EX.

NO:1
DATE:

Presentation - Technical

POWER PLANT

What is the Power Plant?

An assembly of systems or subsystems that work together to produce energy or power that meets
economic needs makes up a power plant. The power plant itself needs to benefit society economically and
ecologically.
A power plant, which is the location where power is produced from a certain source, is where
electricity or energy is produced.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only move from one form to another, hence the word
“generated” in the previous phrase is a misnomer.
In actuality, a power plant is a location where another kind of energy is transformed into electrical
energy, depending on the kind of power plant being evaluated and the type of energy that is transformed.
These are often found in sub-urban areas at a distance of several kilometers from cities or load
centers because of their requirements, which include high demand for land and water as well as a number of
operational restrictions, such as waste disposal.
Because of this, a power-producing station must be concerned with both the efficient generation of
power and its transmission. Transformer switchyards frequently accompany power plants because of this.
These switchyards raise the power’s transmission voltage, which improves the efficiency of its long-distance
transmission.
The fuel type is the primary determinant of the energy source that is utilized to turn the generator
shaft. The power plant is defined by the fuel used, and the many types of power plants are categorized in this
way.
Different Types of Power Plants

 Nuclear Power Plant

 Hydroelectric Power Plants
 Thermal Power Plants
 Green Energy Power Plants
 Geothermal Power Plants
 Solar Power Plants
 Wind Power Plants
 Tidal Power Plants
 Biomass Power Plants
Nuclear Power Plant
The list of power plants that can generate enormous quantities of energy also includes nuclear power
plants at the top. Nuclear energy is transformed into electricity at a nuclear power station.
Water is turned into steam using the nuclear reactor’s heat. The turbines are then linked to a generator and
powered by the pressured steam.
Unlike coal or natural gas power plants, a nuclear power plant doesn’t need to burn anything to
generate heat. Nuclear fission powers the entire process.
The nuclear power plant is filled with pellets of low-enriched uranium. Nuclear fission is then
produced when the uranium atom splits. Significant energy is released during this process.
A nuclear power plant has the benefit of not needing to burn anything in order to produce electricity.
As a result, nuclear power plants emit extremely little carbon.
The production of radioactive waste and the high expense of establishing a nuclear power plant are
its drawbacks. Approximately 10% of the world’s energy demands are met by nuclear power.
The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa power station in Japan is the biggest nuclear power plant in the world.
Using seven boiling water reactors, it is able to produce 7,965MW of electricity.
Hydroelectric Power Plants
Among all power facilities, hydroelectric ones are among the most efficient and environmentally
friendly. Water is the source of electricity in a hydroelectric power plant.
In more detail, water’s potential energy is changed into electrical energy. The armature, which is
attached to a generator, spins when water is forced to fall from a height onto a turbine.
The generator begins to generate power as soon as the turbine turns. Then, in order to distribute the
power, this electricity is sent to all of the various substations.
The Three Gorges Dam, a hydroelectric power plant, is the biggest power plant in the world.
Amazingly, the dam generates 22,500MW of power.
This accomplishment is accomplished with 34 power generators. The dam is so enormous that once
it was built, it alone delayed the earth’s rotation.
One benefit of a hydroelectric power plant is that no waste is produced during the energy production
process.
Thermal Power Plants
The most traditional and relatively efficient way to produce electricity is through a thermal power
station or coal-fired thermal power plant. To boil the water needed to create the superheated steam that
powers the steam turbine, coal is used as the main fuel.
The alternator rotor, whose rotation produces electricity, is then physically connected to the steam
turbine. Commonly used as boiler fuel in India, bituminous coal or brown coal has an ash level of 5 to 16%
and volatile content of 8 to 33%. The pulverized coal is utilized in the boiler to increase the plant’s thermal
efficiency.
In a coal-fired thermal power plant, pulverized coal is burned to produce steam under extremely high
pressure within the steam boiler. After that, this steam is extremely hotly heated in the superheater. The
pressure of the steam is then permitted to enter the turbine, rotating the turbine blades as it does so.
 The alternator and turbine are mechanically connected so that the alternator’s rotor will turn with the
turbine blades. After entering the turbine, the steam pressure quickly decreases, increasing the amount of
steam in a similar manner.
The steam is produced to exit the turbine blades and enter the steam condenser after being given the
energy to turn the turbine rotors. The low-pressure moist steam condenses in the condenser as a result of the
pump’s circulation of cold water at room temperature.
The condensed water is then sent to a low-pressure water heater, where low-pressure steam raises the
temperature of the input water before it receives another high-pressure heat source. This describes the
fundamental operating procedures of a thermal power plant.
Green Energy Power Plants
We now have more energy-producing options than merely thermal, nuclear, and hydroelectric power
plants because of technological breakthroughs. These are referred to as non-traditional power plants.
These power plants can produce clean energy (or Green Energy). Find out more about them by reading this!
Geothermal Power Plants
Flash steam power stations, dry steam power stations, and binary cycle power stations are the three
primary categories of geothermal plants, and they are all powered by steam turbines to generate electricity.
Over the past ten years, geothermal energy installed capacity has steadily expanded worldwide, rising from
less than 10 GW in 2010 to about 14 GW in 2019.
Compared to coal-fired power plants, geothermal power plants are said to be more ecologically
benign and generate less hazardous emissions.
Solar Power Plants
Solar energy plants use one of the cleanest and most plentiful renewable energy sources—the sun—
to transform solar energy into thermal or electrical energy.
They often endure for 20 to 25 years and don’t need a lot of upkeep.
Between 2018 and 2050, the capacity of the world’s solar power plants will rise from 480 GW to more than
8,000 GW, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
But financing solar power plants comes with hefty upfront expenses, and the installation takes up a lot of
room.
Solar thermal technology is a related approach. It is a system of enormous mirrors strategically
positioned to focus the sun’s rays on a relatively tiny area to generate a substantial amount of heat, producing
steam to drive an electrical generator.
Wind Power Plants
The number of wind farms has increased quickly in recent years, thanks to technological
breakthroughs all around the world.
According to the IRENA, the installed wind production capacity worldwide has expanded by a factor
of over 75 during the previous 20 years, rising from 7.5 GW in 1997 to 564 GW by 2018.
Wind power facilities are often seen as being very cost-effective since when the wind turbines are
constructed, operational expenses associated with maintaining them are minimal.
Wind farms may also be built on sites used for agriculture without hindering farming operations.
But because certain wind turbines need to be examined often and because wind power projects generally
demand significant upfront costs, the maintenance of wind turbines may vary.

Tidal Power Plants

In contrast to wind and solar power, the generation of tidal energy is thought to be more predictable.
Tidal energy is produced by turning energy from the strong tides into power.
But despite the fact that the first sizable plant of its kind in the world went into service in 1966, tidal
power is still not commonly employed.
The development of innovative techniques to harness tidal energy is anticipated to accelerate as the
focus on producing electricity from renewable sources increases.
Although tidal power research is still in its infancy, it has the potential to increase considerably over
the next several years.
Biomass Power Plants
A renewable and sustainable energy source used to produce electricity or other types of power,
biomass is a fuel made from organic materials. This type of bioenergy exists. Using bio based feedstocks can
help rural companies become more resilient by generating income from their waste streams and helping the
environment by displacing fossil fuels and sequestering carbon.
In biomass power plants, wood or other waste is burnt to create steam that powers a turbine and turns
it into electricity or heats buildings and businesses. Fortunately, new technologies have developed to the
point that any emissions from burning biomass in industrial facilities are lower than emissions created while
utilizing fossil fuels. These technologies include pollution controls and combustion engineering (coal, natural
gas, oil).
EX.NO:2
DATE:

Presentation – Nontechnical

SANGAM PERIOD

The Sangam period or age , particularly referring to the third Sangam period, is the period of the history
of ancient Tamil Nadu, Kerala and parts of Sri Lanka (then known as Tamilakam) dating back to c. 3rd
century CE. It was named after the famous Sangam academies of poets and scholars centered in the city
of Madurai.

In Old Tamil language, the term Tamilakam (Tamiḻakam, Purananuru 168. 18) referred to the whole of
the ancient Tamil-speaking area,[3] corresponding roughly to the area known as southern India today,
consisting of the territories of the present-day Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh,
parts of Karnataka and northern Sri Lanka also known as Eelam

HISTORY
According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangam periods, namely Head Sangam, Middle
Sangam and Last Sangam period. Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these, with the
first two being legendary. So it is also called Last Sangam period (Tamil: கடைச்சங்க பருவம், Kadaiccanga
paruvam), or Third Sangam period

The Sangam literature is thought to have been produced in three Sangam academies of each period.
The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region, the Sangam
literature, and archaeological data. The period between 600 BCE to 300 CE, Tamilakam was ruled by the
three Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chola and Chera, and a few independent chieftains, the Velir.

CHOLA DYNASTY

The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling
dynasties in the history of the world. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated
to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya Empire. As one of the Three Crowned
Kings of Tamilakam, along with the Chera and Pandya, the dynasty continued to govern over varying
territories until the 13th century CE. The Chola Empire was at its peak under the Medieval Cholas in the
mid-9th century CE.

The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. They ruled a significantly
larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th
century. They unified peninsular India south of the Tungabhadra River, and held the territory as one state for
three centuries between 907 and 1215 CE. Under Rajaraja I and his successors Rajendra I, Rajadhiraja
I, Rajendra II, Virarajendra, and Kulothunga Chola I, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural
powerhouse in South Asia and Southeast Asia.The power and the prestige the Cholas had among political
powers in South, Southeast, and East Asia at its peak is evident through their expeditions to
the Ganges, naval raids on cities of the Srivijaya empire based on the island of Sumatra, and their repeated
embassies to China. The Chola fleet represented the zenith of ancient Indian maritime capacity.

During the period of 1010–1153 CE, the Chola territories stretched from the Maldives in the south to
the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh as the northern limit. Rajaraja Chola conquered
peninsular South India, annexed part of the Rajarata kingdom in present-day Sri Lanka, and occupied
Maldives islands. His son Rajendra Chola further expanded the Cholar territory by sending a victorious
expedition to North India that touched the river Ganges and defeating the Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala.
By 1019, he also completely conquered the Rajarata kingdom of Sri Lanka and annexed it to the Chola
empire. In 1017 and 1025, Rajendra Chola launched raids on the cities of the Srivijaya empire. However, this
invasion failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya, as the invasion was short and only meant to
plunder the wealth of Srivijaya. However, the Chola influence on Srivijava would last until 1070, when the
Cholas began to lose almost all of their overseas territories. The later Cholas (1070–1279 CE) would still
rule portions of Southern India. The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century
with the rise of the Pandyan dynasty, which ultimately caused their downfall.

CHERA DYNASTY

The Chera dynasty (or Cēra), IPA: was one of the South[1] dynasties in and before the Sangam
period history of the state of Kerala, TuluNadu southern part of Karnataka and the Kongu Nadu region of
Western Tamil Nadu in southern India.[2][3] They are credited as the creators of land of Kerala as they have
unified various regions of the western coast and western ghats to form the early Kerala empire.

The Chera country was geographically well placed to profit from maritime trade via the
extensive Indian Ocean networks. Exchange of spices, especially black pepper, with Middle
Eastern and Graeco-Roman merchants are attested in several sources. The Cheras of the early historical
period (c. second century BCE – c. third century CE) are known to have had their original centre
at Kuttanad in Kerala, and harbours at Muchiri (Muziris) and Thondi (Tyndis) on the Indian Ocean coast
(Kerala) and Kongunadu. They governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south
to Kasaragod in the north. At the time af reign of Cheras, their empire was extented to the eastern parts of
today's Tamilnadu also.This also included the Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Dharapuram, Erode, Salem,
and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period between c.
1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade
route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu. However the southern region of the present-day Kerala
state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and southern Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who
was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai.

The early historic pre-Pallava polities are often described as a "kinship-based redistributive
economies" largely shaped by "pastoral-cum-agrarian subsistence" and "predatory politics". Old Tamil
Brahmi cave label inscriptions, describe Ilam Kadungo, son of Perum Kadungo, and the grandson of Ko
Athan Cheral of the Irumporai clan. Inscribed portrait coins with Brahmi legends give a number of Chera
names, with the Chera symbols of the bow and the arrow depicted in the reverse. The anthologies of early
Sangham texts are a major source of information about the early Cheras. Cenguttuvan, or the good Chera, is
famous for the traditions surrounding Kannaki, the principal female character of the Sangam epic
poem Cilappatikaram. After the end of the early historical period, around the 3rd-5th century CE, there
seems to be a period where the Cheras' power declined considerably.

PANDYA DYNASTY

The Pandyan dynasty, also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of
South India, and among the three great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other two being the Cholas and
the Cheras. Existing since at least the 4th to 3rd centuries BCE, the dynasty passed through two periods of
imperial dominance, the 6th to 10th centuries CE, and under the 'Later Pandyas' (13th to 14th centuries CE).
The Pandyas ruled extensive territories, at times including regions of present-day South India and
northern Sri Lanka through vassal states subject to Madurai.

The rulers of the three Tamil dynasties were referred to as the "three crowned rulers (the mu-
ventar) of the Tamil country". The origin and the timeline of the Pandya dynasty are difficult to
establish. The early Pandya chieftains ruled their country (Pandya Nadu) from the ancient period, which
included the inland city of Madurai and the southern port of Korkai. The Pandyas are celebrated in the
earliest available Tamil poetry (Sangam literature"). Graeco-Roman accounts (as early as 4th century BCE),
the edicts of Maurya emperor Ashoka, coins with legends in Tamil-Brahmi script, and Tamil-Brahmi
inscriptions suggest the continuity of the Pandya dynasty from the 3rd century BCE to the early centuries
CE. The early historic Pandyas faded into obscurity upon the rise of the Kalabhra dynasty in south India.[