DIASS Quarter1 Module Final 2.0

11/12
DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS

IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL
SCIENCES
\ QUARTER 1
SELF- LEARNING MODULE

1
DIASS
Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences
Development Team of the Module

Authors: Bernadette F. Proceso
Mary Angeline V. Bugayong
Editor:
Reviewer:
Management Team: Gemma G. Cortez, Ed.D., CID - Chief
Leylanie V. Adao, EPS - LR
Alejo S. Filio Jr, EPS – Araling Panlipunan
SDO Dasmariñas City

Schools Division Superintendent: Celedonio B. Balderas, Jr.
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent: Bernadette T. Luna
Guide in Using Learner’s Module

For the Parents/Guardian
This module is designed to assist you as the learning facilitator at home. It
provides you with activities and lesson information that the learners need to
accomplish in a distance learning modality.
For the Learner

This module is designed to guide you in your independent learning activities at
your own pace and time. This also aims to help you acquire the competencies
required by the Department of Education at the comfort of your home.
You are expected to answer all activities on separate sheets of paper and submit
the outputs to your respective teachers on the time and date agreed upon.
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Introduction to the Course
This course introduces some Applied Social Sciences, namely, Counseling,

Social Work, and Communication, which draw their foundation from the theories and
principles of Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and other Social Sciences. The
course highlights the seamless interconnectivity of the different applied social science
disciplines which focus on the processes and applications of these applied disciplines
in critical development areas.
At the end of the course, students shall demonstrate competencies in

interacting and relating with other individuals, groups, and communities; apply social
sciences principles, practices, and tools in addressing the development areas
identified by the class; and analyze how processes in these applied disciplines work
in specific life situations.
Content Standard
At the end of this course, students shall demonstrate competencies in

interacting and relating with other individuals, groups, and communities; apply social
sciences principles, practices, and tools in addressing the development areas; and
analyze how processes in these applied disciplines work in specific life situations.
Performance Standard
In this course, the students are expected to explain clearly public perception
about the work of social sciences and applied social sciences practitioners. Also, to
demonstrate a high level of understanding of the basic concepts of counseling, social
work, and communication through a group online presentation of a situation in which
practitioners of counseling, social work, and communication work together to assist
individuals or groups involved in difficult situations. Students are expected also to use
acceptable research protocols, conduct an online survey among young adults on their
counseling, social work, and communication needs.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this course, students are expected to exhibit a complete

understanding of the applied social sciences by accomplishing the following
performance tasks per competencies:
Quarter 1
Topic Week Most Essential Learning Activity/ Learning
Competencies Tasks
Introduction to 1 • Clarify the relationships and • Activity 1: Is it
Applied Social differences between social True?
Sciences and
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The Discipline sciences and applied social • Activity 2: Which
of Counseling sciences (HUMSS_DIASS Counseling
12-Ia-1) Principle I Agree
• Identify the goals and scope Most?
of • Venn Diagram
counseling (HUMSS_DIASS Activity
12-Ia-2) • Reflection
• Explain the principles of
counseling (HUMSS_DIASS
12-Ic-5)
Professionals 2 • Discuss the roles and • Activity 1: Matching
and functions of counselors Type
Practitioners in (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ic-6) • Activity 2:
Counseling Read.Think.Answer
• Identify specific work areas
• Situational Analysis
in which counselors work
• Reflection
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ic-7)
Rights, 3 • Value rights, responsibilities • Activity 1: Find the
Responsibilities and accountabilities of Word
and counselors (HUMSS_DIASS • Activity 2: Will I
Accountabilities Report My Client
12-Ic-9)
of Counselors or Not?
• Distinguish between ethical
• Case Study
and unethical behaviors • Reflection
among counselors
(HUMSS_DIASS12-Ic-10)
Clientele, 4 • Describe the clientele of • Activity 1: Fill the
Processes and counseling (HUMSS_DIASS Words!
Methods in 12-Id-11) • Activity 2: Draw
Counseling and Explain
• Illustrate the different
• Counseling
processes and methods
Method Activity
involved in counseling • Additional Activity:
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Id-14) Visit Your
• Distinguish the needs of Counselor!
individuals, groups, • Reflection
organizations and
communities
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Id-15)
Goals, Scope, 5 • Identify the goals and scope • Activity 1: Picture
Principles, Core of Social Work Analysis
Values and (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ie-16) • Activity 2: Multiple
Roles of Social • Explain the principles and Choice
Workers core values of social work • Case Study
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ie-17) • Additional Activity:
• Explain the roles and Draw to Express!
functions of social workers • Reflection
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-If-19)
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Specific Work 6 • Identify specific work areas • Activity 1:
Areas, Rights, in which social workers work Modified True or
Responsibilities (HUMSS_DIASS 12-If-20) False
and • Value rights, responsibilities, • Activity 2: Fill in to
Accountabilities and accountabilities of social Explain
of Social workers (HUMSS_DIASS • Time to Think
Workers 12-If-22) More
• Distinguish between ethical • Reflection
and unethical behaviors
among social workers
Clientele, 7 • Discuss the clientele of • Activity 1: Watch
Process and social work (HUMSS_DIASS and Analyze
Methods in 12-Ig-24) • Activity 2:
Social Work Matching Type
• Distinguish the needs of
• Think
individuals, groups,
Reflect
organizations, and Answer
communities • Reflection
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ig-25)
• Illustrate the different
processes and methods
involved in undertaking
social work (HUMSS_DIASS
12-Ig-27)
Definitions, 8 • Identify the goals and scope • Activity 1: Idea
Goals, of communication Wheel
Principles and (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ih-28) • Activity 2: Explain
Elements of • Explain the principles of the Process
Communication communication • Essay
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ih-29) • Reflection
• Describe the elements and
levels of the communication
process (HUMSS_DIASS
12-Ih-31)
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Week 1
What I need to know?
In this lesson, we will discuss the main differences between the social sciences
and the applied social sciences. We will also learn about the basic knowledge and
information of counseling, including a discussion of the five major goals of counseling,
principles and as well as its scope.
Learning Competencies:
• Clarify the relationships and differences between social sciences and applied
social sciences (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ia-1)
• Identify the goals and scope of counseling (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ia-2)
• Explain the principles of counseling (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ic-5)
What is new?
Directions: Read and understand the statements very carefully. Write TRUE if the
statement is true and FALSE if it is incorrect. Write your answer on a separate answer
sheet. This activity is worth 10 points.
______ 1. Social science is the study of how natural phenomena around us work which
includes biology, botany and zoology, etc.
______ 2. Applied social science is focused on the use and application of the different
theories of social science disciplines to understand society and solve social
problems.
______ 3. Counseling is a field of Applied social science.
______ 4. Political science is a main discipline of applied social science.
______ 5. Engineering is a discipline of social science.
______ 6. Counseling is a field that focuses on providing guidance, help and support
to individuals by applying some psychological methods which involve
processes such as case history data, personal interviews, and aptitude test.
______ 7. Social Work is a field of applied social science where practitioners help
families, groups and communities enhance people’s skills and ability to help
themselves in resolving their own social and community problems.
______ 8. Geography is a field of social science that studies the allocation of scarce
resources and how individuals interact with social structure to address
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questions about production.
______ 9. Demography is a field of social science that studies the analysis of statistics
of birth, human movement, morbidity, and mortality.
______10. Communication is a field of applied social sciences that focuses on how
human use verbal and nonverbal messages to create meaning in various
contexts across cultures using a variety of channels and media.
What is it?
Defining Social Sciences and Applied Social Sciences

The social sciences investigate human society and the different forces that
operate within it. The different disciplines of the social sciences look at human
societies from diverse perspectives and focus on a particular area of expertise for
analysis. The applied social science, on the other hand, focuses on the practical
application in the real- life settings of the diverse theories, frameworks, concepts, and
methodologies learned from the social sciences (D. Jary & J. Jary, 2000). The applied
social sciences are utilized to provide alternative solutions to the diverse problem of
the society.
The following are the different branches of social sciences:

Economics – Studies the allocation of scarce resources and the production and
exchange of goods and services in society.
Anthropology – is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and
present.
Geography – is the study of the interaction between people and their environments.
History – is a systematic study of human past events in order to understand the
meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the causes and effects of events in the
development of societies.
Political Science – primarily studies human behavior in relation to political systems,
governments, laws, and international relations. It examines the relationship between
people and policy at all levels from the individual to the national and international
levels.
Psychology – studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to
produce thoughts that lead to individual actions. Psychology analyzes how people and
groups experience the world through various emotions, ideas, and in different
conscious states.
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Sociology – is a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups. It attempts to
understand why and how people interact with each other and how they function as a
society or social subgroups.
Demography – is the scientific study of human populations across time. It examines
the changes in population growth through the analysis of statistics on birth, human
movement, and morbidity, agedness, and mortality.
Here are the different disciplines that comprised the applied social sciences:
Counseling – is one of the fields of the applied social sciences. As an application of
the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, help, and support to support to
individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of problems in their lives. Through
counseling, professional guidance is given to an individual and this is done by applying
psychological methods like collection of case history data, personal interviews, and
aptitude tests. Counseling can be done by guidance counselors, life coaches, career
counselors, and personal growth counselors.
Social Work – is another professional activity of the applied social sciences which
focuses on social change, problem-solving in human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance social justice. In social work,
practitioners help individuals, families, groups, and communities to improve their
individual and collective well-being.
Communication – focuses on how humans use verbal and nonverbal messages to
create meaning in various contexts across cultures using a variety of channels and
media. In communication, practitioners stress the importance of balance, objective,
truthful and creative rendering of the news and other important events as they
happened.
The Discipline of Counseling

Counseling is a challenging career path, yet it is likewise interesting and
fulfilling. It will give the opportunity to reach out to someone and let them know they
are not alone. According to the American Counseling Association “Counseling is a
collaborative effort between the counselor and client. Professional counselors help
clients identify goals and potential solutions to problems which cause emotional
turmoil; seek to improve communication and coping skills; strengthen self-esteem; and
promote behavior change and optimal mental health.” As a discipline, it is applied to
psychology and deals with normal responses to normal life events, which may
sometimes create stress for some people who, in turn, choose to ask for help and
support.
Counseling is a vital part of assisting not only in social work but also in
education. It is a process of helping a person seeking help. Counseling happens when
you meet a qualified specialist who has the expertise, experience, and orientation to
provide the services needed. A trained professional is a counselor who will accompany
you- listen to you and help you achieve your goals.
Based on the Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling
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is a profession that involves the application of a “integrated approach to the
development of a well-functioning individual” through provision in accordance with its
interests, needs and abilities.
Goals of Counseling
Counseling is guided by the goals since its aim is to empower clients. Also,
counseling can become more clearer once its goals are clarified.
Facilitating Behavior Change - Enable clients to live more productive and satisfying
life.
Improving Relationships- All relationships across the board. Becoming more
effective in interpersonal relationships.
Enhancing Coping Skills- Helping individuals to cope with new situations and
challenges
Promoting Decision Making- Assisting the individual to make good decisions.
Helping them to realize the consequences of their decisions. Helping clients to see
how their emotions and attitudes and values influence their decisions and choices.
Facilitating the client’s potential- Improving personal effectiveness. Aid them in
realizing their potential.
Scope of Counseling
Scope of counseling is very vast. According to American Counseling
Association (Counseling Organization in America), Counseling has four scope and
these are the following:
Individual Counseling- help one deal with many personal topics in life such as anger,
depression, anxiety, substance abuse, marriage and relationship challenges,
parenting problems, school difficulties and career changes, Stress Management,
Spirituality, Workplace stress and relationships, anger management, Adoslescent
identity, concerns, teen-parent parents relationships, peer relationships, etc.
Couples Counseling- help resolve conflicts and heal wounds. Also, help couples slow
down their spiral and re-establish realistic expectations and goals.
Family Counseling- help address the common issues within the family such as
parenting, sibling conflict, loss of family members, new members entering the family,
dealing with a major move or a general change affecting the family system, life stages
and transitions, remarriage relationship counselling, divorce and separation issues
and adjustment.
Group Counseling- allows one to find out that they are not alone in their type of life
challenge. Typically, groups have up to eight participants, one or two group leaders,
and revolve around a common topic like: anger management, self-esteem, divorce
etc.
Principles of Counseling
Principles are, in a broad sense, simply rule-sets or guidelines based on moral
and ethics which we follow. Principles are important because they are the foundation
of everything admirable about human beings. In Counseling, there are also principles
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that needs to be followed by the counselors and to be kept in mind for the counseling
to be successful and effective.
Counseling is a kind of profession where there is a need to follow strict
principles based on the code of ethics. The counseling process and counselor cannot
be called reliable if they are not following principles. The principles of counseling are
specific and direct which made the work of counselor simple and easy.
Several foundational principles are the underpinnings of best ethical practice
and are viewed as central to the process of ethical decision making within the helping
professions (Beauchamp & Childress, 2012; Coughlin, 2008; Kitchener, 1984;
Kitchener & Anderson, 2011). Beauchamp and Childress(1979) identified four
principles that are at the core of ethical reasoning in health care: autonomy, justice,
beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Kitchener (1984) added fifth principle- fidelity. She
viewed these five principles as the cornerstone of ethical guidelines for counselors.
With a better understanding of these principles, counselors may be able to better
understand the different conflicting issues that will arise in the counseling relationship.
Autonomy – is the principle that addresses respect of independence, and self-

determination. The essence of this principle is allowing an individual the freedom of
choice and action. It addresses the responsibility of the counselor to encourage clients,
when appropriate, to make their own decisions and to act on their own values. There
are two important considerations in encouraging clients to be autonomous. First,
helping clients to understand how their decisions and their values may be received
within the context of the society in which they live and how they may impinge on the
rights of others. Second, consideration is related to the client’s ability to make sound
and rational decisions. Persons not capable of making competent choices, such as
children and some individuals with mental disabilities, should not be allowed to act on
decisions that could harm themselves or others.
Nonmaleficence- is the concept of not causing harm to others. Often explained
as, “above all, do not harm”, this principle is considered by some to be most critical of
all the principles, even though theoretically they are all of equal weight (Kitchener,
1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler, 1986). This principle reflects both the idea of not
inflicting intentional harm, and not engaging in actions that risk harming others.
Weighing potential harm against potential benefits is important in a counselor’s efforts
toward ensuring “no harm”.
Justice- Treating individuals equitably and fostering fairness and equality.
Commitment to be fair goes beyond that of the ordinary person; in view of the
agreement to promote worth and dignity of each individual, counselors are required to
be concerned with equal treatment for individuals (Kitchener, 1984 as cited in Mcleod,
2003).
Beneficence- Reflects the counselor’s responsibility to contribute to the welfare
of the client or working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental
health and well-being. To do good, to be proactive, and also to prevent harm when
possible.
Fidelity- Honoring commitments and keeping promises, including fulfilling
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one’s responsibilities of trust in professional relationships. Involves the notions of
loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments. Clients must be able to trust the
counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship if growth is to occur.
Instructions: You are instructed by your subject teacher in DIASS to discuss one
principle of counseling in your class. Among the four ethical principle namely, principle
of autonomy, principle of nonmaleficence, principle of justice, and principle of fidelity,
which will you choose to present? Why this principle? What aspect of the principle
influences you? Please explain. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet. This
activity is worth 20 points.
Source: Melegrito, M.L.F., Dela Cruz, A.R., Valdez, V., & Fernandez, C. (2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social
Sciences. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
What is more?
Venn Diagram Activity
Great job! You have learned the different disciplines of the social sciences and
applied social sciences. Your task now is to compare and contrast the social sciences
and applied social sciences by completing the Venn Diagram below. Through this task,
it will help you improve your comprehension by highlighting important details, ideas,
and the relationship between the two disciplines. Please read the rubric/criteria for
your reference and guidance and to see how you will be graded for this activity.
VENN DIAGRAM RUBRIC

Element Indicator Score
Text to support Strong Grasp – All statements are supported by the text.
of comparison (10)
statements Progressing – Most statements are supported by the text.
(10points) (8)
Not in Evidence – Few or none of the statements are
supported by the text.
(6)
Placement of Strong Grasp- All statements noting
statements similarities/relationships are placed in the center and all
within the statements that note differences are placed in the correct
Venn Diagram outer circle (10)
(10points) Progressing – Most statements are placed in the correct
circle, but student mixed up a few statements (8)
Not in Evidence – Few statements are placed in the
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correct circle (6)
Strong Grasp – Student is able to make five or more
comparison statements in each circle (10)
Progressing – Student is able to make 3-4 comparison
statements in each circle (8)
Not in Evidence – Student makes two or fewer comparison
statements in each circle (6)
TOTAL ______ /30
What I have learned?

Write on a separate answer sheets your personal insights about the lesson using the
prompts below.
I understand that _____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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I realized that ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Key To Correction
References
• Electronic Resources
Gouldner, Alvin W. (1989). Exploration in Applied Social Science. Sociological
Practice: Vol. 7: Iss 1, Article 5.
https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/socprac/vol7/iss1/5/
• Books
Melegrito, M.L.F., Dela Cruz, A.R., Valdez, V., & Fernandez, C. (2016). Disciplines
and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon
City, Philippines
Repko, Allen F. (2008). Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory. London,

Los Angeles, New Delhi, Singapore: Sage.
Sampa, Elias M. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Rex
Book Store, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
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Week 2
Counseling as a profession is more than just a job. You invest a great deal of
time and energy in guiding people, helping them realize their full potential, guide them
in their decision making, and supporting them along the way. In this lesson, you will
get to know more about the professionals and practitioners in counseling. Who are the
counselors? What are their roles, functions and competencies?
• Discuss the roles and functions of counselors (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ic-6)
• Identify specific work areas in which counselors work (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ic-
7)
What is new?
Direction: Match the following roles/functions of counselors to its correct

description.
1. Referral a. A process of helping a client through a

2. Individual Assessment third party.
3. Consultation b. A process through which clients work
4. Individual Counseling one-on-one with a trained counselor in
5. Placement and Follow-up safe, caring, and confidential
environment.
c. A systematic process intended to
assess and predict the performance
and behavior of an individual or group.
d. Should be considered when a
counselor believes his/her client’s
problem goes beyond his/her own
experience and expertise
e. A service of school counseling
programs with an emphasis on
educational placements in courses and
programs.
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What is it?
Roles and Functions of Counselors

“Counseling is a helping profession”. This statement inspires counselors in what
they do. It involves the person to be immersed in someone else life and be able to give
an authentic support and understanding, especially in the school and clinical setting.
And even in this pandemic setting, counselors are defined by the roles and functions
that they do. Counselors have the duty to their clients, especially if they come seeking
comfort and care, counselor’s roles become more of a responsibility to their clients.
When counselors counsel, wounds are opened, feelings will be explored and
perception and growth will be secured as the counselor and client journey to wellness
and back to functionality in society (Corey, 2015).
The following are some of the roles and functions of counselors (Gibson and
Mitchell, 2003):
Counseling (group and individual) – Counselors provides a confidential helping
relationship to help client with personal and social concerns. Groups of people who
have similar concerns come together to share, listen, and resolve concerns.
Individual Assessment - Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every
client; promotes the client’s self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand
the client better.
Consultation - It is a process of helping client through a third party or helping system
improve its services to its clientele.
Career Assistance - Counselors are called on to provide career planning and
adjustment assistance to clients.
Placement and Follow-Up - A service of school counseling programs with emphasis
on educational placements in course and programs.
Referral - It is the practice of helping clients find needed expert assistance that the
referring counselor cannot provide.
Research and Evaluation - Counselor is responsible for evaluating the guidance
program. The counselor is also expected to read and interpret literature apply research
findings to everyday counselee’s situations and to improve her or his skills through
evaluation of counseling techniques.
Prevention - This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention
using a socio-psychological perspective.
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Specific Work Areas in which Counselors Work
Counselors are employed in different work areas such as hospitals, mental
health facilities, correctional facilities, rehabilitation centers and even in the
educational system.
One of the most obvious work areas is in the
educational system. School Counselors play an important
role at all levels of the school system, such as providing
intervention programs, assisting, and guiding students with
regards to their academic problems, career decision
making and even with their personal issues. Counselors
are in tandem with teachers and school administrators. To be a Registered Guidance
Counselor (RGC), you need to have a master's degree in Guidance and Counseling
and should pass the licensure examination for Guidance Counselors.
You can also find these professionals in Mental
Health Facilities. Psychologist or mental health
counselors in a mental health facility work with people
suffering from mental or psychological distress such
as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, phobias, grief,
trauma, substance abuse and related issues. They
aim at promoting mental health. A master’s degree in
psychology with licensed can lead to employment as a psychologist or mental health
counselors.
Another work area where counselors can be found is in Correctional
Facilities. The prison system employs counselors to
provide individual and group therapy for individual who are
jailed or living in a correctional facility. Correctional
Counselors are also help develop plan of action to assist
inmates achieve rehabilitation goals, and prepare them for
transitioning back into society after being released from
prison.
Rehabilitation centers are also work areas in
which professional counseling services are needed.
Rehabilitation counselors help disabled patients adapt
to living with a disability by developing treatment plans
to increase independence. They can provide
management support that may include, but not limited
to, arranging for medical care, vocational training, and
even job placement.
Counselors may also specialize in the industrial setting, where they could
provide workplace counseling to respond to the concern of the employees. Aside from
counseling, they are also tapped in other areas like training or professional
development service or in other activities to help the employees develop soft skills.
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Counselors in industrial setting have a background in industrial and organizational
psychology.
There are also counselors specifically those with Ph.D in counseling works in a
private practices, where they run their own practice as well as counseling clients. This
type of counselors concentrates on a particular area of specialization, such as
marriage or marital counseling, family counseling, mental health counseling or
substance abuse counseling.
Competencies of Counselors
Communication Skills- Counselors have the capacity to: (a) actively listen, involves
listening to the words, the gestures, and other body languages; (b) demonstrate
understanding, responding to what is said by repeating words or using words,
describing the feelings that accompany the words; (c) ask appropriate questions; (d)
and provide information as needed.
Interpersonal skills- Counselors who are competent display ability to- listen,
communicate, empathize, be present, aware of nonverbal communication, sensitive to
voice quality, responsive to expressions of emotions, structure of time and use of
language.
Personal Beliefs and Attitudes – Counselors have the capacity to: accept others,
belief in potential to change, awareness of ethical and moral choices, sensitive to
values held by client and self.
Conceptual Ability – Counselors have the ability to: understand and assess the
client’s problems, anticipate future problem, make sense of immediate process in
terms of wider conceptual scheme, remember information about the client.
Personal Soundness- Counselors must have: no irrational beliefs that are destructive
to counseling relationships, self-confidence, capacity to tolerate strong or
uncomfortable feelings in relation to clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be
a client, must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
Conflict Resolution Skills – Counselors have the skills to: facilitate communication
and problem solving between parties that are having conflict as well as help them
focus on facts rather than personalities or blaming one another.
Mastery of Techniques – Counselors must have: a knowledge of when and how to
carry out specific interventions; ability to assess effectiveness of interventions;
understanding of rationale behind techniques; possession of sufficiently wide
repertoire of interventions.
Openness to Learning and Inquiry – Counselors must have the capacity to: be
curious about clients’ background and problems; being open to new knowledge.
Direction: Read the following questions below. Write your answers on a

separate answer sheet with at least 100 words up to 250 words.
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1. Do you think that counselors have unique roles and functions than other
professionals? Why do you say so?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. If you are a counselor, what competencies or skills do you think would best suit
the kind of counselor who works for helping adolescents to cope with problem
behavior?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
What is more?
Situational Analysis
Directions: Identify what role and function is portrayed in given situations. Provide the
role and function for each given situation. Provide explanation. Write your answer on
a separate answer sheet.
Situation 1: Counselor Karen only sees that students who have financial capacity,
deserve to go to better schools. So she organizes career orientation for students
who are in senior high school.
Role:
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Situation 2: Counselor Rick conducted a needs assessment survey to all grade 11
_____
and 12 students of FEBIHS to know the students’ needs. Based on the result, the
students are requesting to have a mental health seminar to help them overcome their
academic stress. So Counselor Rick provided a seminar for all incoming grade 11
and 12 in the school.
Role:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________
Situation 3: A parent approached Counselor Adrian asking help about her son who is
experiencing symptoms of Depression. After a series of counseling session, Counselor
Adrian decided to refer the student to a psychologist specializing depression.
Role:
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Criteria for Grading (Situational Analysis):
Understood and Applied the concepts discussed – 10
Problem Solving Skills – 10
Writing (free of grammar and spelling errors) – 10
Over-All - 30

It is time for you to share what you have learned. Write your insights about the
lesson by completing the sentences below on a separate sheet of paper.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realized that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
20
Key to Correction
References
• Electronic Resources
(2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020. https://careersinpsychology.org/top-places-work-
counselor/
(2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
https://www.apa.org/ed/graduate/specialize/counseling
https://www.counseling.org/search/#/school%20counselors/page=1
• Books
Gibson, R.L. and Mitchell, M.H (2003). Introduction to Counseling and Guidance.
(Sixth edition). NJ: Merill Prentice Hall.
City, Philippines
21
Week 3
Are you enjoying the lesson so far? Do you want to learn more about the
counseling profession? Let us proceed! In this lesson, we will be looking at the rights,
responsibilities, and accountabilities of counselors in the counseling profession based
on the code of ethics. As we all know, Counselors play a key role in developing
individuals and shaping society. They are responsible for guiding and assisting
individuals, groups, and even families who are dealing with issues that really affect
their mental health and well-being. And so, a code of ethics was developed to help
counselors navigate those challenging and sensitive aspects of their roles.
• Value rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of counselors
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ic-9)
• Distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among counselors
(HUMSS_DIASS12-Ic-10)
What is new?
Directions: Before we go on to the new lesson play this game to keep you motivated
all throughout the lesson. Your task is to locate the given words related to the code of
ethics in the grid - horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
Find the words from the grid!
Ethics Confidentiality Privacy Relationships
Professionals Fees Assessment Training
Research Publication Online Counseling
Issues Responsibility Codes
22
R E L A T I O N S H I P S C Y
D Y W Y T R A I N I N G T O T
E T H I C S C C S C S B N N I
C K F Q X A D L U S S E E F L
C V M A O Q V W F H U Z M I I
O N L I N E I I H R A E S D B
U U Z R Z K F Q R T O F S E I
N J K E H M L C G P V R E N S
S A H S T P P S I J R Q S T N
E L M E U F E E X G Y Q S I O
L S H A P D A H N D U N A A P
I Q P R O F E S S I O N A L S
N O V C N R J U G B N X L I E
G N L H O S X X A O C M I T R
C J P U B L I C A T I O N Y V
What is it?
Counselors play a key role in developing individuals and shaping society. In their
roles, counselors are often responsible for cultivating and maintaining relationships,
monitoring clients’ well-being, and working with different cultural values and
confidential information. Hence, Code of Ethics were developed to help counselors
navigate the challenging and sensitive aspects of their roles. The Code of Ethics for
counselors based on the counselor’s association code of conduct contains nine main
sections that address the following area:
Section A: The Counseling Relationship – The purpose of Section A is to provide

ethical guidelines that focus on the counseling relationship such as client welfare,
informed consent, avoiding harm and imposing values and managing multiple
relationships.
Counselors must:
• Work hard to create and sustain a relationship with their client based on
trust.
• Obtained informed consent from clients entering a counseling
relationship.
23
• Explain to clients what the counseling relationship entails (which include
fees, group work and termination).
• Be cognizant of client’s culture, values, and beliefs.
• Not engage in any sexual and/or romantic counselor-client interactions
or relationships.
Section B: Confidentiality and Privacy- The purpose of Section B is to provide
ethical guidelines that focus on the importance of trust, boundaries, and confidential
interactions.
Counselors must:
• Communicate the concept of confidentiality with their clients on an
ongoing basis and do so in a culturally sensitive way.
• Inform clients about the limitations of confidentiality regarding what
situations information must be disclosed (e.g. to protect clients or others
from harm).
• Discuss if and how information may be shared with others.
• Understand legal and ethical issues involved in working with clients who
cannot provide informed consent (such as minors or clients with
impairment).
• Maintain and store records in an approved way.
Section C: Professional Responsibility – The purpose of Section C is to provide
ethical guidelines that focus on respecting the practice of counseling.
Counselors must:
• Adhere the Counselors’ Code of Ethics.
• Practice within one’s boundaries of competence.
• Participate in associations that help improve the profession.
• Practice counseling based on scientific foundations.
• Be mindful when advertising and talking to media.
• Engage in self-care activities so they can work at their highest capacity.
Section D: Relationship with Other Professionals – The purpose of Section D is to
provide ethical guidelines that focus on developing working relationships with those
within and outside of the counseling field.
Counselors must:
• Develop relationships with colleagues from other disciplines and be
respectful of those who have different theoretical approaches.
• Provide consultation services within areas of competence.
• Provide appropriate consultation referrals when requested or necessary.
Section E: Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation – The purpose of Section
E is to provide ethical guidelines that focus on how ethically use formal and informal
assessments to guide treatment plans and intervention selection.
Counselors must:
• Understand the use of assessments as an important part of information
gathering and to assist in conducting clients’ treatment and evaluation.
24
• Use educational, mental health, forensic, and career assessments
(among others) on which they are trained and have had comprehensive
supervised experience administering and interpreting.
• Diagnose clients and interpret assessments accurately and in culturally
sensitive manner.
Section F: Supervision, Training, and Teaching – The purpose of Section F is to
provide ethical guidelines that focus on how to develop relationships with supervisees,
students, and trainees in ways that support ethical boundaries in a learning
environment.
Counselors must:
• Maintain appropriate boundaries with supervisees and students in both
face-to-face and electronic format.
• Have theoretical and pedagogical foundations for their work.
• Have knowledge of supervision models;
• Aim to be fair, accurate, and honest in their assessments of counselors,
students, and supervisees.
Section G: Research and Publication – The purpose of Section G is to provide
ethical guidelines that focus on how to ethically conduct human subjects research and
publish and/or present results.
Counselors must:
• Conduct research that is aligned with ethical principles, federal, and
state laws, host institutional regulations, and scientific standards of
governing research.
• Adhere to confidentiality in their research.
• Be responsible for participants’ welfare throughout the research process.
• Inform individuals of their rights as a research participant through
informed consent.
Section H: Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media – The purpose of
Section H is to provide ethical guidelines that focus on how to ethically use technology
and social media within the field of counseling.
Counselors must:
• Be knowledgeable about the laws governing distance counseling and
social media.
• Only utilize distance counseling after gaining competence through
training and supervised experience in this specialty area.
• Inform clients about the limits of confidentiality and potential internet
interruptions due to the nature of technology.
• Understand the benefits and drawbacks related to distance counseling.
• Utilize professional presence if they choose to use social media
platforms.
• Avoid disclosing confidential information through social media.
• Utilize informed consent to explain the boundaries of social media.
Section I: Resolving Ethical Issues – The purpose of Section I is to provide ethical
25
guidelines that focus on how to address and resolve ethical issues with other
counselors.
Counselors must:
• Behave in ethical and legal manner and recognize when there is a
conflict between ethics codes and laws.
• Utilize and document an ethical decision-making process when faced
with an ethical dilemma.
• Hold other counselors to similar standards of professional conduct.
• Resolve ethical dilemmas with direct and open communication to all
parties involved.
• Seek consultation when necessary.
Unethical Behavior Among Counselors

Counselors, like any other professionals have ethical responsibilities and
obligations. It is their nature as part of the counseling profession to have a sensitivity
and a clear understanding of right and wrong. Counselors agree to abide by codes of
practices written by ethical bodies such as the American Counselor Association (ACA)
Code of Ethics and here in the Philippines, we have the Code of Ethics for Registered
and Licensed Guidance Counselors and Psychological Association of the Philippines
(PAP) Code of Ethics. However, there are times that counselors may find themselves
facing doubt or uncertainty in relation to their client’s concerns that could lead them
engaging in an unethical behavior.
In the counseling profession, unethical behavior can take many forms, and
these are as follows:
1. Boundary Violation – A series breach that cause harm. Action is harmful

and/or exploitive of client. Traditionally, this entail a misuse of counselor or
authority in a secondary context outside of the counseling relationship and
causes harm to a client. (E.g. being a counselor to someone who is a neighbor
friend, business partner and romantic partner)
2. Violation of Confidentiality- The professional relationship between a
counselor and a client begins with an agreement of confidentiality. This
agreement stipulates that the counselor will not divulge information of any kind
to anyone else. There can be severe consequences to professionals that violate
the code of confidentiality.
a. Loss of Trust- If a client finds out that you have told someone else about
their situation, they will likely no longer trust you. That loss of trust can
ruin the relationship that you have established with the client and could
jeopardize the progress you have made with them.
b. Legal Issues – by breaching confidentiality with a client, you expose
yourself to several different legal issues. The client may sue you for
financial or emotional damage as a result of you exposing their
information. You may also be at risk to losing your license to practice.
26
3. Imposing One’s Values on a Client- Imposing your values on clients means
that you attempt to exert direct influence over their beliefs, feelings, judgments,
attitudes, and behaviors. Value imposition is a type of violation that can interfere
with your clients’ progress in treatment as well as their right to self-
determination. According to Corey, Gerald, a counselor, that if a counselor is
not careful and aware, their values can present some difficulties and
significantly affect their work with clients.
4. Questionable financial arrangements such as a drawing excessive fee.
5. Exceeding one’s level of professional competence
6. Improper advertising regarding one’s potential or credentials
Directions: Carefully read the situation carefully with understanding and answer it
promptly. Write you answer on a separate answer sheet.
Scenario: “In the area of confidentiality and privacy of the code of ethics, there is a
portion on the client’s right to privacy. What if the counselor, in his/her conversation
with the client, found out that the client accidentally killed a person, will you report the
client to the police or not?” Explain your answer.
Note: If not so sure about your answer or decision, you may again refer to the Code
of Ethics. If you have internet access at home, you may also read the complete Code
of Ethics at this website https://www.counseling.org/Resources/aca-code-of-ethics.pdf
What is more?
Case Study
Direction: For this activity, we choose real situations that are experience by a
counselor in different settings. Many of which are case studies conducted by a
professional in the counseling profession. You will be given two (2) sets real-life
situations. You just need to evaluate if the counselor engages in an unethical behavior
and if your answer is yes, identify what is this unethical behavior that he/she
committed. If you think that the counselor did not commit any unethical behavior,
please justify your answer. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
Case 1: A guidance counselor is counseling a client who has exhibited some indicators
associated with individuals who may be suicidal. However, the counselor is unsure of
27
whether the student’s behavior rises to the point that the student should be considered
potentially at risk for suicide and whether to inform the student’s parents. The
counselor decides to confer with another counselor at her school, one of her former
university counselor, and the school guidance head regarding the situation. Her plan
is to follow the consensus of her peers regarding how she should handle the situation,
if they all agree, even if she still has doubts herself.
Case 2: A mental health counselor has a client that was a referral to him for anxiety,
mild depression and being unsatisfied with her job. After several weeks of counseling
sessions, the client opened about being confused about her sexuality and confessed
to him that she found some women attractive. Instead of the counselor helping her
figure out her concerns he reacted by telling his client that he believed that she was
immoral and that she should avoid those thoughts and pray for forgiveness.
Note: If you wish to explore the case presented in more depth, you may want to read
the articles. Link of the articles will be provided in the reference section.
Criteria for Grading:

Criteria Case 1 Case 2
Content Superior – Used many facts found in the
code of ethics to support all answers
(10)
Proficient – Used some facts found in
the code of ethics to support all answers
(8)
Poor – Used a few facts found in the
code of ethics to support answers (6)
Unsatisfactory – Did not present facts
found in the code of ethics to support
answer (4)
Organization Superior – Clear organization. All
answers were logical and convincing
(10)
Proficient – Clear organization. Most
answers were logical and convincing (8)
Poor – Significant lapses in the
organization. Some answers were logical
and convincing (6)
Unsatisfactory – Poor, hard to follow the
organization. Few and non at all answers
were logical and convincing (4)
Total /20 /20
28
To check you understanding and learnings of the lesson, please complete

the statements below by writing your personal insights about the lesson using the
prompts below. Write you answer on a separate answer sheet.

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realize that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
29
Key To Correction
Crossword Puzzle
References
(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020. https://counseling.northwestern.edu/blog/ACA-Code-

of-Ethics/
(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020. https://study.com/academy/lesson/american-school-

counselor-association-ethical-standards-for-school-counselors.html

https://learn.snhu.edu/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/32833/5845,1/

https://www.counseling.org/news/updates/2014/03/26/2014-aca-code-of-ethics-
approved-by-governing
council#:~:text=The%202014%20ACA%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20was%20appro
ved%20by%20the
(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020. https://www.counselingwashington.com/Ethical-

Unethical-Counselors/

https://www.zeepedia.com/read.php?ethical_legal_issues_in_counseling_developme
nt_of_codes_theory_and_practice_of_counselling&b=97&c=6

https://www.academia.edu/37029669/Unethical_Behavior_in_Counseling (Case 3)
King, Price, Telljohann, & Wahl, 2000; Paulson & Worth, 2002, Popenhagen &
Qualley, 1998. Assessing student clients who are possibly suicidal. (Case 1)
Herlihy, B., & Corey, C. (2007). Boundary issues in counseling: Multiple roles and
relationships. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
30
City, Philippines
31
Week 4
As a counselor, connecting with clients is one of the most important aspects of
forming a trusting relationship. You need a lot of patience to remove the barriers
between you and your clients. You need to familiarize yourself with the needs of your
clients. In this lesson, we will discuss the clientele in the counseling profession and as
well as their characteristics and need. In addition, you will also learn in this module the
different stages and methods involved in counseling.
• Describe the clientele of counseling (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Id-11)
• Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in counseling
• Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and communities
What is new?
Directions: Read each statement below carefully and fill in the blank with
the correct answer. Choose your answer from the box given below. Write your
answers on a separate answer sheet.
Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Alfred Adler
Gestalt Free Association Cognitive Behavior
Empty Chair Person-Centered Psychoanalytic Approach
Psychoanalytic Therapies
1. ______________ is the founder of Rational Emotive Therapy.

2. Adlerian psychotherapy was developed by ______________.
3. In the Psychoanalytic technique known as _________________, counselors
ask the client to say whatever comes to mind and then interprets what he or
she said to reveal unconscious thoughts and feelings.
4. Identifying and eliminating thoughts patterns that lead to depression, anxiety,
or anger are the goals of ______________ therapy.
32
5. _______________ therapy focuses on here and now that refers to a dialogue
between the therapist and the client.
6. _______________ therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, is based on the
humanistic approach.
7. The goal of ________________ approach is to help clients gain insights
about themselves, work unstuck issues, though a developmental stage, not
settled in the past, and cope with the stress of the society.
8. One of the key methods used in Gestalt therapy is the ___________
technique. This technique allows a client to work through his or her
interpersonal and internal conflict.
9. _________________ explore childhood events and encourage individuals to
use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems.
10. _________________ founded cognitive behavior therapy.
What is it?
Clientele in Counseling
What is clientele? Who are the individuals or groups who needs counseling?
What are their characteristics and needs? Clienteles are the people who need help
and support from different groups of society. We, as part of the society can go or ask
for the help of the counselors but not all of us can undergo counseling. According to
Gibson and Mitchell (2003), there is so called the special population and these
clienteles have evolved through the years. The special clientele has been given
increasing attention by the counseling profession due to frequent occurrences and
growing number of clients.
The special population is composed of people who abuse drugs, people who
use tobacco/cigarettes, people who abuse alcohol, women, older adults, people with
AIDS/HIV, victims of abuse, LGBTQ and people suffering from mental illnesses. The
items below briefly describe each of the special counseling population.
• People Who Abuse Drugs- In our society, there are increasing number of drug
users. Drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our mental
health as well. It cannot be denied that drug addiction creates more social
problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth
victims cry for help and seek for counselors’ attention.
• People Who Use Tobacco/Cigarettes- Slowly, our population recognizes the
bad effects of tobacco or cigarettes to our health. However, many people still
33
use and continue to use tobacco or cigarettes even if it is deadly. Users find it
difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit smoking were
added to the list of the counselor’s clientele.
• People Who Abuse Alcohol- Alcoholism is seen as an illness and alcoholics
find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a
professional as it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally
important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of self- control and
self- discipline. Therefore, this requires intervention other than treatment.
• Women- Even with the changing role of women in society, men still
predominantly control purchasing and decision-making powers. Most men still
have less participation in household responsibilities and childcare. In this case,
women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the
women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations.
Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own values,
abilities, aptitudes, and interests and utilize these to develop their full potential.
• Older Adults- The aging population is increasingly rising and demands more
attention. Retirees who are adjusting to life outside word feel lost and ignored.
Life for them suddenly loses meaning. A transition from a busy life to retirement
stage must be instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling profession. Other
aging issues that require attention of counseling include loss of a partner,
decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased loneliness, decline in
financial security, etc.
• People with AIDS- Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been
labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease
are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional
stress and low self-esteem. Counseling approach requires sensitivity and
appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors may also help in
assisting and educating the victim’s support system.
• Victims of Abuse- This population represents victims of domestic violence
characterized by spouse and child abuse. Spouse abuse is often associated
with poverty, drug abuse, and career disappointments. The abuse has also
become rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The
counselors are increasingly being utilized to help the victims.
• Gay Men and Lesbian Women (LGBTQ) – There is a growing number of
LGBTQ that are coming out. However, there are still sectors in society,
including their own families, that avoid and discriminate them. They are usually
the victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. LGBTQ, like
other sectors of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health
uncertainties, and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self- awareness, self-
acceptance, and understanding.
• Persons with Disabilities – Person with Disabilities “have long-term physical,
mental, or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers hinder
their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others
34
(United Nations Enable, 2006). Discrimination is rampant against people with
disabilities- they receive lower pay and have more difficulty finding job. For
counselors, treat people regardless of disability status with the same
expectations. Gather information about your client’s disability- do not rely solely
on your client to educate you. A clients disability may not be the focus of
treatment.
Counseling Process
The counseling process is a complex and yet systematic process in which
follows a series of events (Mohammad, 2012). It involves different stages which
includes the following: Relationship Building; Problem Assessment and Diagnosis;
Formulation of Counseling Goals; Counseling Intervention; Evaluation, Termination
and Follow-up. (H. Hackney and S. Cormier, 2005).
Stage One: Relationship Building

• The heart of the counseling process because it provides the foundation of
trust between the counselor and a client.
• It is the art dimension of counseling.
• It involves establishing rapport, promote acceptance of the client as a person
with worth, establishing genuine interaction, promote direct mutual
communication, helping clients understand themselves, helping client focus
and slowly promote counseling relevant communication from the client.
(Tylus, 2003).
SOME SKILLS FOR RELATIONSHIP BUILDING FOR THE COUNSELOR
• Introduce yourself.
• Invite the client to sit down.
• Ensure client is comfortable.
• Address the client by name.
• Invite social conversation to reduce anxiety.
• Watch for nonverbal behavior as a signs of client’s emotional state.
• Invite client to describe his/her reason for coming to talk.
• Allow client time to respond.
• Indicate that you are interested in the person.
35
Stage Two: Problem Assessment and Diagnosis
• One of the most crucial stages.
• Serves as the window for the counselor to have a thorough appreciation of
the client’s condition.
• Involves the collection and classification of information about the client’s life
situation and reasons for seeking counseling.
• The data that will be gathered will enable the counselor to develop and
treatment plan and make goal-setting easier and achievement goals
measurable.
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals/ Goal Setting
• Setting goals is very important to the success of counseling. It involves
making a commitment to a set of conditions, to a course of action or an
outcome.
• Goals help the counselor and the client determine what can and what cannot
be accomplished through counseling.
• In goal setting, the client identifies with the help of the counselor, specific
ways in which they want to resolve the issues and what course of action
should be taken the problem.
Stage Four: Counseling Intervention
• The intervention process is about choosing the appropriate counseling
techniques that will encourage growth within the client.
• The client’s participation in choosing intervention strategies has more
benefits.
• Cormier and Cormier (1998) as cited by Tysul (2003) recommended some
guidelines which will motivate client participation. The guidelines include the
following: (1) the counselor has to provide a mapping of the different
approaches offered; (2) describe the role of the counselor and client for each
procedure, (3) identify possible risks and benefits that may come and (4)
estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
Stage Five: Evaluation, Termination or Follow-Up
• Terminating the counseling process will have to be conducted with sensitivity
with the client knowing that it will have to end.
• Note that each of these stages continues even though the counselor and the
client moves to the next step.
• In this stage, counselors should take note of the following:
▪ Closure discussed and planned;
▪ Appointment intervals lengthened
▪ Available resources and referrals identified and accessed;
▪ Assurance provided to the client of the option to return to counseling
if necessary.
36
Methods in Counseling
Counselors and other counseling professionals work from a variety of
theoretical approaches with their clients. These therapies range from Psychoanalysis,
originally founded and practiced by Sigmund Freud to Humanistic Psychotherapy
which is based on personal growth and self-development to the behavioral therapies
which are used in dealing with specific phobias, depressions and anxieties.
In this lesson, the discussion of the theories will be divided into three. The first
part focuses on two Psychoanalytic therapies. These are Freud’s Psychotherapy and
Adler’s Adlerian therapy. The second part centers on Humanistic therapies of Rogers
Person-Centered therapy and Perl’s Gestalt therapy. The third part is about Rational
Emotive Behavior Therapy of Ellis and Cognitive Behavior therapy of Beck.
Psychoanalytic Approach – is a type of approach

based upon the theories of Sigmund Freud, who is
considered one of the forefathers of psychology and the
founder of Psychoanalysis. This therapy explores how
the unconscious mind influences thoughts and
behaviors, with the aim of offering insight and resolution
to the person seeking therapy. Psychoanalytic therapy
tends to look at experiences from early childhood to see
Sigmund Freud if these events have affected the individual's life, or
May 6, 1856 - September potentially contributed to current concerns.
23, 1939 Role of Counselor
To encourage the development of transference, giving
Psychoanalytic therapy the client a sense of safety and acceptance. The client
can be used to those with freely explores difficult material and experiences from
a specific emotional their past, gaining insight and working through
concern as well as those unresolved issues. The counselor is an expert, who
who simply want to interprets for the client.
explore themselves. Goals of Therapy
Others: Helping the client bring into the conscious the
unconscious. Helping the client work through a
• Anxiety developmental stage that was not resolved or where the
• relationship client became fixated. To reconstruct the basic
difficulties personality. To achieve intellectual awareness. Help the
• sexual issues client adjustment to the demands of work, intimacy, and
• low self-esteem society.
• phobias Techniques of Therapy
• social shyness Free Association - is a process where the client
• difficulties sleeping verbalizes any thoughts that may without censorship,
no matter how trivial the thoughts or feeling may be to
the client.
Dream Analysis- is a process where the client related
37
their dreams to the counselor. The counselor interprets
the obvious or manifest content and the hidden
meanings or latent content.
Analysis of Transferences- is a process where the client
is encouraged to attribute to counselor those issues that
have caused difficulties with significant authority figures
in their lives. The counselor helps the client to gain
insight by the conflicts and feelings expressed.
Adlerian Therapy - originated by Alfred Adler, is also
called individual psychology and focuses on creating a
therapeutic relationship that is co-operative,
encouraging and practical. Alfred Adler was a major
contributor to the development of the psychodynamic
approach to therapy. After 8-10 years of collaboration,
Freud and Adler parted company, with Freud taking the
Alfred W. Adler position that Adler was a heretic who had deserted him.
February 7, 1870 - Mary Role of Counselor
28, 1937 The counselor helps the client to explore conscious
thoughts, beliefs and logic for behaviors that are not in
Because the approach is the client's best interest or social interest. The counselor
based on a growth model, encourages the client to behave "as if" the client were
it is applicable to such who they wished to be and often provides the client with
varied spheres of life as "homework" assignments outside the sessions.
child guidance, Goals of Therapy
parent/child counseling, To challenge client's basic premises and life goals. To
marital and family offer encouragement so individuals can develop socially
therapy, individual useful goals. To develop the client's sense of belonging.
counseling will all age Techniques of Therapy
groups, correctional and Confrontation - consists of challenging the client's
rehabilitation counseling, private logic and behavior.
group counseling, Asking ‘The Question’- consist of asking the client how
substance abuse and their life would be different if they were well.
brief counseling. Encouragement- consists of the counselor supporting
the client by stating the belief in the client's ability to take
responsibility and change behavior
Acting ‘As If’- consists of instructing the client to behave
'as if' there were no problem or as the person that the
client would like to be.
Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) is also known as
person-centered psychotherapy, person- centered
counseling, client-centered therapy or Rogerian
psychotherapy. PCT is a humanistic approach that
deals with the ways in which individuals perceive
38
themselves consciously rather than how a counselor
can interpret their unconscious thoughts or ideas. It is a
non-directive form of talk therapy that was developed by
humanist psychologist Carl Rogers during the 1940s
and 1950s. Today, it is one of the most widely used
approaches in psychotherapy.
Role of Counselor
The counselor sets up an environment where the client
Dr. Carl R. Rogers
is safe to explore any aspect of the self. The counselor's
January 8, 1902 -
job is to facilitate the exploration through a special "I-
February 4, 1987
Thou' relationship of unconditional positive regard,
empathy and warmth.
Generally, person-
Goals of Therapy
centered counseling can
The counselor facilitates the client toward…
help individuals of all
ages with a range of • Realistic self- perception
personal issues. It has • Greater confidence and self-direction
been found particularly • Sense of positive worth
useful in helping • Greatest maturity, social skill, and adaptive
individuals to overcome behavior
specific problems such as • Better stress coping
depression, anxiety, • More fully functioning in all aspects of their lives.
personality disorders,
eating disorders and
alcohol addictions. These
issues can have
significant impact on self-
esteem, self-reliance and
self-awareness, but
person-centered therapy
can help individuals to
reconnect with their inner
self in order to transcend
any limitations.
Gestalt Therapy, was developed in the late 1940s by
Fritz Perls (a German- born psychiatrist). It was
developed as a revision to psychoanalysis and focuses
on an experiential and humanistic approach rather than
analysis of the unconscious; which was one of the main
therapeutic tools at the time 'Gestalt Therapy' was
employed. Gestalt Therapy focuses on the whole of the
client’s experience, including feelings, thoughts and
actions. The client gains self-awareness in the ‘here
and now’ (what is happening from one moment to the
39
next) by analyzing behavior and body language and
Fritz Perls talking about bottled up feelings.
July 8, 1893 - March 14, Role of Counselor
1970 Counselor creates an environment for the client to
explore their needs in order to grow. Counselor is fully
Gestalt therapy is with the client in the here-and-now with intense
considered particularly personal involvement and honesty. Counselor helps the
valuable for helping to client to focus on blocking energy and to positively and
treat a wide range of adaptively use that energy.
psychological issues Goals of Therapy
especially as it can be Emphasis is on the here-and-now of the client’s
applied as a long-term experience. The client is encouraged to make choices
therapy or as a brief and based on the now as opposed to past. Help the client
focused approach. It has resolve the past. Assist the client to become congruent.
been found effective for Help the client to reach maturity intellectually. Help the
managing tension, client shed neuroses
anxiety, addiction, post- Techniques of Therapy
traumatic stress, Empty Chair - is a process where the client addresses
depression and other parts of the personality, as if it were an entity sitting an
psychological problems empty chair. The client may switch perspectives by
that can prevent people switching chairs or may simply address the chair.
from living life to the full. Role Play - Role play can help individuals to experience
Gestalt Therapy is also different feelings and emotions and better understand
effective in counseling how they present and organize themselves.
groups, couples, and I Take Responsibility - is the phrase that follows each
families (Corsini & statement expressing statements or perceptions that
Wedding, 2000). the client states. The process is to help the client to
integrate their internal perceptions and their behaviors.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) - also
known as REBT, is a type of cognitive-behavior therapy.
It was first called Rational Therapy, later Rational
Emotive Therapy, then changed to Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy. It was first introduced in 1955 by Dr.
Albert Ellis. REBT is focused on helping clients change
irrational beliefs. The replacement of illogical and
unrealistic ideas with more realistic and adaptive ones
through direct intervention and confrontation by the
Dr. Albert Ellis therapist.
September 27, 1913 - Role of Counselor
July 24, 2007 Counselors are direct and active in their teaching and
correcting the client’s cognitions. Ellis believes that a
REBT can be effective in good REBT counselor must be bright, knowledgeable,
the treatment of a range empathetic, persistent, scientific, interested in helping
of psychological disorders
40
including anxiety others and use RET in their personal lives (Ellis, 1980).
disorders and phobias as The counselor does not rely heavily on the DSM-IV
well as specific behaviors categories.
such as severe shyness Goals of Therapy
and excessive approval The primary goal is to help people live rational and
seeking. productive lives. REBT helps people see that it is their
thoughts and beliefs about events that creates
difficulties, not the events or the situations. REBT helps
clients stop catastrophizing when wants and desires are
not met. It assists people in changing self-defeating
behaviors or cognitions. REBT espouses acceptance
and tolerance of self and of others in order to achieve
life goals.
Transactional Analysis (TA) approach to counseling
belongs to the Psychoanalytical School of therapy and
was devised by Eric Berne a Canadian psychiatrist in
the late 1940’s. TA is a widely recognized form of
modern psychology that involves a set of practical
conceptual tools designed to promote personal growth
and change. It is considered a fundamental therapy for
well-being and for helping individuals to reach their full
potential in all aspects of life.
Role of Counselor
Dr. Eric Berne In TA, the counselor and the client work together to
May 10, 1910 - July 15, establish the specific goals of therapy. The counselor
1970 contracts with the client for the changes that they desire.
Counselors use their knowledge to address a concern
Transactional Analysis introduced by the client rather than telling the client what
can be said to be an issues need to focus on.
effective method in the Goals of Therapy
process of counseling. The goal is to not only learn to adjust to life but to attain
Recently its scope is health and autonomy. Through the gaining of autonomy
increasing. Individuals the client can be more aware, intimate and spontaneous
especially the young living a life free of games and self-defeating life scripts.
adults are the needy Techniques of Therapy
clients of this Treatment Contract - which is a agreement between the
transactional analysis counselor and the client about what is to be
counseling, because accomplished and what responsibilities are agreed
present generations carry upon.
different complex ego Confirmation- is a technique where the counselor
states. It enables the directs the client’s attention to a previously modified
clients to identity the sorts behavior that is reoccurring.
of relationship. Interpretation - involves the counselor explaining to the
41
child ego state the reasons behind the client’s behavior.
Crystallization - occurs when the client realizes that
game playing can be given up and the client can enjoy
the freedom of choice in behavior.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) - A combination of
cognitive and behavioral therapies, this approach helps
people change negative thoughts patterns, beliefs, and
behaviors so they can manage sypmtoms and enjoy
more productive, less stressful lives. Cognitive
Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was developed by Aaron T.
Beck. Cognitive Behavior therapy is a type of
Dr. Aaron T. Beck psychotherapeutic treatment that helps clients
July 18, 1921 understand the thoughts and feelings that influence
behaviors.
CBT has been widely Role of Counselor
applied to the treatment of To challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with
depression, anxiety, contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate.
marital problems, stress Helping clients seek out their dogmatic beliefs and
management, skill vigorously minimizing them. To become aware of
training, substance automatic thoughts and to change them.
abuse, assertion training, Goals of Therapy
eating disorders, panic The promotion of self-awareness and emotional
attacks, performance intelligence by teaching clients to “read” their emotions
anxiety, and social and distinguish healthy from unhealthy feelings. Helping
phobia. clients understand how distorted perceptions and
Others: thoughts contribute to painful feelings. The
• suffer from development of self-control by teaching clients specific
depression and/or techniques to identify and challenge distorted thinking.
anxiety Prevention of future episodes of emotional distress and
• suffer from development of personal growth by helping clients
post traumatic change core beliefs that are often at the heart of their
stress disorder suffering.
(PTSD) Techniques of Therapy
• eating disorders, Therapists use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and
such as anorexia behavioral techniques; diverse methods are tailored to
and bulimia suit individual clients. An active, directive, time-limited,
• sleep problems, present-centered, structured therapy. Some techniques
such as insomnia include engaging in Socratic dialogue, debating
• panic disorder, irrational beliefs, carrying out homework assignments,
phobia gathering data on assumptions one has made, keeping
• suffer from a record of activities, forming alternative interpretations,
obsessive- learning new coping skills, changing one’s language
and thinking patterns, role playing, imagery, and
42
compulsive confronting faulty beliefs.
behavior (OCD)
• addiction, anger
issues
• want to change
their behavior
Directions: Illustrate the stages of counseling process stated above using a

diagram/graphic organizer. Draw/ and Write your answer on a separate answer
sheet. Provide a brief explanation for each stage. This activity is worth 15 points.
Sample diagram/graphic organizer:
What is more?
Counseling Method Activity
Instructions: Read and carefully analyze the following situation below. If you
are a counselor, what counseling method or approaches would you apply? Justify why
this method is appropriate. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
Situation Counseling Method Justification

Jundi is overly scared of men
because of a traumatic
experience she had as a little
girl. She witnessed how three
men robbed and stabbed her
father to death.
Karen is having problem with
her anger. She is having a
hard time controlling it
especially when something or
someone triggered her.
Jay is experiencing a lot of
negative thinking almost every
day. He finds it hard to think
positively and change his
negative thoughts.
Joe’s father died in a dreadful
car accident. He is
43
experiencing deep grief
because of rooted emotional
problems towards his father.
Allan was often moody and
sad without any reason.
Sometimes he became irritable
and withdrew from social
situations. He also lost his
interest in school and was
thinking about harming himself.
Additional Activity: (If Necessary)
Directions: Visit your school guidance counselor. Interview him/her about methods and
tools used in the counseling process. Ask him or her on how to handle clients properly.
Write you output on a separate answer sheet.


___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realize that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
44
Key To Correction
References
• Electronic
(2020). Retrieved 15 June 2020. http://hrmars.com/admin/pics/654.pdf

http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/23940/1/Unit-1.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325844365_INTRODUCTION_TO_COUN
SELING
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Adler
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Rogers
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Perls
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_T._Beck
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ellis
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Berne
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://www.theladders.com/career-advice/tips-for-
parents-online-learning-with-children
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-
study/topical-studies/important-things-the-bible-says-about-
death.html#:~:text=Sunday,%20October%206,%202019
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020
https://www.bradaronson.com/happy/#:~:text=Facebook%20Twitter%20LinkedIn%20
Pinterest
45
(2020). Retrieve 19 June 2020. http://alagappauniversity.ac.in/modules/DDE/dde-
admin/uploads/3/PG_M.Sc._Psycology_36332%20COUNSELLING%20THEORIES
%20AND%20TECHNIQUES.pdf
(2020). Retrieved 22 August 2020 http://www.womensconsortium.org.uk/methods-of-
councelling/
• Books/Modules
Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences; Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Department of Education – Region Office 10
Gibson, R.L. and Mitchell, M.H (2003). Introduction to Counseling and Guidance.
(Sixth edition). NJ: Merill Prentice Hall.
Melegrito, M.L.F., dela Cruz, A.R., Valdez, V., & Fernandez, C. (2016). Disciplines
City, Philippines
Nystul, Michael. (2003). Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective.

(Second Edition). USA: Allyn and Bacon.
46
Week 5
In this lesson, we are going to discuss the goals, scope, core values and roles
of social work. The discipline of social work is closely associated with government
welfare and social programs aimed at achieving social justice, fairness, and attainment
of social balance.
Social workers aim to protect vulnerable people from abuse, neglect, or self-
harm and to enhance their well-being and quality of life. They are also responsible for
implementing policies, which aim to safeguard vulnerable children or adults and
ensure that people have as much choice and control over the services they use as
possible. And they also work closely with other professional, such as mental health
social workers, psychologist, occupational therapist, guidance counselors and
psychiatrist.
• Identify the goals and scope of Social Work (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ie-16)
• Explain the principles and core values of social work (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ie-
17)
• Explain the roles and functions of social workers (HUMSS_DIASS 12-If-19)
What is new?
Directions: Analyze the following scenarios/pictures related to social work and

answer the guide question below. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
Scenario 1: Outreach Program
Grade 12-HUMSS students’ batch 2019-2020 of FEBIHS in their Outreach Program for Lolos and
Lolas of Greem Breeze Home for Elderly at Greenbreeze Village, Langkaan 1, Dasmarinas Cavite.
47
Guide Question:
1. What can you say about the picture/s? What makes it social work? Explain your
answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
What is it?
Social Work is concerned with facilitating change and providing intervention to

improve individual’s quality of life. Barker (1999) as cited by Cox and Pawar (2006)
describe social work as an “applied science” of helping people achieve an effective
level of psychosocial functioning and effecting societal changes to enhance the well-
being of all people. In the Philippines, Mendoza (2002) defined social work as a
profession which is concerned about the person’s adjustment to her/his environment
and she referred this as person’s social functioning.
The social work as a profession promotes social change, problem solving in
human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-
being. Utilizing theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes
at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights
and social justice are fundamentals to social work (IFSW & IASSW, 2004 as cited in
Cox & Pawar, 2006).
Goals of Social Work

Morales and Sheafor (1983) specified three (3) distinguishing goals of social
work namely: caring, curing, and changing. These goals are outlined and describe
below:
1. The Goal of Caring – Caring refers to the heart of social work and it focuses
on the well-being or the welfare and comfort of the individual and community.
The goal on caring involves the enhancement of the quality of life in prisons,
the upgrading and humanizing services in nursing homes and juvenile facilities,
and the constant advancement of care given to populations in need.
2. The Goal of Curing – Curing refers to the aspect of treating people with
problems in social functioning. This covers a range of aiding techniques for
individuals, families, and groups Techniques are compose of: (a) popular
48
counseling approaches comprising of transactional analysis, family therapy,
behavioral modification, reality therapy, and gestalt therapy.
3. The Goal of Changing- Changing refers to the active participation of the social
workers in social reforms. This goal comes from a perspective that there is a
persistence of poverty, environmental destruction, and social disintegration. It
recognizes that the political, economic, and social structures add in the
worsening of social conditions.
Scope of Social Work

Social Work as a Primary Social Work as an Equal Social Work as a
Discipline Partner Secondary
Disciplines
a. Adoption and services to a. Support for people a. Correctional
unmarried parents- helping (aging) in their own Facilities – SW
and guiding the unmarried homes program – provide
parent to make decision to consists of helping counseling and
keep their baby or to place it people remain in their link them to the
for adoption. Social workers own homes by linking outside world.
apply both individual and them with community Provide support
group counseling to assist programs that bring upon release.
them in making sensitive health care, meals, and b. Industry- SW act
decision-making process. home care services in as support to
b. Foster Care- work with the their home. both the
parent, child, and court to b. Support for people managers and
administer court decisions to (aging) in long-term the employees of
remove a child from his/her care facilities the companies by
home due to detrimental program- refers to providing
situation and bringing nursing homes or other individual, family
her/him to a foster home group living facilities. or group
placement. c. Community Services counseling.
c. Residential Care – group 1. Community c. Medical and
care home or a residential Organization – Health care –
treatment center for a child involve the SW attend to the
exhibiting anti-social gathering and social and
behaviors or behavior that analysis of data psychological
require intensive treatment. related to delivery of factors
Social workers are involved services, matching contributing to
in sustaining a helpful that information with the medical
connection between the data of population condition of the
child and the family. distribution, patients.
d. Support in own home – securing funds to d. Schools -
involved providing support maintain and facilitate the
services in order to keep enhance the quality provision of direct
49
children in their own homes. of services, educational and
Support services may be in coordinating the social services
the form of counseling, efforts to existing and provide
family consultations, and agencies, and direct social case
connecting clients with educating the work and group
appropriate institutions such general public work to selected
as day care centers and about these students
home maker services. services.
e. Protective Services – 2. Community
protecting the child from Planning – refers to
child abuse, maltreatment, the involvement of
and exploitation by one or social workers with
both parents but without the physical,
infringing on the rights of the economic and
parents. health planners in
f. Family Services - Family the long-range
counseling-involves family planning of
case work, group work and communities.
family therapy. Family life 3. Community
education-strengthens Development –
family relationships through about the
educational activities to participation of
prevent family breakdown. social workers in
Family planning-involves the providing aid to
number, spacing and timing people in the
of child births to fit with their communities as the
needs. To make decisions aim to enhance their
about the patterns of conditions.
reproduction towards
enhancing quality of life.
g. Income Maintenance-
public assistance- financial
aid to the poor (cash grants,
food stamps, general
assistance: hospital and
medical care, and
supplemental security
income. Social insurance-
social provision that are
funded by employers and
employees through the
contributions to a specific
program.
50
Principles of Social Work
1. Acceptance- This involves respecting the clients as they are under any
circumstances and understand the meaning and causes of the client’s
behavior, recognizing client’s strength, potentials, weakness, and limitation.
2. Client’s participation in problem-solving- A client is made to understand that
s/he is expected to participate in the entire process and participate in planning
ways in resolving problem.
3. Self-determination- the clients who are in need have the right to determine
their needs and how they should be met.
4. Individualization- recognizing and understanding client’s unique
characteristics and using different methods for each client.
5. Confidentiality- This means that the client should be accorded with
appropriate protection, within the limits of the law, from any harm that might
result from the information s/he divulges to the social worker. The client should
be assured that what s/he tells will be kept confidential.
6. Worker self-awareness- Social worker consciously examines her feelings,
judgements, biases, responses whether it is professionally motivated.
7. Client- worker relationship- the client is in need of help in social functioning
and the worker is in the position to help.
Core Values of Social Work

1. Service- Social Workers’ main goal is to assist people in need and to address
social issues. They hold service to others above their own self- interest and
draw from their considerable talent, skills, and expertise to help those who are
marginalized.
2. Social Justice- Social workers oppose injustice and push for social change,
especially with and on behalf of the vulnerable and oppressed. They actively
work to promote sensitivity to and knowledge about diversity and oppression,
as well as ensure their clients have access to necessary services, resources,
and information.
3. Dignity and worth of the person – Social workers respect the fundamental
dignity and worth of people and treat everyone with care and respect. Social
workers are mindful of their responsibility to their client as well as society at
large, and they look to resolve conflicts between the individuals’ interests and
society’s in a responsible manner consistent with the Code of the profession.
4. Importance of Human Relationships - Social workers acknowledge the
fundamental significance of human relationships and see that interpersonal
relationships are an important means for change. They engage people as
partners in the process for change and endeavor to strengthen relationships to
bolster the well-being of individuals and groups.
5. Integrity- Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner consistent with the
mission, ethical standards, and values of the social work profession. They act
honestly and responsibly and encourage ethical practices on behalf of the
organization they represent.
51
6. Competence- Social workers practice within their areas of competence while
honing and augmenting their professional expertise. They continually seek to
increase their knowledge and skills and apply them to their practice. They
should also strive to contribute to the collective knowledge base of the
profession.
Roles and Functions of Social Workers

Compton and Galaway (1994), Mendoza (1981), and Scheiderman (1974) as
cited by Dela Cruz, et. Al (2016) summarized the roles and functions of social workers
based on the appropriateness and relevance to the client’s problems in the local
setting. The table describes each roles and functions of social workers.
Roles of Social Workers Functions of Social

Workers
Advocate- In the advocate role, the social worker Rehabilitative Function -
fights for the rights of those disempowered by society refers to restorative,
with the goal of empowering the client. The social curative, and remedial
workers speak on behalf of the client when other will actions. This function
not listen or when clients are unable to do so. attempts to put back the
Broker – A social worker is responsible for person to a balanced state of
identifying, locating, and linking clients to needed social functioning.
resources in a timely manner. Once client’s needs Preventive Function - this
are assessed and potential services are identified, function encompasses early
the social worker assist the client in choosing the detection, control, and
most appropriate service option. eradication of situations
Mediator- In the mediator role, the social worker which may have a damaging
intervenes in disputes between parties to help them effect on the social
find comprise, reconcile differences, and reach functioning.
mutually satisfying agreements. The mediator takes Developmental Function –
a neutral stance among the involved parties. This function seeks to help
Enabler - the social worker engages to help the the individual make full use
clients cope with the current situation and eventually of her/his potentials and
find strengths and resources within themselves to capacities and to enhance
solve problems they encountered. the effectiveness of available
Counselor- the social worker helps clients express social or community
their needs clarify problems, explore resolution resources.
strategies, and applies intervention strategies to
develop and expand the capacities of clients to deal
with their problems more effectively.
Educator- In the educator role, social workers are
involved in teaching people about resources and how
to develop particular skills such as budgeting, the
caring discipline of children, effective
52
communication, the meaning of medical diagnosis
and the prevention of violence.
Directions: Read the following test items and choose the correct answer by writing
the letter on the space provided below. This activity is worth 10 points!
______ 1. These people aim to protect the vulnerable ones from abuse neglect of self-
harm and to help enhance their well-being and quality of life.
A. Counselors B. Nurses C. Social Workers D. Journalist
______ 2. This refers to the way in which people perform their social roles.
A. Social Development B. Social Functioning C. Social Milieu
D. Social Welfare
______ 3. Social Workers work with a variety of different issues that can greatly
impact individuals, families, and communities. Some of these issues includes
the following, EXCEPT:
A. Abuse B. Discrimination C. Farming D. Poverty
______ 4. What role performed by the social worker involves helping clients cope with
their current situation and eventually solve their problems?
A. Advocate B. Counselor C. Enabler D. Social Critique
______ 5. What role performed by the social worker involves teaching people about
resources and how to develop particular skills.
A. Researcher B. Broker C. Educator D. Mediator
For Nos. 6-10. What goal of social work is illustrated in the following situations? Pick
your answer from the choices below.
A. Caring B. Curing C. Changing
______ 6. Anne is a social worker who is concerned with improving the living
conditions of prisoners.
______ 7. Nicole is a social worker who works to alleviate the emotional trauma of
the families of the drug war victims.
______ 8. Samuel is a social worker assigned to the slums, concerned with
formulating programs to reduce poverty and its effects on the community.
______ 9. Samantha is a social worker assigned to develop plans on how to support
and provide help to homeless people during this time of COVID19 pandemic.
______ 10. Karen is a social worker assigned to provide tele counseling or
teletherapy to people who are experiencing anxiety and other concerns that
are arising because of public health crisis such as COVID19.
53
What is more?
Case Study
Directions: Read the case thoroughly and answer the guide questions below. Write
your answer on the box provide below. This activity is worth 30 points!
Riza is a newcomer at the senior high school program of your school. Being
new to the school, she is observed to be silent and avoid interaction n groups very
often. Three months after, the situation remains the same as she still finds difficulty
building relationships. She prefers to eat, study, and walk alone. Bothered by the
situation of Ann Maria, her adviser in class referred the case to the school’s social
worker.
Guide Questions:
1. If you are the social worker, how will you handle the case?
2. What core values and principles of social work are you going to apply?
3. How will you manage the situation?
CASE STUDY RUBRIC

Element Indicator Score
Content (10) Exemplary – Shows variety of concepts that
made the assigned activity clearer (10)
Satisfactory – Demonstrated concepts that
facilitate learning of new idea (8)
Adequate – There were few concepts presented
54
but are relevant on the topic (6)
Limited- Lacks some concepts that could
supposedly enrich the discussion (4)
Quality (10) Exemplary - Critically presents the ideas and
thoughts on the case being given (10)
Satisfactory - Describes good ideas and
thoughts but needs further elaboration. (8)
Adequate - The ideas presented were just
enough (6)
Limited - The ideas were too little, and some are
no longer relevant on the topic (4)
Presentation Exemplary - The flow of discussion was
(10) exceptionally presented in a sequential manner
(10)
Satisfactory - The discussion was presented in a
sequential manner (8)
Adequate - The discussion does not follow an
outline but lacks cohesion of ideas (6)
Limited - The discussion does not follow an
outline (4)
TOTAL ______ /30
Additional Activity: Draw to Express!

Instruction: Use your freedom of art that allows your imagination to explain the
following goals of social work.
a. Goal on Caring
b. Goal on Curing
c. Goal on Changing
Criteria for Grading:

Relevance/Connection to the topic – 10
Creativity – 10
Originality – 10
Total – 30

55
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realize that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
56
Key To Correction
References
(2020) Retrieved August 25, 2020 https://www.slideshare.net/angievibar/goals-and-

scope-of-social
(2020) Retrieved August 25, 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/ShaikhFarooqui/social-work-seven-principles-by- md-
habeeb
(2020) Retrieved August 25, 2020

https://www.slideshare.net/JoemMagante/introduction-to-social-work-76994041
(2020) Retrieved August 25, 2020 https://wurzweiler-online.yu.edu/blog/six-

core-values-of-social-work
Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences; Alternative

Delivery Mode (ADM) Department of Education – Region Office 10
Melegrito, M.L.F., dela Cruz, A.R., Valdez, V., & Fernandez, C. (2016).
Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines
Sampa, Elias M. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social

Sciences. Rex Book Store, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
57
Week 6
Are you ready to learn something today? For this week lesson, we will discuss
the specific work areas in which social workers work. The rights and responsibilities
and as well as accountabilities of social workers will also be examined.
• Identify specific work areas in which social workers work (HUMSS_DIASS 12-
If-20)
• Value rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities of social workers
• Distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among social workers
What is new?
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is valid and FALSE if otherwise. Underline
the word(s) that make the statement false. Additional one point if you underline the
word correctly. Write your answer on the space provided before each number. This
activity is worth 15 points.
_________ 1. Social workers should act within the limits of their professional
knowledge, skills, and experience.
_________ 2. Social workers in school setting helps patients and their families
navigate the process of illness and injury, from hospitalization to
recovery.
_________ 3. Social Workers in community setting helps community function by
providing programs to individual and groups and to refer them to
resources in the community.
_________ 4. Social workers should not seek informed consent of people who use
their services.
_________ 5. Social workers should treat information about people who use their
services as confidential except in situations that call for greater ethical
requirement such as preservation of life.
_________ 6. Social workers should carry out their duties unethically.
_________ 7. Social workers should not allow their own personal problems or
concerns to interfere with their professional judgment.
58
_________ 8. Social workers should uphold the basic human rights of clients and
serve them with discrimination.
_________ 9. Social workers should acknowledge and respect the professional
expertise of other disciplines, extending all necessary cooperation that
will enhance effective services.
_________ 10. Social workers should not keep accurate records of their clients.
What is it?
Specific Work Areas in which Social Workers Work

Social Workers are employed in different work areas such as Hospitals,
mental health families, rehabilitation center, schools and in even in private sector.
Descriptions of the social workers work areas includes the following:
Specific Work Area

Child, Family and Deals with all sorts of situations such as helping a child
School Social Worker who has experienced trauma or abuse- counseling
students at school who are experiencing grief over the
death of a friend; or helping parents find the right
resources for their child who is suffering from a sever
mental illness.
Community Social Helps plan, coordinate, and organize efforts related to
Worker infrastructure, volunteering, and fundraising within
specific communities. Work with community-based
nonprofit organization to help heal neighborhoods in the
wake of tragedies and natural disasters.
Hospice and Palliative Hospice and palliative care social workers often help or
Care Social Worker care for someone who is seriously or terminally ill. They
help provide relief from pain; improve quality of life; assist
with difficult decision-making; help family and friends of
an ill individuals; and in some cases, assist with trauma,
grief, and loss.
Medical and Health Works in hospital settings and helps navigate the
Social Worker emotional, financial, and physical struggles that a
serious medical condition can cause an individual or
59
family. By connecting patients to resources and helping
them make important medical decisions.
Mental Health and Assists individuals who struggle with addiction,
Substance Abuse substance abuse, or mental health problems. Works in
Social Worker rehabilitation center and mental health facilities.
Military and Veterans Helps both the soldiers and their families with post
Social Work traumatic stress, role adjustments, the implications and
stressors of returning home, and any substance abuse
that may occur as a result of combat. Works in military
base.
Psychiatric Social Provides therapy and assess the psychiatric health of
Worker their patients. They work with the individual’s family to
understand legal procedures, long-term care options,
and make referrals or provide resources. Works in
private and public sectors.
Code of Ethics of Social Work

Social Workers’ associations, both local and international, have formulated their
own ethical standards. The ethical standards usually define the rights, responsibilities
and accountabilities of social workers. The National Association of Social Workers
(NASW) ethical standards are divided into six (6) areas and these are as follows:
1. Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to Clients- This area is compose of

commitment to clients, self- determination, informed consent, competence, cultural
competence and social diversity, conflict of interest, privacy and confidentiality,
access to records, sexual relationships, physical contact, sexual relations,
derogatory language, payment for services, decision making capacity, interruption
of services, and termination of services.
Social Workers must:
• Make clients their primary responsibility.
• Foster maximum self- determination in clients.
• Respect he privacy of clients and keep information that has been
shared during the course of their duties confidential.
• Charge fees for services that are fair and considerate to clients.
2. Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibilities to Colleagues and Employers – This
area is contains the following elements: respect, confidentiality, interdisciplinary
collaboration, dispute involving colleagues, consultation, referral for services,
sexual relationships, sexual harassment, impairment of colleagues, incompetence
of colleagues, and unethical conduct of colleagues.
• Treat colleagues with respect, fairness, and courtesy.
• Adhere to professional obligations as determined by their employers.
• Not engage in any sexual relationship with co-worker.
60
3. Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibility in Practice Setting – This area includes:
supervision and consultation, education and training, performance evaluation,
clients records, billing, client transfer, administration, continuing education and staff
development, commitment to employers, and labor-management disputes.
• Have essential knowledge and skills to supervise.
• Provide instruction only to students and trainees within their areas of
knowledge and competence.
• Ensure that documentation in records is accurate.
4. Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibility as Professionals – This area includes:
competence, discrimination, private conduct, dishonesty, fraud and deceit,
impairment, misrepresentation, solicitation, and acknowledging credit.
• Accept responsibility or employment only on the basis of existing
competence.
• Should not practice, condone, facilitate, or collaborate with any form of
discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, color, sex, beliefs, mental
or physical disability, etc.
• Should not allow their own personal problems or concerns to interfere
with their professional judgment.
5. Social Workers’ Ethical Responsibility to the Social Worker Profession – This
area consists of integrity of profession, and evaluation and research.
• Uphold, represent, and advance the values of the social work profession.
• Help the profession make social services available to the general public.
• Educate themselves to become culturally and understanding of diversity.
The Philippine Association of Social Workers Inc. (PASW) has formulated the
Social Worker’s Code of Ethics. Its Code of Ethics comprise of its beliefs and
standards of ethical conduct in the following areas: Relative to Self and the Profession,
Relative to Clients, and Relative to Colleagues.
Unethical Behaviors among Social Workers

Some of the basic ethical expectations for social workers include maintaining
confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and avoiding conflict of interest. However,
there were times that social workers engage in unethical behavior that breaches the
areas in the code of ethics and these are the following:
• Disclosing personal information about a patient to the social worker’s
friends or relatives
• Treating a patient without obtaining consent
• Using the professional relationship for personal gain or further the social
worker’s religious, business, or political interests.
• Sexual contact with a patient
61
Consequences of Violations
Ethical violations by social workers can result in professional sanctions.
Sometimes, a blatant violation is not necessarily grounds for legal action or sanctions.
For example, a social worker must violate the usual ethical standard of confidentiality
to report child abuse or the potential for suicide. In these situations, the requirements
of the law take precedence over the social worker’s ethical obligations.
Directions: Based on your own understanding of the lesson, briefly explain the
following areas of the code of ethics of social workers by filling-out the chart below.
You cite come examples.
Areas Explanation
Social Workers’ Ethical
Responsibilities to Clients

Responsibilities to
Colleagues and
Employers
Responsibility in Practice
Setting

Responsibility as
Professionals

Responsibility to the
Social Worker Profession
What is more?
Time to Think More!
Directions: In a separate answer sheet, write you answer to the following questions.
62
1. If you were given a chance to be a social worker, which specific work areas of
social work would you like to work? Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realize that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
63
Key To Correction
References
(2020). Retrieved 31 August 2020. https://socialwork.simmons.edu/social-work-code-

of-ethics/
(2020). Retrieved 31 August 2020. https://work.chron.com/violations-ethical-

boundaries-social-work-7506.html


64
Week 7
Social work as a profession is concerned helping not only individuals but also
families, groups, and communities to enhance their well-being and social functioning.
Like any other professional, for them to assist and guide more their clients, social
workers follow a helping process and methods when working with them.
• Discuss the clientele of social work (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ig-24)
• Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ig-25)
• Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in undertaking social
work (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ig-27)
What is new?
Directions: Watch and study the short video clip of Taal Eruption victims then answer
the given processing question below. Note: If you do not have any means to watch the
video, you can just look and study the picture/s below of taal volcano eruption.
YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7lc9DymsoA
Source: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/17/asia/taal-volcano-philippines-fatal-attraction-intl-hnk/index.htm
Processing Question:
1. How can you be of great help in a situation during Taal Eruption?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
65
What is it?
Clientele of Social Work

1. Individual – In casework, the individual is the principal client and efforts of helping
are focused on him/her. According to De Guzman (1992), an individual who has the
inability to manage stress which may have been result of a distressful situation or
problem caused him/her or those concerned with her/him to seek professional help.
We must understand that the person is made up of at least three parts or
subsystem- the physical, psychological, and the social. Each of this affects and is
in turn being affected by the others so that is it their totally as system that
determines the person’s functioning. Thus, in order to help the person, the worker
needs to know whether that person can be helped and how s/he can be helped.
Individual Clients who may need help of Social Worker or Agency
• Children who are either abandoned, neglected, orphaned, abused, or
exploited.
• Children in conflict with the law, street children, children living with or
affected by HIV
• Out of school youth, socially disadvantaged woman, solo parents
• Person with disabilities, physically, and mentally challenged individuals
• Elderly, Indigenous peoples, internally displaced persons, survivor of
natural calamities and disasters, or those affected by armed conflict.
Typology of Individual Clients
• Voluntary (Walk-in Clients)- those persons who opted to voluntarily seek
assistance of the worker or the services of the agency due to a problem
or a difficulty which s/he thinks s/he cannot do anything by her/himself.
Examples of which are the following: solo parent seeking material
assistance, displaced person asking for core shelter assistance,
physically challenged person needing medical attention, etc.
• Involuntary (Reach-out Clients) – those certain types of individuals in
need who may not even consider asking help because they think that
they are doing find and will survive somehow or they are unaware of the
agencies that can provide with them some assistance. These may
include the street children, working children, some children/youth in
indigenous communities, and some out of school youth.
66
• Referred Clients – those are being assisted by another person (other
family member, relative, friend or neighbor), group/organizations, or
community leaders/workers who are concerned about the client’s
situation. These may include the drug dependent, abandoned child,
unwed pregnant, an elderly without any family, etc.
2. Groups and Organizations – member in a group are clients of an agency who
have common problems, needs, and concerns that match the agency’s or worker’s
group service orientation.
Typology of Group Clients
• Growth group - the goal is the personal growth of the participants in
group at all levels in their emotional, interpersonal, intellectual, and
spiritual phase of life. The specific objectives of the group are to make
people better, develop group trust, and in-depth relationship.
• Treatment group- the goal is to help the individual’s problems in social
adjustment, uncover deep-seated conflicts, hostilities, depressions,
modify/sublimate antisocial/aberrant behaviors/attitudes, and positivize
negative social and cultural values.( unwed mothers who are minores,
street children, prostituted women, drug dependents, person with
disabilities)
• Social group- the goal is to provide opportunities for social relationship
to the lonely, the friendless, and those who have problems in relating
with other persons.
• Interest group - the specific objective of the group is the provision of
appropriate outlets that would meet the varied unmet interests of the
members through creative and innovative activities, programs, and
services.
• Play/recreation group- the goal is to provide pleasurable activities
through games, dances, songs/music, dramatics, and other leisure-time
activities as medium for meeting the individual’s leisure and recreational
needs that would also redound to their development.
3. Communities – Community as a group of people gathered in a geographic area,
large or small, who have common interests, actual or potentially recognized in the
social welfare field (Arlene Johnson, n.d). The purpose of community is to solve
certain problems and meet needs, achieve selected social goals, and strengthen
the peoples’ capacity in dealing with their problems, needs and aspirations.
Social Work Process

Mendoza (2002), summarized the five basic steps namely: assessment,
planning, intervention or plan implementation, evaluation, and termination into three
(3) helping process phase which involves the beginning phase, the middle phase, and
the ending phase.
67
Beginning Middle Ending
Assessment – this involves Intervention or plan Evaluation - the
the collection of necessary implementation- collection of data about
information, analysis, and Is concerned with the outcomes of the program
interpretation to reach an action that would solve of action relative to goals
understating of the client, the the client’s problem. It and objectives set in
problem, and the social involves in rendering of advance of the
context in which it exists. The all the specific and implementation of the
social worker’s tasks include interrelated services program.
information-gathering and that are deemed
problem definition based on appropriate to address
what the client and the worker or respond the client’s
agreed upon. problem.
• Primary source – the
client is the primary
source of data. Data are
gathered through intake
procedures.
• Secondary source – the
significant others with
whom the client has
personal relationships
(e.g. parents, siblings,
relatives, and friends for
individual clients, staff or
consultants for
communities).
• Existing data – these can
be records or reports from
other professionals (e.g
physicians, teachers,
psychologists, etc).
• Worker’s observation
Planning – formulating goals Termination- the helping
and directly relate with the process has a time limit
client’s problem and defining therefore a social worker
the specific actions or is expected to discuss
interventions that are with the client that
necessary to achieve the expected duration of the
goals. helping relationship.
Also, the client should be
made aware that the
client-worker relationship
68
will not last long.
Social Work Methods

The traditional methods of social work are defined as follows:
1. Social Casework – is a helping process that consists of a variety of activities that
may include the giving of material assistance, referrals to other community facilities,
rendering emotional and psychological support through counseling (Villoria, E.,
1971 as cited by Dela Cruz, et al, 2016).
Four major casework processes or techniques:
a. Environmental modification – the steps taken by a caseworker to change
the environment in the client’s favor through the direct action of the worker.
b. Psychological support – this is demonstrated through the caseworker’s
acceptance, confidence, and interest in the client by way of motivating the
client to freely express her/his feelings and thoughts;
c. Clarification – directed towards increasing the ego’s ability to see external
realities more clearly to understand the client’s own feelings and behavior.
d. Insight development – involves carrying understanding to a deeper level
than that described in clarification wherein current and past experiences
must be re-lived in a therapeutic atmosphere.
2. Social Group Work – is a process and method through which group life is affected
by a worker who consciously guides the interaction process toward the
accomplishment of goals which are conceived in a democratic frame of reference
(Wilson & Ryland, 1949 as cited by Dela Cruz, et.al, 2016).
- Benefits for Individuals – development effective communication skills and
coping skills
- Groups – people in group are mutually helpful to each other. Many
individuals have similar needs and goals, links between good group
functioning and social functioning
3. Community Organization- is a process by which a community identifies its needs
or objectives; orders (or ranks) these needs or objectives; finds the internal or
external resources to deal with those needs or objectives, and takes actions in
respect to them (Ross, M., 1955 as cited by Dela Cruz, et al. 2016).
4. Social Action/Social Reform – is an organized effort with the aim of securing
social progress and solving mass social problems by influencing legislation or the
administration of social services. This involves public pressure by public opinion
through information or educational publicity in newspapers, pamphlets, lectures,
radio broadcasts, television, or public meetings.
5. Social Work Research- involves a critical inquiry and the scientific testing of the
validity of social work organization, function, and methods in order to verify,
generalize, and extend social work knowledge and skill.
Social Welfare Administration – is the administration of public and private
social agencies designed and organized to achieve the full effect of the services for
which they have been established. Social Welfare Administration categorized into
69
seven functions namely: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordination,
Reporting and Budgeting)
Directions: Match the items in column A with items in column B. Write your answers
on a separate answer sheet.
Column A Column B
1. The link between assessment and A. Evaluation
intervention. It allows the worker B. Planning
with the participation of the client, C. Assessment
state his/her problems to give D. Termination
solutions. E. Intervention or plan
2. It involves the collection of implementation
necessary information of the
client to reach an understanding
of clients’ problems and concerns.
3. Includes series of activities that
the client and worker will
undertake following an
agreement.
4. Last stage in the social work
process. It is when the goals set
by the worker and the client have
been reached.
5. It can be done in two levels: (1) on
the level of direct practice with
client; and (2) on the level of
program implementation.
What is more?
Think,Reflect,Answer
Directions: Supposed, you are a part of social work services in your barangay/locality.
Your task is to identify what is the most pressing problem in your place that needs to
be addressed by the social worker. To be able to analyze the problem you need to
apply a process and method to track the social concerns and proposed how to solve
these particular social issues. You may write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
70
1. Identify the Problem
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Analysis of the Problem
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Solution to the Problem
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Source: Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences-Senior High School; Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Department of Education


___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realize that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
71
Key To Correction
References
(2020) Retrieved 27 August 2020,

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/349803096029737392/


72
Week 8
This lesson will cover the various models and definitions of the communication
process. The goals, scope, principles, and elements of communication will also be
discussed.
• Identify the goals and scope of communication (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ih-28)
• Explain the principles of communication (HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ih-29)
• Describe the elements and levels of the communication process
(HUMSS_DIASS 12-Ih-31)
What is new?
Directions: Using the idea wheel graphic organizer below, give all your ideas related
to communication. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet
Communication
73
What is it?
The discipline of communication deals with how humans use verbal and non-
verbal messages to create meaning in various contexts. This can be from one person
to another, from person to groups, in government, private, civil society, school and
community sector setting to mass audiences across cultures using variety of channels
and media. This discipline is also interested in the impact that communication has on
human behavior.
Communication is the transmission of ideas and emotions between or among
persons with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. The word communication comes
from the Latin word communis, which means “common”. To be common means to
come together or to share something in common together. Communication helps
people to adapt to or survive in the place they live in.
In addition, communication involves: people; trying to understand how people
relate to each other; shared meaning which suggests that for people to communicate
they must agree on definitions of terms or symbols they are using; involves symbols,
gestures, sound, letters, numbers, and words that can only represent or approximate
the ideas they are means to communication
• Verbal Communication- also called “spoken communication”, is the process

or act of conveying one’s thoughts or ideas using speech. Sounds and
language are used for relaying the message that one needs others to know.
• Nonverbal Communication – refers to the use of wordless cues to convey a
message. These cues include facial expressions, hand gestures, body
language, and the tone, pitch, and volume of voice. Even when one is using
words, there is also nonverbal communication involved.
Barriers to Communication
❖ Language barriers – no language in common; inability to understand
unfamiliar accents; use of unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon (words or
phrases that are used by members of a particular group or trade, and may not
be well understood by outsiders), and idioms (phrases or expressions that
convey meaning other than their literal meaning)
❖ Cultural barriers - discomfort or hesitation in communicating due to
differences in ways of thinking, behavior, views, and beliefs; insensitivity to the
culture of others.
74
❖ Physical barriers - disruptive physical setting (or environment where
communication takes place) such as noise, poor lighting, and distance (e.g.,
participants are seated too far from each other).
❖ Prejudging - jumping to the conclusion that one already understands the
message before it is completely expressed, deciding prematurely that the
message has little or no value.
❖ Information overload - giving too much information at a time.
❖ Lack of interest and attention - tuning out information that one finds
uninteresting; not giving necessary attention to the speaker or the message.
Scope of Communication
Personal life State affairs Business
International affairs Religion Social life
Goals of Communication
• Understand and connect with each other
• Change behavior and way of thinking
• Create social and political change
• Expressing one’s needs and wants
• Transferring or conveying information
• Establishing social closeness or sustaining relationship with others
• Facilitating social etiquette that is, to conform to the social conventions of
politeness.
• Build, create relationships
Principles of Communication
❖ Conciseness – stick to the point and brief
❖ Courtesy – being aware not only of the perspective of others, but also their
feelings, be sincere, omit expression that hurt, irritate, or insult
❖ Correctness - proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling, using right level of
language, accuracy of facts, words.
❖ Clarity - getting the meaning from your head to the head of your reader/listener,
choose short, familiar, and conversational words.
❖ Completeness - provide all necessary information, it contains all facts the
reader or listener needs for the reaction you desire.
❖ Consideration - preparing every message with the message receivers in mind;
try to put yourself in their place, do not lose your temper.
❖ Concreteness - specific, definite, and vivid rather that vague and general.
75
Elements of Communication Process
SENDER-RECEIVER-sender initiate the process
by having a thought or an idea that he/she wishes
to transmit to the receiver.
MESSAGE-ideas, and feelings that the
sender/receiver want to share. It could be verbal or
non-verbal.
CHANNELS- refer to the ways in which the
message travels to the receiver. It also denotes the
means or tools through which information is
transmitted-
FEEDBACK-is a response of the receiver to the
sender and vice versa.
NOISE- anything that interferes with the delivery of
the message.
SETTING-is essentially the context where
communication occurs.
Levels of Communication Process

❖ Intrapersonal - refers to communication that occurs within us. This involves
feelings, thoughts, and the way we look at ourselves.
❖ Interpersonal - the communication that occurs on one-to-one basis usually in
an informal, unstructured setting.
❖ Intercultural - communication occurs between or among members of different
cultures or people who are encultured differently.
❖ Interviewing - makes use of a series of questions and answers usually
involving two people or groups. Its purpose is to obtain information on a
particular subject.
❖ Small group - communication occurs when a small group or people meets to
solve a problem. There is cooperative thinking; specific purpose.
❖ Mass Communication - the sender-receiver(speaker) sends a message
(speech) to an audience in a highly structured manner.
Directions: Explain the basic elements of communication process as illustrated

below. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
Sender Message Receiver

Channel
76
What is more?
Essay
Directions: In an essay of about 100-250 words, discuss how communication
improves, and build relationship in your family during this time of Pandemic. Write your
answer in the box provided below.
Rubric
Criteria Indicator/Points per question
Content of the 10 points – the content of the answer is excellent.
answer 8 points – the content of the answer is correct but
there are some grammatical errors.
6 point – the content of the answer is inconsistent
and many grammatical errors.
Organization 10 points – the organization of the thoughts and
of the thoughts ideas present clearly and unmistakably.
and ideas 8 points – the organization of the thoughts and ideas
is correct but there is some missing answer.
6 point – the organization of the thoughts and ideas
is unorganized.
TOTAL ___/20

77
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I realize that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
I intend to ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
78
Key To Correction
Answers may vary to all activities.
References

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ff973d2b76d0002001be6/curriculum#cu
rriculum

https://www.slideshare.net/HimaniPanwar3/principles-of-communication-61504251

http://yangkaimedia.blogspot.com/2009/11/elements-in-communication-process.html

https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=20123


79

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11/12

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS

SELF- LEARNING MODULE

Development Team of the Module

SDO Dasmariñas City

Guide in Using Learner’s Module

For the Learner

This course introduces some Applied Social Sciences, namely, Counseling,

At the end of the course, students shall demonstrate competencies in

At the end of this course, students shall demonstrate competencies in

At the end of this course, students are expected to exhibit a complete

Defining Social Sciences and Applied Social Sciences

The following are the different branches of social sciences:

The Discipline of Counseling

Autonomy – is the principle that addresses respect of independence, and self-

VENN DIAGRAM RUBRIC

TOTAL ______ /30

What I have learned?

I understand that _____________________________________________________

Repko, Allen F. (2008). Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory. London,

Direction: Match the following roles/functions of counselors to its correct

1. Referral a. A process of helping a client through a

Roles and Functions of Counselors

Direction: Read the following questions below. Write your answers on a

What I have learned?

I understand that _____________________________________________________

I realized that ________________________________________________________

Find the words from the grid!

Ethics Confidentiality Privacy Relationships

Professionals Fees Assessment Training

Research Publication Online Counseling

Issues Responsibility Codes

Section A: The Counseling Relationship – The purpose of Section A is to provide

Unethical Behavior Among Counselors

1. Boundary Violation – A series breach that cause harm. Action is harmful

Criteria for Grading:

To check you understanding and learnings of the lesson, please complete

I understand that _____________________________________________________

I realize that ________________________________________________________

(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020. https://counseling.northwestern.edu/blog/ACA-Code-

(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020. https://study.com/academy/lesson/american-school-

(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020.

(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020.

(2020). Retrieved 3 June 2020. https://www.counselingwashington.com/Ethical-

(2020). Retrieved 08 June 2020.

(2020). Retrieved 08 June 2020.

Aaron Beck Albert Ellis Alfred Adler

Gestalt Free Association Cognitive Behavior

Empty Chair Person-Centered Psychoanalytic Approach

1. ______________ is the founder of Rational Emotive Therapy.

Stage One: Relationship Building

Psychoanalytic Approach – is a type of approach

Directions: Illustrate the stages of counseling process stated above using a

Sample diagram/graphic organizer:

Situation Counseling Method Justification

Additional Activity: (If Necessary)

What I have learned?

I understand that _____________________________________________________

I realize that ________________________________________________________