Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws

Problems P2.10). Air, thermodynamic state of which is given by pressure p= 230 kN/m2 and
-------------------- temperature= 300 K is moving at a velocity V= 250 m/s. Calculate the stagnation
pressure if
Rajput (23vd)
a) compressibility is neglected and
P2.1). A gas with a velocity of 300 m/s is flowing through a horizontal pipe at a section
where pressure is 78 kN/m2 absolute and temperature 40°C. The pipe changes in b) compressibility is accounted for.
diameter and at this section, the pressure is 117 kN/m2 absolute. Find the velocity of Take k= 1.4, and R= 287 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 313 kN/m2, 323 kN/m2]
the gas at this section if the flow of the gas is adiabatic. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= P2.11). A large vessel, fitted with a nozzle, contains air at a pressure of 2943 kN/m2
1.4. (abs.) and at a temperature of 20°C. If the pressure at the outlet of the nozzle is 2060
P2.2). The pressure leads from Pitot-static tube mounted on an aircraft were connected kN/m2 (abs.), find the velocity of air flowing at the outlet of the nozzle. Take: R= 287
to a pressure gauge in the cockpit. The dial of the pressure gauge is calibrated to J/kgK, and k= 1.4. [Ans: 239.2 m/s]
read the aircraft speed in m/s. The calibration is done on the ground by applying a P2.12). Nitrogen gas (k= 1.4) is released through a 10 mm orifice on the side of a large
known pressure across the gauge and calculating the equivalent velocity using tank in which the gas is at a pressure of 10 bar and temperature 20°C. Determine the
incompressible Bernoulli’s equation and assuming that the density is 1.224 kg/m3. mass flow rate if
The gauge having been calibrated in this way the aircraft is flown at 9200 m, where
the density is 0.454 kg/m3 and ambient pressure is 30 kN/m2. The gauge indicates a a) the gas escapes to atmosphere (1 bar);
velocity of 152 m/s. What is the true speed of the aircraft? b) the gas is released to another tank at (a) 5 bar, (b) 6 bar.
P2.3). For a normal shock wave in air Mach number is 2. If the atmospheric pressure [Ans: (a) 0·183 kg/s; (b) 0·183 kg/s; 0·167 kg/s]
and air density are 22.5 kN/m2 and 0.413 kg/m3 respectively, determine the flow P2.13). Air is released from one tank to another through a convergent-divergent nozzle at
conditions before and after the shock wave. Take k= 1.4. the rate of 12 N/s. The supply tank is at a pressure of 400 kN/m2 and temperature
--------------------------------- 110°C, and the pressure in the receiving tank is 100 kN/m2. Determine:
Rajput (15bt) a) The pressure, temperature, and Mach number in the constriction,
P2.4). A 100 mm diameter pipe reduces to 50 mm diameter through a sudden b) The required diameter of constriction,
contraction. When it carries air at 20.16°C under isothermal conditions, the absolute c) The diameter of the nozzle at the exit for full expansion, and the Mach number.
pressures observed in the two pipes just before and after the contraction are 400
kN/m2 and 320 kN/m2 respectively. Determine the densities and velocities at the two [Ans: (a) 210 kN/m2; 319 K, (b) 43.5 mm; (c) 48 mm; 1.56]
sections. Take R= 290 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 4.7 kg/m3; 3.76 kg/m3; 39.7 m/s; 198.5 m/s] P2.14). Oxygen flows in a conduit at an absolute pressure of 170 kN/m2. If the absolute
P2.5). A gas with a velocity of 300 m/s is flowing through a horizontal pipe at a section pressure and temperature at the nose of small object in the stream are 200 kN/m2 and
where pressure is 60 kN/m2 (abs.) and temperature 40°C. The pipe changes in 70.16°C respectively, determine the velocity in the conduit. Take k= 1.4 and R=
diameter and at this section the pressure is 90 kN/m2. If the flow of gas is adiabatic 281.43 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 175.3 m/s]
find the velocity of gas at this section. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. [Ans: 113 P2.15). Air at a velocity of 1400 km/h has a pressure of 10 kN/m2 vacuum and
m/s] temperature of 50.16°C. Calculate local Mach number and stagnation pressure,
P2.6). An airplane is flying at 21.5 m/s at a low altitude where the velocity of sound is density and temperature. Take   1.4 , R= 281.43 J/(kg.K) and barometric pressure=
325 m/s. At a certain point just outside the boundary layer of the wings, the velocity 101.325 kN/m2 [Ans: 1.089; 192.358 kN/m2; 1.708 kg/m3; 399.8 K]
of air relative to the plane is 305 m/s. If the flow is frictionless adiabatic determine P2.16). A normal shock wave occurs in a diverging section when air is flowing at a
the pressure drop on the wing surface near this position. Assume k= 1.4, pressure of velocity of 420 m/s, pressure 100 kN/m2, and temperature 10°C. Determine:
ambient air= 102 kN/m2. [Ans: 28.46 kN/m2]
a) The Mach number before and after the shock,
P2.7). A jet propelled aircraft is flying at 1100 km/h. at sea level. Calculate the Mach
b) The pressure rise, and
number at a point on the aircraft where air temperature is 20°C. Take: R= 287
J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. [Ans: 0.89] c) The velocity and temperature after the shock.
P2.8). An airplane is flying at an height of 20 km where the temperature is -40°C. The [Ans: (a) 1.25; 0.91; (b) 66 kN/m2, (c) 292 m/s; 54°C
speed of the plane is corresponding to M= 1.8. Find the speed of the plane. Take: R= P2.17). A normal shock wave occurs in air flowing at a Mach number of 1.5. The static
287 J/(kg.K), k= 1.4. [Ans: 1982.6 km/h] pressure and temperature of the air upstream of the shock wave are 100 kN/m2 and
P2.9). Find the velocity of bullet fired in standard air if its Mach angle is 30°. [Ans: 300 K. Determine the Mach number, pressure and temperature down-stream of the
680.4 m/s] stockwave. Also estimate the shock strength. [Ans: 0.7; 246 kN/m2; 392.17 K; 1.46]

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 84 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 85

 Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws
P2.18). A 25 mm diameter Venturimeter is fixed in a 75 mm diameter pipe to measure the velocity at a Mach number of 0.8. [Ans: 131.26 kPa, 358.56 K, 1.2755 kg/m3,
the rate of flow of gas. If the absolute pressure at the inlet and the throat of 1.17]
Venturimeter are equivalent to 1010 mm and 910 mm of mercury, determine the P2.28). An airplane flies at 849.6 km/h through still air having a pressure of 78.5 kPa
volumetric flow rate of gas. Assume the flow to be isentropic, k= 1.4 and ρ1= 1.6 (abs.) and temperature -8°C. Determine the stagnation properties if for air R= 287
kg/m3. [Ans: 0.0599 m3/s] J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4.
--------------------- [Ans: 111.18 kPa, 292.87 K, 1.323 kg/m3]
Kumar (15bt) P2.29). Air flows from a large vessel through a nozzle of diameter 25 mm fitted to the
P2.19). A pipe of diameter 10 cm suddenly reduces to 5 cm. It carries air isothermally at vessel. If the temperature of air is 30°C and its flow is adiabatic, and then find the
25°C. If the absolute pressures measured at the two sections just before and after the mass flow rate of air through the nozzle when pressure of air in the vessel is
contraction are 4.75 bar and 3.8 bar, respectively, and then determine the density and a) 0.39 bar (gauge) and
velocity at the two sections. Also determine the mass flow rate through the pipe. Take
gas constant as 287 J/(kg.K). b) 3.35 bar (gauge).
3 3
[Ans: 5.551 kg/m , 4.441 kg/m , 39.89 m/s, 199.45 m/s, 1.74 kg/s] Take R= 287 J/(kg.K), k= 1.4 and atmospheric pressure as 1.01 bar (abs.). [Ans: 0.1457
kg/s, 0.4969 kg/s]
P2.20). Air with a velocity of 300 m/s flows through a horizontal pipe at a section where
pressure is 78 kN/m2 (abs.) and temperature is 40°C. The pipe changes in its diameter P2.30). Air flows from a large tank through a nozzle of diameter 20 mm fitted to it. If the
and at this section, the pressure is 117 kN/m2 (abs.). Determine the velocity of air at pressure and temperature of air in the tank is 385 kPa (gauge) and 25°C, respectively,
this section if the flow of gas is adiabatic, the gas constant is 287 J/(kg.K) and then find the maximum flow rate of air through the nozzle. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K), k=
specific heat ratio is 1.4. 1.4 and atmospheric pressure as 100 kPa. [Ans: 0.3568 kg/s]
[Ans: 112.82 m/s] P2.31). A large tank containing air at a pressure of 2550 kPa (abs.) and temperature of
22°C is fitted with a nozzle. Determine the velocity of air through the nozzle if the
P2.21). The pressure, velocity and temperature at the upstream section of a horizontal pressure of air at its exit is 1750 kPa, R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. [Ans: 245.92 m/s]
pipe carrying air are 40 kN/m2, 35 m/s and 147°C, respectively. Determine the
pressure and the temperature at the downstream section if velocity at this section is P2.32). A vessel containing air at a temperature of 22°C is fitted with a convergent
155 m/s and the process is adiabatic. Take the gas constant as 287 J/(kg.K) and nozzle of tip diameter 30 mm. Assuming adiabatic flow; determine the mass flow rate
specific heat ratio as 1.4. of air through the nozzle to the atmosphere when the pressure in the tank is
[Ans: 32.4 kN/m2, 408.97 K] a) 150 kPa (abs.) and
P2.22). Find the sonic velocity for the following given fluids, b) 300 kPa.
a) crude oil of specific gravity 0.8 and bulk modulus 1.54 GN/m and 2 Take R= 287 J/(kg.K), k= 1.4 and atmospheric pressure as 101.325 kPa. [Ans: 0.2371
kg/s, 0.4991 kg/s]
b) mercury having a bulk modulus of 27.2 GN/m2.
P2.33). The inlet and throat diameters of a horizontal Venturimeter are 300 mm and 150
[Ans: 1387.44 m/s, 1414.21 m/s] mm, respectively. The pressure and temperature of air at the inlet section of the
P2.23). An airplane is flying at a height of 15 km where temperature is -50°C. Find the Venturimeter are 1.37 bar (abs.) and 15°C, respectively. If pressure at the throat
speed of the plane corresponding to Mach number equal to 1.8. Take specific heat section is 1.27 bar (abs.), then determine the mass flow rate of air through the
ratio as 1.4 and gas constant as 287 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 1940.3 km/h] Venturimeter. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. [Ans: 3.179 kg/s]
P2.24). An aircraft is flying at a speed of 900 km/h where air temperature is 7°C. Find ------------------------------------------
the Mach number of the aircraft when specific heat ratio is 1.4 and gas constant is Bansal (17vd)
287 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 0.745]
P2.34). A gas is flowing through a horizontal pipe at a temperature of 4°C. The diameter
P2.25). A projectile travels in air having pressure and temperature as 1.011 bar and 10°C, of the pipe is 8 cm and at a section 1-1 in this pipe, the pressure is 30.3 N/cm2
respectively, at a speed of 1512 km/h. Find the Mach number and Mach angle if R= (gauge). The diameter of the pipe changes from 8 cm to 4 cm at the section 2-2,
287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. [Ans: 1.245, 53.44°] where pressure is 20.3 N/cm2 (gauge). Find the velocities of the gas at these sections
P2.26). Find the velocity of a bullet fired in standard air if its Mach angle is 38° and assuming an isothermal process. Take R= 287.14 Nm/(kg.K), and atmospheric
temperature is 15°C. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. [Ans: 552.67 m/s] pressure= 10 N/cm2.
P2.27). Air has a velocity of 1000 km/h at a pressure of 9.81 kPa (vacuum) and a P2.35). A gas with a velocity of 300 m/s is flowing through a horizontal pipe at a section
temperature of 47°C. Determine its stagnation pressure, temperature, density and the where pressure is 6*104 N/m2 (absolute) and temperature 40oC. The pipe changes in
local Mach number, if atmospheric pressure is 98.1 kPa, R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4. diameter and at this section the pressure is 9*104 N/m2. Find the velocity of the gas at
Also determine the compressibility correction factor for a pitot-static tube to measure this section if the flow of the gas is adiabatic. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4.
Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 86 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 87
 Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws
P2.36). A projectile travels in air of pressure 10.1043 N/cm2 at 10°C at a speed of 1500 Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K) and atmospheric pressure= 9.81 N/cm2. [Ans: (a) 0.114
km/h. Find the Mach number and the Mach angle. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). kg/s, (b) 0.291 kg/s]
-------------------------------- P2.47). Find the mass rate of flow of air through a Venturimeter having inlet diameter as
Bansal (13bt) 400 mm and throat diameter 200 mm. The pressure at the inlet of the Venturimeter is
27.468 N/cm2 (abs.) and temperature of air at inlet is 20°C. The pressure at the throat
P2.37). A gas is flowing through a horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area of 30 cm2. At a is given as 25.506 N/cm2 absolute. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 11.13
point the pressure is 30 N/cm2 (gauge) and temperature 20°C. At another section the kg/s]
area of cross-section is 15 cm2 and pressure is 25 N/cm2 gauge. If the mass rate of
flow of gas is 0.15 kg/s, find the velocities of the gas at these two sections, assuming P2.48). Calculate the numerical factor by which the actual pressure difference shown by
an isothermal change. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K), and atmospheric pressure 10 N/cm2. the gauge of a pitot-tube should be multiplied to allow for compressibility when the
[Ans: V1= 10.71 m/s; V2= 24.5 m/s] value of the Mach number is 0.7. Take k= 1.4. [Ans: 1.1285]
P2.38). A gas with a velocity of 350 m/s is flowing through a horizontal pipe at a section P2.49). Find the Mach number when an airplane is flying at 1000 km/hour through still
where pressure is 8 N/cm2 (absolute) and temperature is 30°C. The pipe changes in air having pressure of 7 N/cm2 and temperature of -5°C. Take R= 287.14 J/(kg.K).
diameter and at this section the pressure is 12 N/cm2 (absolute). Find the velocity of Calculate the pressure and temperature of air at stagnation point. Take k= 1 .4
the gas at this section if the flow of the gas is adiabatic. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= ----------------------------------
1.4. [Ans: 218.63 m/s] Subramanya (36vd)
P2.39). Find the speed of the sound wave in air at sea-level where the pressure and
temperature are 9.81 N/cm2 (abs.) and 20°C respectively. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and
k= 1.4. [Ans: 343.11 m/s] P2.50). Find the speed of sound in oxygen at a pressure of 100 kPa (abs.) and 25oC. Take
R= 260 J/(kg.K) and k= 1 .40.
P2.40). Calculate the Mach number at a point on a jet propelled aircraft which is flying at
900 km/hour at sea-level where air temperature is 15°C. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 P2.51). A supersonic plane moves with a Mach number of 2.2 at an elevation of 1000 m
J/(kg.K). [Ans: 0.735] above a certain point F. (R= 287 J/(kg.K)) and k= 1.4).
P2.41). An airplane is flying at a height of 20 km, where the temperature is -40C. The a) If the atmospheric temperature is 22oC, what is the time lapse at which the sonic
speed of the plane is corresponding to M= 1.8. Assuming k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K), boom reaches an observer at F after the plane is directly overhead?
find the speed of the plane. [Ans: 1982.66 m/h] b) How far will the plane be form F at that instant of the boom reaching F?
P2.42). A projectile is travelling in air having pressure and temperature as 8.829 N/cm P2.52). Air at 60oC is stored in a large tank under a pressure of 200 kPa (abs.). A 30 mm
and -5°C. If the Mach angle is 30°, find the velocity of the projectile. Take k= 1.4 and diameter converging nozzle is provided to discharge the nozzle to the atmosphere.
R= 287 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 652.30 m/s] Assuming isentropic conditions, estimate the mass rate of flow from the nozzle when
P2.43). A projectile travels in air of pressure 8.829 N/cm2 at -10°C at a speed of 1200 it is discharging to environment at a pressure of 98 kPa (abs.). What is the pressure
km/hour. Find the Mach number and the Mach angle. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 at the nozzle throat? [Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K)]
J/(kg.K). [Ans: 1.025, = 77.2°] P2.53). A duct conveys an isentropic flow of air. At section 1, velocity, pressure and
P2.44). Find the Mach number when an airplane is flying at 900 km/hour through still air temperature are 100 m/s, 200 kPa (abs.) and 70oC respectively. At another
having a pressure of 8.0 N/cm2 and temperature -15°C. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 downstream section (Section 2) the velocity is 250 m/s. Calculate
J/(kg.K). Calculate the pressure, temperature and density of air at the stagnation point a) the temperature at section 2,
on the nose of the plane. [Ans: 0.776, 11.9 N/cm2, 12.06oC, 1.434 kg/m3] b) Mach number and pressure at section 2 and
P2.45). Find the velocity of air flowing at the outlet of a nozzle, fitted to a large vessel c) the densities at sections 1 and 2
which contains air at a pressure of 294.3 N/cm2 (abs.) and at a temperature of 30°C.
The pressure at the outlet of the nozzle is 137.34 N/cm2 (abs.). Take k= 1.4 and R= [Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K)]
287 J/(kg.K). [Ans: 242.98 m/s]
P2.46). A nozzle of diameter 20 mm is fitted to a large tank which contains air at 20°C. ---------------------------------------
The air flows from the tank into atmosphere. For adiabatic flow, find the mass rate of Subramanya (35bt)
flow of air through the nozzle when pressure of air in tank is
P2.54). Calculate the value of R for chlorine, helium and hydrogen. Express R in both
a) 5.886 N/cm2 (gauge) and (J/(kg.K)) and (kcal/(kg.K)) units.
b) 29.43 N/cm2 (gauge). P2.55). A mass of 4 kg of oxygen (k= 1.4) has its temperature decreased from 85°C to
10°C at constant volume conditions. Calculate cp, cv and work involved.

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 88 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 89

 Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws
(Ans: cp= 909.3 J/(kg.K); cv= 649.5 J/(kg.K); Work W= 194.85 kJ (work is done by the P2.66). A conduit conveys air at a Mach number of 0.70. At a certain section the static
gas) pressure is 30 kPa (abs.) and the temperature is 25°C.
P2.56). Show that for a perfect gas cp= cv+ R. a) Calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure
P2.57). A mass of 5 kg of a gas of molecular weight 44 has a work of 100.5 kJ done on it b) If the stagnation temperature is 90°C, what would be the Mach number of the
at constant volume. This causes the temperature of the gas to rise by 30°C. Calculate flow?
R, cv, cp and k of the gas. (Ans: R= 189 J/(kg.K); cv= 670; cp= 859; k= 1.282) (Take k= 1.4.) (Ans: (a) T0= 59.7°C, p0= 41.61 kPa (abs.); (b) M1= 0.995)
P2.58). Six kilograms of oxygen at 200 kPa (abs.) and 10°C, in a container, is expanded P2.67). Estimate the maximum velocity of air at 35°C so that the stagnation point
isentropically to 120 kPa (abs.). Find the final temperature and the work involved. temperature is less than 40°C. [Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K).](Ans: V1= 100.2
(k= 1.4). (Ans: T2= -28.4°C; W= work done by the gas= 149.6 kJ) m/s)
P2.59). Carbon dioxide of mass 2 kg is expanded isothermally from 400 kPa (abs.) to 100 P2.68). A pitot-static tube mounted on an airplane in flight records a stagnation pressure
kPa (abs.) at -10oC. Determine the work done by the gas, the initial volume and final of 90 kPa (abs.) and a static pressure of 70 kPa (abs.). If the density of air in the
volume. Take k= 1.30 and R= 189 J/(kg.K). (Ans: W= 137.8 kJ, V1= 0.2485 m3; V2= atmosphere at the level is 0.80 kg/m, calculate the velocity of the airplane. (Take k=
0.994 m3) 1.4). (Ans: V1= 213.5 m/s)
P2.60). Calculate the speed of sound wave in the following fluids: P2.69). A pitot-static tube to be used in an airplane for on-flight measurement was
calibrated on ground by using air of density 1.20 kg/m3. A measurement taken at an
altitude of 3000 m where the ambient pressure and density were 70 kPa (abs.) and
0.91 kg/m3 respectively, indicated a velocity of 200 m/s by using the above ground
level calibration. Estimate the true speed of the airplane. [Take k= 1.4 and R= 287
J/(kg.K)]. (Ans: V1= 217.5 m/s)
P2.70). Show that in an isentropic flow of a gas in a duct, if a pitot-static tube measures
the stagnation pressure p0, stagnation temperature T0 and static pressure p1, the
velocity of flow V1 can be calculated by the relation.

 
1/2
 (k 1)/k 
V1  2cpT0 1   p1 / p0  
 
P2.71). Air flow in a duct can be considered to be isentropic. At section 1, the velocity,
P2.61). An airplane is flying at a Mach number of 1.8 in an atmosphere where the pressure and temperature are 125 m/s, 200 kPa (abs.) and 300oK respectively. If at a
pressure is 14 kPa (abs.) and density is 0.225 kg/m3. Calculate the speed of the plane. downstream section the velocity is 220 m/s, calculate the
(Ans: V= 531 m/s) a) Mach number, temperature and pressure at section 2 and
P2.62). A rocket travels at 1800 km/h in air of pressure 35.6 kPa (abs.) and temperature
b) the densities at sections 1 and 2.
-37°C. Find the Mach number and Mach angle. [Take k= 1.5 and R= 287 J/(kg.K)].
(Ans: M= 1.624, = 38°) (Ans: (a) M1= 0.360, T2= 283.7 K, p2= 164.4 kPa (abs.) (b) r1= 2.3229 kg/m3, p2= 2.0196
kg/m3)
P2.63). A supersonic plane flies at an altitude of 2500 m and 2.5 s after it has passed over
the head of an observer on the ground, the sonic boom is heard. Calculate the speed P2.72). Air at 200 kPa (abs.) and 27°C is expanded isentropically. What is the maximum
of the plane and its Mach number. The average temperature of the atmosphere can be possible attainable speed? Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: Vm= 772.3 m/s)
assumed to be 5°C. Take R= 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: M= 2.02 and V= 675.2 m/s) P2.73). Oxygen [k= 1.4 and R= 260 J/(kg.K)] is contained in a tank at 150 kPa (abs.) and
P2.64). A bullet fired from a gun creates a Mach angle of 30° in still air. If the air 20°C. If it is expanded isentropically to attain a Mach number of unity, what is the
temperature is 15°C, calculate the velocity of the bullet. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 sonic speed and temperature at that section? (Ans: C1= 298.6 m/s, T1*= -29°C)
J/(kg.K). (Ans: 680 m/s) P2.74). Air at 40°C and pressure of 300 kPa (abs.) flows from a large tank through a
P2.65). The Concorde airplane flies at a Mach number of 2.2. If it flies in a standard converging nozzle. If the Mach number at the outlet of the nozzle is 0.5, calculate the
atmosphere at 15000 m altitude where the pressure is 12 kPa (abs.) and density is velocity, pressure, temperature and density at the nozzle exit. (Take k= 1.4 and R=
0.1935 kg/m3, calculate the pressure, temperature and density at a stagnation point. 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: V1= 173.04 m/s; p1= 252.9 kPa (abs.); T1= 298.1 K; 1= 2.956
[Take R= 287 J/(kg.K) and k= 1.4]. (Ans: T 0= 152°C, p0= 128.3 kPa (abs.); 0= 1.052 kg/m3)
kg/m3) P2.75). A tank contains nitrogen [k= 1.4 and R= 297 J/(kg.K)] at 225 kPa (abs.) and 50°C.
A convergent nozzle of exit area 0.05 m2 is used to exhaust this gas to an ambient

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 Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws Lecture notes: Chapter 2 A review of basic laws
pressure of 100 kPa (abs.). Calculate the mass rate of flow and the pressure at the P2.83). In a supersonic stream of air a pitot-static tube creates a stagnation pressure of 50
nozzle throat. kPa (abs.) and a stagnation temperature of 410 K. A normal shock occurs in front of
(Ans: m  26.81 kg / s , p1*= 118.8 kPa (abs.)) the tube. If the static pressure is 35 kPa (abs.), estimate the velocity of the supersonic
stream. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: V1= 485.9 m/s)
P2.76). Oxygen flows steadily from a reservoir at -10°C and 265 kPa (abs.) through a
P2.84). In a supersonic stream of air at 600 m/s and a temperature of 250oK, a normal
convergent nozzle of exit diameter of 10 cm into another large tank where the
shock wave occur in front of a body. If the static pressure of the supersonic stream is
pressure is 180 kPa (abs.). Calculate the mass rate of flow and Mach number at the
20 kPa (abs.), calculate
nozzle exit. Assume isentropic flow with k= 1.4 and R= 260 J/(kg.K).
a) the pressure after the shock,
(Ans: m  5.17 kg / s , M1= 0.915)
b) the temperature and velocity after the shock.
P2.77). Chlorine [k= 1.34 and R= 117 J/(kg.K)] is stored in a tank at 300 kPa (abs.) and
5°C. If a convergent nozzle of exit area 0.08 m2 discharges the gas to another tank Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: (a) p2= 80.3 kPa (abs.); (b) T2= 127.5°C, V2=
having a pressure of 150 kPa (abs.), calculate the mass rate of flow. What is the 239.5 m/s)
pressure at the nozzle throat? P2.85). Air at 5°C is moving at Mach number 2.5. If a normal shock wave occurs,
(Ans: m  89.72 kg / s , p1= 161.6 kPa (abs.)) estimate the ratios of pressure, velocity, temperature and density across the shock.
Assume k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: p2/p1= 7.125, V2/V1= 0.3, T2/T1= 2.1375,
P2.78). Air form tank A at 80°C flows through a convergent nozzle of 8 cm diameter  2/1= 3.333)
isentropically into a receiving atmosphere of pressure 100 kPa (abs.). Estimate the
mass flow rate when the pressure inside the tank A is P2.86). If for a normal shock occurring in a supersonic stream of air at Mach number of
1.5, the upstream stagnation pressure is 210 kPa (abs.), calculate the stagnation
a) 200 kPa (abs.), pressure after the shock. (k= 1.5). (Ans: p02= 195.24 kPa (abs.))
b) 300 kPa (abs.) and P2.87). In a normal shock wave in air the Mach number after the shock is 0.60. If the
c) 400 kPa (abs.). temperature and pressure after the shock are 150°C and 360 kPa (abs.) respectively,
Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K). (Ans: (a) m  0.2162 kg / s ; (b) m  0.3243 kg / s ; determine the Mach number, pressure, temperature and density of the supersonic
stream before the shock. Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K).
(c) m  0.4324 kg / s )
(Ans: M 1= 1.878; p1= 91.19 kPa (abs.); V1= 614 m/s;  1= 1.195 kg/m3; T1= -7.1°C)
P2.79). Air with pressure p0 and temperature T0 in a tank is discharged through a
convergent nozzle into a receiver with ambient pressure p1. If p1 is kept constant, P2.88). The velocity ratio V2/V1 across a normal shock wave in air (k= 1.4) is 0.5.
show that the mass rate of flow increases linearly with p0 when p0 > 1.893 p1. Estimate corresponding pressure ratio. What are the Mach numbers upstream and
downstream the shock? (Ans: p2/p1= 2.75, M1= 1.581, M2= 0.674)
P2.80). Air at 10 bar and 500oK stagnation condition flows through a
convergent-divergent nozzle. The area at the nozzle exit is 0.25*10-4 m2. The pressure
at exit is 2 bar. Determine the velocity, specific volume and mean flow rate through
the nozzle. (Take k= 1.4 and R= 287 J/(kg.K)). (Ans: 608.4 m/s, 0.453 m3/kg, 0.0335
kg/s)
P2.81). Air enters a convergent-divergent nozzle with an inlet pressure of 750 kPa,
temperature of 25°C and very low velocity. If the exit Mach number is 2.3, calculate
the ratio of throat area to exit area, exit pressure and exit temperature. Assume
isentropic flow and k= 1.4. (Ans: Ae/A*= 2.193, Pe= 59.98 kPa (abs.), Te= 144.8 K)
P2.82). At section 1, upstream of the throat of a convergent-divergent nozzle the
properties of an isentropic flow are V1= 250 m/s, T1= 320 K and p1= 800 kPa.
Calculate the
a) exit temperature,
b) exit pressure and
c) Mach number at section 1.
The exit Mach number is 2.3. (Take cp= 1005 J/(kg.K)). (Ans: Te= 144.8 K, pe= 59.98
kPa, M1= 6056)

Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 92 Dr. Tran Tien Anh@HCMUT 93