinate covalent or dative covalent bonding is a type of covalent bonding in
    which the bond pair of electrons is donated by one bonded atom only". It is also known as
    Dative covalent bond?
    Concept of donor and acceptor
    An atom which donates the electron pair is called donor and an atom which accepts the
    electron pair, is called acceptor. A small arrow (+) is usually used to indicate the formation of
    coordinate covalent bond. The arrow head will toward an atom which usually accepts the
    electron.
    Formation of coordinate covalent bond in NH4+ radical
    Nitrogen from ammonia molecule donates its lone pair of electrons to H+ in order to
    form a coordinate covalent bond.

    llx•rq:

    Formation of coordinate covalent bond between NH3 and BF3


    Nitrogen from ammonia molecule donates its Ione pair of electrons to the borÆi of

    boron tnfluoride
    molecule in order to form a coordinate covalent bond.
    Q4. Differentiate between polar and non-polar covalent bond
    Ans.
    Non-polar covalent bond Polar covalent bond
    A covalent bond is formed between two A covalent bond is formed between two
    similar atoms (homo-atoms), the shared different types of atoms
    pair of electrons is attracted by both the (hetro-atoms) then the bond pair of electron
    atoms equally. will not be attracted equally by the bonded
    atoms.
    These bonds are formed by equal sharing These bonds are formed by equal sharing
    of electron pair between the two bonding of electron pair between the two bonding
    atoms having same electronegative values. atoms having different electronegative
    values.
    This type of bond is called a pure covalent This type of bond is called an impure
    bond. covalent bond.
    Example: The bond formation in 1--12, Example: The bond formation in C02, HCI,
    C12, 02, N2 etc. HF, H20 etc.
    Q5. Write a note on hydrogen bonding.
    Ans. Definition
    "The force of attraction between partially positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and
    highly electronegative atom of another molecule is called hydrogen bonding" Explanation
    Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular forces present in the permanently
    polar molecules. This bonding can be considered unique dipole- dipole attraction. This force
    of attraction develops between molecules that have a hydrogen atom bonded to a small, highly
    electronegative atom with lone pairs of electrons such as nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine, The
    covalent bond between hydrogen atom and other atom becomes polar enough to create a partial
    positive charge on hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the other atom. The small
    size and high partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom enables it to attract the partially
    negative lone pair on the N, O or F atom of the other molecule.

    a
    between

    Q6. Different between ionic and covalent compounds.


    Ans. Ionic Compound Covalent bond

    They consist of positive and negative They are neutral


    Ions
    u. The exist in solid state. ii. The exist in solids li Llids and 'ases.
    111. They have high melting and boiling
    Ili. They have comparatively low melting
    oints. and boilin oints.
    iv. Strong forces of attractions are present
    IV. Weak forces are present between their
    between their articles. articles.
    v. They have definite shape. v. The have no definite sha e.
    vi. They are formed usually when metal
    vi. They are formed usually when nonmetal
    react with non-metals. reacts with non-metals.
    vii. Examples are: Sodium chloride, vii. Examples are: glucose, benzene etc
    otassium chloride etc
    Q.7. Write a note on Metallic Bond.
    Ans. Metallic Bond
    The metallic bond is defined as a bond formed between metal atoms (positively charged
    ions) due to mobile or free electrons.
    Explanation
    In case of metals, the hold of nucleus over the outermost electrons is weak because of large
    sized atoms and greater number of shells in between nucleus and valence electrons.
    Furthermore, because of low ionization potentials, metals have the tendency to lose their outer
    electrons easily. Resultantly, these loose or free electrons of all metal atoms move freely in the
    spaces between atoms of a metal. None of these electrons is attached to any particular atom.
    Either they belong to a common pool, or belong to all the atoms of that metal. Nuclei of metal
    atoms appear submerged in sea of these free mobile electrons. These mobile electrons are
    responsible for holding the atoms of metals together forming a metallic bond. A simple
    metallic bond is shown in figure.

    Fig. A schematic diagram of copper wire showing its positive nuclei (+) embedded in sea of
    free electrons (o) making Metallic bonding

    Short Answer Questions


    Q.l. Why atoms form a chemical bond?
    Ans. Atoms form a chemical bond to achieve stability by acquiring inert gas electron
    configuration.
    Q.2. Why noble gases are non-reactive in nature'?
    Ans. The noble gases do have 2 or 8 electrons in their valence shells. It means that all the noble
    gases have their valence shell completely filled. Their atoms do not have vacant space in their
    valence shell to accommodate extra electrons. Therefore, noble gases do not gain, lose or share
    electrons. That is why they are non-reactive, at ordinary conditions. Q.3. How an atom can
    accommodate eight electrons in its valence shell?
    Ans. An atom can accommodate eight electrons in Its valence shell in three ways
    i. By giving valence shell electrons (if they are less four) to other atoms ii. By gaining
    electrons from other atoms (if the valence shell has five or more electrons in it) iii. By sharing
    valence electrons with other atoms Q.4. When atoms are considered to be unstable?
    Ans. The atoms having less than 2 or 8 electrons in their valence shells are unstable.

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