Two Way Slab Design

Using SBC 304-CR-18

(Slab with beams spanning between supports on all sides)
 1. Minimum slab thickness :

8.3.1.2 For non-prestressed slabs with beams spanning between supports on all sides,
overall slab thickness ℎ shall satisfy the limits in Table 8.3.1.2, unless the calculated
deflection limits of 8.3.2 are satisfied.

8.3.1.2.1 At discontinuous edges of slabs conforming to 8.3.1.2, an edge beam with

α𝑓 ≥ 0.80 shall be provided, or the minimum thickness required by (b) or (d) of Table
8.3.1.2 shall be increased by at least 10 percent in the panel with a discontinuous edge.

𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝛼𝑓 = (8.10.2.7𝑏)
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
Table 8.3.1.1—Minimum thickness of non-prestressed two-way slabs
without interior beams (mm)[1].
𝜶𝒇𝒎 Minimum 𝒉, mm
α𝑓𝑚 ≤ 0.2 8.3.1.1 applies (a)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + 1400)
Greater ℎ= (𝑏) 2 , 3
0.2 < α𝑓𝑚 ≤ 2.0 36 + 5𝛽(α𝑓𝑚 − 0.2)
of:
125 (c)
𝑓𝑦
𝑙𝑛 (0.8 + 1400) (d)
Greater ℎ=
α𝑓𝑚 > 2.0 36 + 9𝛽
of:
90 (e)
[1] α𝑓𝑚 is the average value of α𝑓 for all beams on edges of a panel and α𝑓 shall be
calculated in accordance with 8.10.2.7.
[2]𝑙𝑛 is the clear span in the long direction, measured face-to-face of beams (mm).
[3] 𝛽 is the ratio of clear spans in long to short directions of slab.
❖ Example of Calculating 𝜶𝒇 :
▪ Assume slab thickness (ℎ) = 150 mm
▪ Beams depth = 500mm
▪ Beams width (𝑏𝑤 ) = 250mm 4000
2000 2000
4000

▪ Columns dimensions = 250x250mm2

▪ Span length (𝑙𝑛 ) = 5000-2*125 = 4750mm
▪ Slab width at each side = 𝑠𝑤 Τ2 = 4000/2 = 2000mm
▪

5000
The effective flange width for T-beams according to Table 6.3.2.1:
𝑏𝑓 = 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 8ℎ, 𝑠𝑤 Τ2 , 𝑙𝑛 Τ8 ∗ 2 = 1,437.5mm

𝐸𝑠 = 𝐸𝑏
4000𝑥1503
𝐼𝑆 = = 1.125𝑥109 𝑚𝑚2
12

Ln = 4750
5000
1437.5𝑥5003 ( 1437.5 − 250 Τ2) 𝑥 500 − 150 3
𝐼𝑏 = −2∗
12 12
= 10.73𝑥109 𝑚𝑚4

𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏 10.73𝑥109
α𝑓 = = = 9.54
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 1.125𝑥109
 2. Load Factors and Combinations :

5.3.1 Required strength 𝑈 shall be at least equal to the effects of factored loads in Table
5.3.1, with exceptions and additions in 5.3.3 through 5.3.12.
Table 5.3.1—Load combinations
Load combinations Equation Primary load
𝑈 = 1.4𝐷 (5.3.1a) 𝐷
𝑈 = 1.4𝐷 + 1.7𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑅)[1] (5.3.1b) 𝐿
𝑈 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.6(𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) + (1.0𝐿 𝑜𝑟 0.5𝑊) (5.3.1c) 𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅
𝑈 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 + 1.0𝐿 + 0.5(𝐿𝑟 or 𝑅) (5.3.1d) 𝑊
𝑈 = 1.2𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 + 1.0𝐿 (5.3.1e) 𝐸
𝑈 = 0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝑊 (5.3.1f) 𝑊
𝑈 = 0.9𝐷 + 1.0𝐸 (5.3.1g) 𝐸

[1]In the combination (5.3.1b), the load factor on 𝐷 and 𝐿 may be reduced to 1.2𝐷 and 1.6𝐿
respectively, when special inspection professional is employed and approved by the authority
having jurisdiction.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Limitations:
a. There must be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.
b. The panels must be square or rectangular; the ratio of the longer to the shorter span within a
panel must not exceed 2.0.
c. Adjacent spans in each direction must not differ by more than one-third of the longer span.
d. Columns must not be offset by a maximum of 10% of the span length, in the direction of offset,
from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
e. All loads shall be due to gravity only. All loads must be uniform, and the ratio of the unfactored
live to unfactored dead load must not exceed 2.0.
f. If beams are present along all sides, the ratio of the relative stiffness of beams in two
perpendicular directions, 𝛼𝑓1 𝑙22 ൗ𝛼𝑓2 𝑙12 must not be less than 0.2 nor greater than 5.0.

8.10.1.1 Two-way slabs satisfying the limits in 8.10.2 shall be permitted to be designed
in accordance with this section.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Calculate the total static moment, 𝑀𝑜 in both directions.

8.10.3.2 The absolute sum of positive and average negative 𝑀𝑢 in each direction shall
be at least:
𝑞𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛2
𝑀𝑜 = (8.10.3.2)
8
8.10.3.2.1 In Eq. (8.10.3.2), 𝑙𝑛 is the clear span length in the direction that moments are
considered, shall extend from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets, or walls, and
shall be at least 0.65𝑙1.

8.10.3.2.2 In Eq. (8.10.3.2), if the transverse span of panels on either side of the
centerline of supports varies, 𝑙2 shall be taken as the average of adjacent transverse
spans.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Distribution of total factored static moment in column strip.
8.10.4.1 In an interior span, 𝑀𝑜 shall be distributed as follows: 0.65𝑀𝑜 to negative
moment and 0.35𝑀𝑜 to positive moment.
8.10.4.2 In an end span, 𝑀𝑜 shall be distributed in accordance with Table 8.10.4.2.
8.10.4.5 Negative 𝑀𝑢 shall be the greater of the two interior negative 𝑀𝑢 calculated for
spans framing into a common support ….
8.10.5.1 The column strip shall resist the portion of interior negative 𝑀𝑢 in accordance
with Table 8.10.5.1.
8.10.5.2 The column strip shall resist the portion of exterior negative 𝑀𝑢 in accordance
with Table 8.10.5.2.
8.10.5.5 The column strip shall resist the portion of positive 𝑀𝑢 in accordance with
Table 8.10.5.5.
Table 8.10.4.2—Distribution coefficients for end spans :
Slab with Slab without beams between
Exterior interior supports Exterior edge
beams
Edge fully
between all Without edge With edge
unrestrained restrained
supports beam beam
Interior negative 0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
Positive 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exterior negative 0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
 Table 8.10.5.2—Portion of exterior
Table 8.10.5.1—Portion of interior
negative 𝑴𝒖 in column strip :
negative 𝑴𝒖 in column strip :
𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏
𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 𝜶𝒇 𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 𝜷𝒕
𝜶𝒇 𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 0.5 1.0 2.0
0.5 1.0 2.0
0 1.00 1.00 1.00
0 0.75 0.75 0.75 0
≥ 2.5 0.75 0.75 0.75
≥ 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45
0 1.00 1.00 1.00
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made ≥ 1.0
between values shown. ≥ 2.5 0.90 0.75 0.45

Note: Linear interpolations shall be made

between values shown. 𝜷𝒕 is calculated using
Table 8.10.5.5—Portion of positive 𝑴𝒖 Eq. (8.10.5.2a), where 𝐶 is calculated using Eq.
in column strip : (8.10.5.2b).
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐶
𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 𝛽𝑡 = (8.10.5.2𝑎)
𝜶𝒇 𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 2𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠
0.5 1.0 2.0 𝑥 𝑥3𝑦
𝐶 = ෍ 1 − 0.63 (8.10.5.2𝑏)
0 0.60 0.60 0.60 𝑦 3
≥ 1.0 0.90 0.75 0.45
8.10.5.3 For T- or L-sections, it shall be permitted to calculate the
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made constant 𝐶 in Eq. (8.10.5.2b) by dividing the section, as given in 8.4.1.8,
between values shown. into separate rectangular parts and summing the values of 𝐶 for each
part.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Distribution of total factored static moment in middle strip.
8.10.6.1 That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by column
strips shall be proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle strips.

▪ For example :
Column strip moment = 0.8𝑀𝑢
Middle strip moment at each half = 1 − 0.8 𝑀𝑢 /2
8.10.6.2 Each middle strip shall resist the sum of the
moments assigned to its two half middle strips.
8.10.6.3 A middle strip adjacent and parallel to a wall-
supported edge shall resist twice the moment assigned
to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of
interior supports.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Distribution of total factored static moment in beams.
8.10.5.7.1 Beams between supports shall resist the portion of column strip 𝑀𝑢 in
accordance with Table 8.10.5.7.1.
8.10.5.7.2 In addition to moments calculated according to 8.10.5.7.1, beams shall resist
moments caused by factored loads applied directly to the beams, including the weight
of the beam stem above and below the slab.

Table 8.10.5.7.1—Portion of column strip 𝑴𝒖 in beams

𝜶𝒇 𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 Distribution coefficient
0 0
≥ 1.0 0.85
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made between values shown.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Distribution of total factored static moment in columns and walls.
8.10.7.1 Columns and walls built integrally with a slab system shall resist moments
caused by factored loads on the slab system.

8.10.7.2 At an interior support, columns or walls above and below the slab shall resist
the factored moment calculated by Eq. (8.10.7.2) in direct proportion to their stiffnesses
unless a general analysis is made.

′ ′ ′
𝑀𝑠𝑐 = 0.07[ 𝑞𝐷𝑢 + 0.5𝑞𝐿𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛2 − 𝑞𝐷𝑢 𝑙2 𝑙𝑛 2 (8.10.7.2)

8.10.7.3 The gravity load moment to be transferred between slab and edge column in
accordance with 8.4.2.3 shall not be less than 0.3𝑀𝑜 .
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Calculate one-way shear.
8.4.3.1 For slabs built integrally with supports, 𝑉𝑢 at the support shall be permitted to
be calculated at the face of support.

The shear stress in the slab are not critical. The

critical section is at a distance d from the face of 𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 (𝑙2 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎΤ2 − 𝑑)
the beam

8.10.8.1 Beams between supports shall resist the portion of shear in accordance with
Table 8.10.8.1 caused by factored loads on tributary areas.

8.10.8.2 In addition to shears calculated according to 8.10.8.1, beams shall resist shears
caused by factored loads applied directly to the beams, including the weight of the
beam stem above and below the slab.
 3. Direct design method of analysis :
❖ Calculate one-way shear.
8.10.8.3 Calculation of required slab shear strength based on the assumption that load
is distributed to supporting beams in accordance with 8.10.8.1 shall be permitted. Shear
resistance to total 𝑉𝑢 occurring on a panel shall be provided.

Table 8.10.8.1—Portion of shear resisted by beam

𝜶𝒇 𝒍𝟐 Τ𝒍𝟏 Distribution coefficient
0 0
≥ 1.0 1.00
Note: Linear interpolations shall be made between values shown.
 4. Design strength :
8.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination, design strength at all sections
shall satisfy ϕ𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑈 including (a) through (d).Interaction between load effects shall be
considered.
(a) ϕ𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction
(c) ϕ 𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction for one-way shear

8.5.1.2 ϕ shall be in accordance with 21.2.

21.2.2 Strength reduction factor for moment, axial force, or combined moment and axial
force shall be in accordance with Table 21.2.2.
 4. Design strength :
8.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination, design strength at all sections
shall satisfy ϕ𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑈 including (a) through (d).Interaction between load effects shall be
considered.
(a) ϕ𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction
(c) ϕ 𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction for one-way shear

8.5.2.1 𝑀𝑛 shall be calculated in accordance with 22.3

𝑎 0.85 fc'
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝑑 − 𝜀𝑠𝑐
2
𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=

a
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ∗ 𝑏

c
𝑎
𝑐= 𝛽1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 22.2.2.4.3

d
𝛽1
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 0.003
𝑑−𝑐 𝜀𝑠𝑡
𝜀𝑠𝑡 = 𝜀𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝜙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑐
 4. Design strength :
8.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination, design strength at all sections
shall satisfy ϕ𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑈 including (a) through (d).Interaction between load effects shall be
considered.
(a) ϕ𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction
(c) ϕ 𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction for one-way shear

8.5.3.1.1 For one-way shear, where each critical section to be investigated extends in a
plane across the entire slab width, 𝑉𝑛 shall be calculated in accordance with 22.5.

22.5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to satisfy Eq. (22.5.1.2).

𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ 𝑉𝑐 + 0.66 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (22.5.1.2)

 4. Design strength :
8.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination, design strength at all sections
shall satisfy ϕ𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑈 including (a) through (d).Interaction between load effects shall be
considered.
(a) ϕ𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction
(c) ϕ 𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 at all sections along the span in each direction for one-way shear

22.5.1.1 Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, 𝑉𝑛, shall be calculated by:
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉s

22.5.5.1 For non-prestressed members without axial force, 𝑉𝑐 shall be calculated by:
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ 𝑉𝑐 + 0.66 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (22.5.5.1)
unless a more detailed calculation is made in accordance with Table 22.5.5.1.

❖ Note : Assuming two way slab won’t contain shear reinforcement ,𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐.
Table 21.2.2—Strength reduction factor ϕ for moment, axial force, or combined moment and axial
force
Action or structural element ϕ Exceptions
Moment, axial force, or combined moment and axial 0.65 to 0.90
Near ends of pretensioned members where strands are
(a) force in accordance with
not fully developed, ϕ shall be in accordance with 21.2.3.
21.2.2
Shear Additional requirements are given in 21.2.4 for structures
(b) 0.75
designed to resist earthquake effects.
(c) Torsion 0.75 ----

(d) Bearing 0.65 ----

(e) Post-tensioned anchorage zones
0.85 ----

(f) Brackets and corbels 0.75 ----

Struts, ties, nodal zones, and bearing areas designed in
(g) 0.75 ----
accordance with strut-and-tie method in Chapter 23
Components of connections of precast members
(h) 0.90 ----
controlled by yielding of steel elements in tension
(i) Plain concrete elements 0.60 ----
Anchors in concrete elements 0.45 to 0.75
(j) in accordance with -----
Chapter 17
Table 21.2.2—Strength reduction factor ϕ for moment, axial force, or combined moment and axial force:
ϕ
Net tensile strain Classification Type of transverse reinforcement
Spirals conforming to 25.7.3 Other
𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑡𝑦 Compression-Controlled 0.75 (a) 0.65 (b)
(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ) (𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
𝜀𝑡𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.005 Transition[1] 0.75 + 0.15 (c) 0.65 + 0.25 (d)
(0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ) (0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 Tension-Controlled 0.9 (e) 0.9 (f)
[1] For sections classified as transition, it shall be permitted to use ϕ corresponding to compression-controlled
sections.
 Table 22.2.2.4.3—Values of 𝛽1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress
distribution
𝑓𝑐′ MPa 𝛽1
17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
0.05(𝑓𝑐′ − 28)
28 < 𝑓𝑐′ < 55 0.85 − (b)
7
𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55 0.65 (c)

Table 22.5.5.1—Detailed method for calculating 𝑉𝑐 :

𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 𝑑 (a)
(0.16λ 𝑓𝑐′ + 17ρ𝑤 )𝑏 𝑑 [1]
𝑀𝑢 𝑤
Least of (a), (b),
and (c): (0.16λ 𝑓𝑐′ + 17ρ𝑤 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (b)
0.29λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (c)
[l] 𝑀𝑢 occurs simultaneously with 𝑉𝑢 at the section considered.

❖ Note : for normal weight concrete : λ = 1 if else see 19.2.4.2

 5. Minimum Flexural Reinforcement :
8.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural reinforcement, Asmin , shall be provided near the
tension face in the direction of the span under consideration in accordance with Table
8.6.1.1.

Table 8.6.1.1—Asmin for non-prestressed two-way slabs

Reinforcement type 𝑓𝑦 𝐌𝐏𝐚 Asmin
Deformed bars < 420 0.002Ag
0.0018𝑥420
Deformed bars or welded ≥ 420 Ag
Greater of: 𝑓𝑦
wire reinforcement
0.0014Ag
 6. Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement:
Reinforcement shall be provided to resist shrinkage and temperature stresses in
accordance with 24.4.
24.4.3.2 The ratio of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement area to gross
concrete area shall satisfy the limits in Table 24.4.3.2.
Table 24.4.3.2—Minimum ratios of deformed shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement area to gross concrete area
Reinforcement 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑦 MPa Minimum reinforcement ratio
Deformed bars < 420 0.002Ag
0.0018𝑥420
Deformed bars or welded ≥ 420 Ag
Greater of: 𝑓𝑦
wire reinforcement
0.0014Ag

24.4.3.3 The spacing of deformed shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall not
exceed the lesser of 4ℎ and 300 mm.
 7. Minimum and Maximum Spacing of Flexural Reinforcement:
8.7.2.2 For non-prestressed solid slabs, maximum spacing 𝑠 of deformed longitudinal
reinforcement shall be the lesser of 2ℎ and 450 mm at critical sections, and the lesser of
3ℎ and 450 mm at other sections.

25.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing

shall be at least the greatest of 25 mm, 𝑑𝑏 , and (4⁄3) 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 ·
 8. Corner restraint in slabs:
8.7.3.1 At exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or where one or more edge
beams have a value of 𝜶𝒇 greater than 1.0, reinforcement at top and bottom of slab
shall be designed to resist 𝑀𝑢 per unit width due to corner effects equal to the
maximum positive 𝑀𝑢 per unit width in the slab panel.

8.7.3.1.1 Factored moment due to corner effects, 𝑀𝑢, shall be assumed to be about an
axis perpendicular to the diagonal from the corner in the top of the slab and about an
axis parallel to the diagonal from the corner in the bottom of the slab.

8.7.3.1.2 Reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction from the
corner equal to one-fifth the longer span.
 8. Corner restraint in slabs:
8.7.3.1.3 Reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of the slab
and perpendicular to the diagonal in the bottom of the slab. Alternatively,
reinforcement shall be placed in two layers parallel to the sides of the slab in both the
top and bottom of the slab.
 9. Deflection check:
24.2.2 Deflections calculated in accordance with 24.2.3 through 24.2.5 shall not exceed
the limits in Table 24.2.2.
➢ 24.2.3 Calculation of immediate deflections:
24.2.3.1 Immediate deflections shall be calculated using methods or formulas for elastic
deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member stiffness.

𝑀𝑎 𝑙 2
(𝑛 − 1)𝐴′𝑠

a'
∆= 𝛾
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐

c
3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ]𝐼𝑐𝑟 (24.2.3.5a) 𝑛. 𝑎.

d
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′ (in MPa) (19.2.2.1.b)
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = (24.2.3.5b)
𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62λ 𝑓𝑐′ (in MPa) (19.2.3.1) 𝑛𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴′𝑠
𝑏𝑐 3 𝑏𝑐 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 𝑐 − 𝑎′ 2
+ 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)2
𝑛𝐴𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑐 = + 𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 𝑐 − 𝑎′ b
3 2
 9. Deflection check:
24.2.2 Deflections calculated in accordance with 24.2.3 through 24.2.5 shall not exceed
the limits in Table 24.2.2.
➢ 24.2.3 Calculation of immediate deflections:
24.2.3.4 Modulus of elasticity, 𝐸𝑐, shall be permitted to be calculated in accordance
with 19.2.2.

24.2.3.6 For continuous one-way slabs and beams, 𝐼𝑒 shall be permitted to be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. (24.2.3.5a) for the critical positive and negative
moment sections.

24.2.3.7 For prismatic one-way slabs and beams, 𝐼𝑒 shall be permitted to be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. (24.2.3.5a) at midspan for simple and continuous spans,
and at the support for cantilevers.
 9. Deflection check:
24.2.2 Deflections calculated in accordance with 24.2.3 through 24.2.5 shall not exceed
the limits in Table 24.2.2.
➢ 24.2.4 Calculation of time-dependent deflections:
24.2.4.1.1 Unless obtained from a more comprehensive analysis, additional time-
dependent deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members shall be
calculated as the product of the immediate deflection caused by sustained load and the
factor (λ∆ ).
ξ
λ∆ = (24.2.4.1.1)
1 + 50ρ′
24.2.4.1.2 In Eq. (24.2.4.1.1), ρ′ shall be calculated at midspan for simple and continuous
spans, and at the support for cantilevers.
24.2.4.1.3 In Eq. (24.2.4.1.1), values of the time-dependent factor for sustained loads(ξ),
shall be in accordance with Table 24.2.4.1.3.
 9. Deflection check:
24.2.2 Deflections calculated in accordance with 24.2.3 through 24.2.5 shall not exceed
the limits in Table 24.2.2.
➢ Total Long Term Deflection:
For long term deflection, dead load (self-weight and superimposed loads) and a
percentage of live load assumed as sustained load, are considered. For live load to be
considered in deflection calculations, use 25 percent as sustained load.

❖ Note : This number relies on engineering judgment and can be lower than 10 percent,
or as high as 100 precent of the live load for warehouses and libraries.

∆ 𝑇 = (1 + λ∆ )(∆𝑡.𝑑 + 0.25∆𝑡.𝑙 )
Table 24.2.4.1.3—Time-dependent factor for sustained loads
Sustained load duration, month Time-dependent factor ξ
3 1.0
6 1.2
12 1.4
60 or more 2.0
Table 24.2.2—Maximum permissible calculated deflections
Deflection
Member Condition Deflection to be considered
limitation
Flat roofs Immediate deflection due to maximum
Not supporting or attached to nonstructural 𝑙 Τ180 1
of 𝐿𝑟 and R
elements likely to be damaged by large deflections
Floors Immediate deflection due to L
Likely to be damaged by That part of the total deflection occurring
𝑙 Τ480 3
large deflections after attachment of nonstructural
Roof or Supporting or attached Not likely to be damaged elements, which is the sum of the time-
floors to non- structural by large Deflections dependent deflection due to all
elements sustained loads and the immediate 𝑙 Τ240 4
deflection due to any additional live
load[2]
[1] Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding shall be checked by calculations of deflection, including
added deflections due to ponded water, and considering time dependent effects of sustained loads, camber, construction
tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
[2] Time-dependent deflection shall be calculated in accordance with 24.2.4, but shall be permitted to be reduced by
amount of deflection calculated to occur before attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be calculated
on basis of accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection characteristics of members similar to those being
considered.
[3] Limit shall be permitted to be exceeded if measures are taken to prevent damage to supported or attached elements.
[4] Limit shall not exceed tolerance provided for nonstructural elements.