QUARTER 3: WEEK 5

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 Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and evaluated by the
Development and Quality Assurance Teams of SDO TAPAT to assist you in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling.
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process
the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let’s Try before moving on to the other activities included in
the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 LET’S LEARN

This module was designed and written to help you understand the basic concepts of
hypothesis testing. Each step in hypothesis testing was given emphasis by providing a
separate lesson for each. Only one set of examples was used all throughout the lessons to
clearly show the process of hypothesis testing.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

Lesson 1 – Random Sampling
Lesson 2 – Parameters and Statistics

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate random sampling.
2. distinguish between parameter and statistic.

LET’S TRY

Directions: Read each question. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is a sampling technique in which every element of the population has the same
probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample.

A. Simple Random Sampling C. Stratified Sampling

B. Systematic Sampling D. Cluster Sampling

2. It is a random sampling technique in which a list of elements of the population is used as a

sampling frame and the elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by
skipping through the list at regular intervals.

A. Simple Random Sampling C. Systematic Random Sampling

B. Cluster Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

3. It is a random sampling technique in which the population is first divided into strata and
then samples are randomly selected separately from each stratum.

A. Cluster Sampling C. Stratified Random Sampling

B. Simple Random Sampling D. Systematic Random Sampling

4. It is a random sampling technique in which the entire population is broken into small
groups, or clusters, and then, some of the clusters are randomly selected.

A. Cluster Sampling C. Simple Random sampling

B. Systematic Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

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5. It is a measure that describes the population.

A. Sample C. Statistic
B. Parameter D. Sampling

6. It is a measure that describes the sample.

A. Parameter C. Statistic
B. Sample D. Sampling

7. The symbol , ², and are examples of_____________.

A. Data C. Parameter
B. Sample D. Statistic

8. The symbol , s², and s are examples of _____________.

A. Parameter C. Statistic
B. Sample D. Data

9. A researcher wants to select 25 people from a population of 75 using systematic

sampling. What is the sampling interval?

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

10. If the sum of the scores of ABM students in Mathematics quiz is 1,000 and its mean is
25, how many ABM students are there?

A. 35 B. 40 C. 42 D. 45

A. Sample C. Statistic
B. Population D. Parameter

12. All male employees of a certain company are required to take a drug test. All male
employees is an example of what kind of measurement? ___________.

A. Sample C. Statistic
B. Population D. Parameter

13. Population variance is computed by the following steps, EXCEPT ________.

A. Compute the population mean

B. Subtract the population mean from each data
C. Divide the resulting sum by the population mean
D. Square all the deviations of the data from the population mean and find the sum

For nos. 14-15. Jose, wants to determine who has higher grades in statistics, the male
or the female students. There are 200 male and 240 female grade 11 students. He wants his
sample to consist of 50 students only, and he used stratified sampling techniques in
determining the number of students included in the study.

14. How many male students are included in the study?

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 A. 23 B. 24 C. 26 D. 27

15. How many female students are included in the study?

A. 23 B. 24 C. 26 D. 27

Alternatively, you may answer these questions online! Write your

Use this link on your cellphone, laptop or desktop: score here

https://tinyurl.com/STATQ3W5TRY

Use proper capitalization to activate the link. make sure you are
connected to the internet! You will see your score after completing the test.
Make sure to screenshot your work as proof to your teacher then write your score in the box.

Lesson
Random Sampling
1
One of the important concepts of statistical process is the selection of the
representative from the statistical population. The selection of this representatives
follows a probability method.

LET’S RECALL

Directions: Read the situation below and answer the questions that follow.
Your are asked by your teacher to conduct a survey in your classroom about the
plans of some of your classmates after graduating in Senior High School.
Questions
1. What is your criteria in choosing some of your classmates as subject for interview? (e.g:
gender, economic status, etc)
2. What is your basis in selecting these students?
3. Do you think the process of doing it is acceptable in the study?

LET’S EXPLORE

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Activity 1
Identify the following examples as population or sample.
__________ 1. A grade 11 student selected to study the effects of social media
__________ 2. The ages of government employee in Taguig City
__________ 3. The number of followers in Instagram of Anne Curtis
__________ 4. The total number of bread baked each day in a bakery
__________ 5. Blood types of group of individuals in a certain barangay

LET’S ELABORATE

A population is consisting all members of the group about which you want to
conduct a study. A sample is a portion, part, or subset, of the entire population.
A researcher wishes to achieve unbiased results in his/her study. One of the best
way to fulfill this is through the use of random sampling.
Types of Random Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS)

It is the most basic sampling technique. In this sampling technique, every member of
the population has an equal chance of being chosen to be part of the sample. One way to do
simple random sampling is by using Table of Random Numbers or using the lottery method.

Number Population Sample

1 Jose Jose
2 Pedro
3 Kiko Kiko
4 Juan
5 Mark Mark
6 Alex
Example 1
A researcher wants to study the number of hours spent by an adult in doing
household chores over the weekend in a certain community. He wishes to use the simple
random sampling technique in choosing the members of his sample. If there are 800 adults
in the community, how many adults should there be in his sample?
Solution
Step 1. Use the Slovin’s Formula in determining the number of adults that should be
included in the sample

where n = number of adults

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 N = population in a community
e = margin of error, use 5% or 0.05
adults are included in the study

Step 2. Assign a number to each 800 adults in the community (1 to 800).

1- Adult 1
2- Adult 2
3- Adult 3

800- Adult 800

Step 3. Write the numbers (1 to 800) on piece of paper.
Step 4. Put all the pieces of paper with number on it in a bowl or empty box.
Step 5. Randomly pick out 267 folded paper from the bowl or box without looking.

2. Systematic Sampling

A random sampling technique in which every kth element of the population is

selected until the desired number of elements in the sample is obtained. The value of k is the
sampling interval.

where k = sample interval

N = population size
n = sample size

Example 2

There are 400 families in a barangay. Fifty families are needed as sample for an
experiment.

Solution

Step 1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 400 families.

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Step 2. Assign each family a number from 1 to 400.

Family Number
Santos 1
Garcia 2

Ramos 400
Step 3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 400 by the sample size 50.

Step 4. Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k+1 by simple random
technique. The numbers that are between 0 and k+1 are 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8. This chosen
value is called as the random start.

Step 5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 3. Use 3 as the starting number.

Step 6. Select every 8th families from the sampling frame starting from the 3rd families.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,..

1st 2nd 3rd

Therefore, the numbers of the sample will then be 3, 11, 19, 27,…

3. Stratified Sampling

In stratified sampling, the population is

partitioned into several subgroups called strata,
based on some characteristics like year level,
gender, age, ethnicity, etc.

Example 3

A clothing company wants to determine whether 1000 customers prefer any specific
color over other color in shirts. How are you going to choose your sample of 200 customers
by using stratified sampling if there are 144, 162, 73, 146, 270, 205 customers per stratum?

Solution

Subdivide the population into several strata. In this problem into color. Then make a
table.

Population Number of Sample

Customers per
N = 1,000 n=200
Stratum
White 144 29
Blue 162 32
Black 73 15

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 Red 146 29

Yellow 270 54
Green 205 41
Total 1,000 200
To obtain the sample size per color, divide the total number of customers per stratum
by the total number of customers, and then multiply the result by 200. Select the members of
each sample by using simple random sampling.

Computation of sample size

customers should be selected as for white shirt

4. Cluster or Area Sampling

The population is divided into clusters. From

these clusters, a random sample clusters will be
drawn. All the elements from the sampled clusters will
make up the sample.

Example 4

Suppose some medical researchers want to study the patients in Metro Manila. How
are they going to do this using the cluster sampling technique?

Solution

1. Divide the population into clusters. Use few hospitals as clusters.

2. Not all the hospitals in Metro Manila will be included in the sample. This could be
selected at simple random sampling.
3. Not all the patient in the chosen hospital will be included in the study. Select the
final patients to be included in the sample by using a simple random sampling.

For more learning exploration, visit and watch the following channels!

Sampling Techniques in Filipino by Numberbender

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3Sh82NcLCk

LET’S DIG IN

Activity 2
Classify each sample as simple random sampling, stratified random sampling,
systematic random sampling, or cluster random sampling.

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__________ 1. Every 5th student entering a school campus is asked to select his/ her
favorite color.
__________ 2. A researcher interviewed 12 farmers in each of the 18 randomly selected
Barangay in Bulacan Province.
__________ 3. Teachers are selected using random numbers to determine the
annual salaries.
__________ 4. A professor asked the students to pass the class card to him, he then
shuffles the cards, and then draws 7 names for recitation.
__________ 5. A teacher researcher divided the subjects into four groups according
track/strands and then selected sample from each group.

LET’S REMEMBER

 There are four types of random sampling techniques

 Simple random sampling is a sampling technique in which every
element of the population has the same probability of being selected
for inclusion in the sample.
 Systematic sampling is a random sampling technique in which a list of
elements of the population is used as a sampling frame and the
elements to be included in the desired sample are selected by skipping
through the list at regular intervals.
 Stratified sampling is a random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata, and then samples are randomly
selected separately from each stratum.
 Cluster sampling or area sampling is a random sampling technique in
which the entire population is broken into small groups or clusters, and
then samples of these clusters are randomly selected. The data from
the randomly selected clusters are the ones that are analyzed.

LET’S APPLY

Activity 3
Compute the sample size of the following using Slovin’s Formula.
1. N = 2500, e = 0.05
2. N = 486, e = 0.01
3. N = 930, e = 0.1
4. N = 1728, e = 0.01

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 5. N =1304, e = 0.05

Lesson

2
LET’S RECALL

1. How would you differentiate parameter and statistic?

2. How would you identify whether a situation or problem determine a parameter or statistic?

LET’S EXPLORE

Activity 1
Ask each of your family members their age and record it on a piece of paper.
Compute for the average age of your family. Then, randomly select the members of the
family to be studied using fish bowl method. From the selected family members, compute for
the average age.

Family Member Father Mother 1st Sibling 2nd Sibling Nth Sibling
Age 42 40 18 15 …

Questions

1. What is the average age of your whole family?

2. From the randomly selected members of your family, what is the average age?
3. Compare the two averages. What can you conclude about the result?

LET’S ELABORATE

A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a

population. It is usually denoted by Greek letters like population mean (, Population Variance
and Population standard Deviation

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 On the other hand, statistic is a numerical measurement describing some
characteristics of a sample and it is usually denoted by letters like sample mean (, sample
variance , and sample standard deviation .

The population mean is the mean of the entire population. It is computed using the formula:
where = given data and = population size
Example 1
The numbers of teachers in 8 departments of a certain high school are 18, 16, 14,
15, 19, and 20. Find the population mean.
Solution
The population mean is computed by
1. Summing up all the data:
2. Divide the sum by the number of data
3. All the data are used to find the population mean

is the population mean

Population Variance and Population Standard Deviation
Population variance and standard deviation are widely used measures of dispersion
of data in research. The population variance is the sum of the squared deviations of each
datum from the population mean divide by the population size. The population standard
deviation is the square root of the population variance.

Formula for Population Variance:

Formula for Population Standard Deviation:
Example 2
The following are ages of 9 English Teachers at a certain public school:
30, 34, 32, 38, 26, 36, 44, 31, 35
Compute the population variance and population standard deviation.
Solution
Step 1. Compute the population mean
is the population mean
Step 2. Subtract the population mean from each of the data. (Refer to table’s 3rd column)
Step 3. Square all the deviations of the data from the population mean. (Refer to table’s 4th
column)
Step 4. Find the sum of all the squared deviations. (Refer to the last row of the table)

Teacher Age
1 30 30-34=-4
2 34 34-34=0
3 32 32-34=-2
4 38 38-34=4
5 26 26-34=-8
6 36 36-34=2
7 44 44-34=10

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 8 31 31-34=-3
9 35 35-34=1

Step 5. Solve for population variance

Step 6. Solve for a population standard deviation
Statistic is a measure that describes a sample.
The sample mean is the average of all the values randomly selected from the
population. That is,
Example 3
The following are ages of 9 English Teachers at a certain public school: 30, 34, 32,
38, 28, 36, 40, 31, 35. Assume that the researcher randomly selected only 5 out of 9 English
Teachers. Compute the sample mean.

Teacher Population Age Sample Age

1 30
2 34 34
3 32
4 38 38
5 26
6 36 36
7 44
8 31 31
9 35 35

Solve for Sample Mean

sample mean
Sample Variance and Sample Standard Deviation
The sample variance is the sum of the squared deviation of each data from the
sample mean divided by n-1
The sample standard deviations is the square root of the sample variance

Example 4
Calculate the sample variance and sample standard deviation of the 5 randomly
selected data in Example 3.

Teacher Population Age Sample Age

(x)
1 30
2 34 34 34-34.8=-0.8
3 32
4 38 38 38-34.8=3.2
5 26

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 6 36 36 36-34.8=1.2
7 44
8 31 31 31-34.8=-3.8
9 35 35 35-34.8=0.2
= 26.8
Solve for sample variance

Solve for sample standard deviation

For more learning exploration, visit and watch the following channels!

Population and Statistic by The Organic Chemistry Tutor

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mb9BuEkbaHQ

LET’S DIG IN

Activity 2
Tell whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.
1. Quezon city is politically divided into 6 legislative districts.
2. The Philippines consists of 7,641 islands.
3. A Physics teacher randomly selected 15 grade 11 students from her class. These
students were asked to go to the library to be interviewed by a researcher.
4. In a study concerning the economic status of employees in a certain university, a
researcher randomly selected 35 employees.
5. In a survey of 1,000 battery operated toys manufactured by a company, it was found
out that 125 of them were defective

LET’S REMEMBER

 The population mean is the mean of the entire population. It is represented by

Greek letter mu and is computed using the formula:
 Formula for Population Variance:
 The population standard deviation is the square root of the population
variance :
 The sample mean is the average of all the values randomly selected from the
population:

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 LET’S EVALUATE (Post-test)

Directions: Read each question. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. It involves selecting a simple random sample from each of a given number of
subpopulations, or strata.
A. Simple Random Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Stratified Random Sampling D. Quota Sampling

2. It is a simple random sample of clusters from the available clusters in the population.
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Simple Random Sampling D. Purposive Sampling

3. It is a commonly used sampling plan in which every sample of size n has the same
chance of being selected.
A. Purposive Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Simple Random Sampling D. Stratified Sampling

4. It involves the random selection of one of the first k elements in an ordered population.
A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Cluster Sampling
B. Systematic Random Sampling D. Simple Random Sampling

5. Population mean, population variance, and population standard deviation are examples of
A. Statistics C. Parameter
B. Statistic D. Sample

6. Which of the following is not an example of statistic?

A. s² C. µ
B. s D.

7. Which of the following is not an example of parameter?

A. C. µ
B. ² D.

8. The mean population of (2,3,5)

A. 3 B. 3.3 C. 3.5 D. 3.7

9. The Senior High School department consists of 10 male teachers, 15 female teachers,
and one department head. This statement is an example of ________.
A. Statistic B. Parameter C. Random sampling D. Sample

10. Luzon has 38 provinces; this is an example of ______.

A. Statistic B. Parameter C. Random sampling D. Sampling technique

For item 11-15, Identify the sampling method applied in the following situations.

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11. The teacher randomly selects 20 boys and 15 girls from a batch of learners to be
members of a group that will go to a field trip.
A. Simple Random Sampling B. Cluster Sampling
C. Systematic Random Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

12. A sample of 10 mice are selected at random from a set of 40 mice to test the effect of a
certain medicine.
A. Simple Random Sampling B. Cluster Sampling
C. Systematic Random Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

13. Two out of five people in a certain seminar are asked what they think about the
president.
A. Simple Random Sampling B. Cluster Sampling
C. Systematic Random Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling
14. A barangay health worker asks every 4th house in the village for the ages of the children
living in those households.
A. Simple Random Sampling B. Cluster Sampling
C. Systematic Random Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

15. Bea, a statistics student, wants to determine who cares more about their physical
appearances, the male, or the female students. She wants to limit her study to the grade 11
students. There are unequal numbers of grade 11 students: 250 are males and 279 are
females. She wants her sample to consist only of 50 students.
A. Simple Random Sampling B. Cluster Sampling
C. Systematic Random Sampling D. Stratified Random Sampling

Alternatively, you may answer these questions online!

Use this link on your cellphone, laptop or desktop: Write your
score here
https://tinyurl.com/STATQ3W5EVALUATE

Use proper capitalization to activate the link. Make sure you are
connected to the internet! You will see your score after completing the test.
Make sure to screenshot your work as proof to your teacher then write your score in the box.

16
References
Statistics and Probability: Next Century Mathematics, Jesus P. Mercado and Fernando B.
Orines
Statistics and Probality: MSA, Merle S. Alferez and Ma. Cecilia A. Duro
Ched-Deped SHS Statistics and Probability TG Acebedo
Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 10th Edition, William Mendenhall, Robert J. Beaver
and Barbara M. Beaver
Worktext in statistics, Florinte O. Vizcarra and Eduardo G. Lubina

Development Team of the Module

Writer: LORELEE A. ARREZA
Editors:
CONTENT EVALUATORS: LAMBERT QUESADA

LANGUAGE EVALUATOR: AILEEN GENOSO

Reviewers: MRS. MIRASOL I. RONGAVILLA

ARMANDO V. EROLIN
Illustrators:

Layout Artist:

Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS

DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD-Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA, CID Chief
MRS. MIRASOL I. RONGAVILLA, EPS - MATH
DR. DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: [email protected]

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

18
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600

Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985