3/29/2023

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI (VNU)

VNU INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (VNU-ITI)

Digital Design: Numbering systems

Xuan-Tu Tran, PhD
Smart Integrated Systems (SISLAB) Group,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Email: [email protected]
www.uet.vnu.edu.vn/~tutx

Topics

❑ Introduction to Numbering Systems

(weighted or non-weighted number systems, decimal / binary / hexadecimal number systems,…)
❑ Converting between number systems
– Radix r-to-Decimal Conversion
– Decimal-to-Radix r Conversions
❑ Binary Arithmetic
– Complement Arithmetic
❑ Binary Signed Representation
❑ Coding
– Binary-coded Decimal (BCD)
– BCD-to-Binary and Binary-to-BCD Conversions
– Other codes for representing numbers (Gray code, 2/5 code, Johnson code,…)
– Alphanumeric Codes (ASCII, EBCDIC codes)
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Introduction to number systems

❑ Number systems
– Used to represent measured values
– Composed of “Digits”
– Radix of a number system = the number of digits used in this number system
– The most often used number system: decimal system

❑ Weighted or Non-weighted number systems

– Non-weighted number systems:
▪ The value of a digit does not depend to its location
▪ Roman numerals (eg., XXI = 21, XXXIX = 39)
– Weighted number systems:
▪ The value of a digit depends to its location
▪ For example, decimal, binary systems

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Decimal system

❑ History
– From human habit
– Well-known
– Having a fully-constituted mathematics system

❑ Radix = 10

❑ Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

❑ Representation
– (1234)10 = 1×103 + 2×102 + 3×101 + 4×100
– (324)10 = 3×102 + 2×101 + 4×100
– (A)B = AnBn + An-1Bn-1 + An-2Bn-2 + … + A1B1 + A0B0 + A-1B-1 + …

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Binary system

❑ History
– Digital circuits are usually two state devices
(eg., relays, transistors…)
– Boolean algebraic OFF ON
– Binary system with Computer

❑ Radix = 2

❑ Digits: 0 and 1
L H ON
OFF
❑ Representation
– (1001)2 = 1×23 + 0×22 + 0×21 + 1×20 = (9)10
– (1010)2 = 1×23 + 0×22 + 1×21 + 0×20 = (10)10 n Transistors
– (A)B = AnBn + An-1Bn-1 + An-2Bn-2 + … + A1B1 + A0B0 + A-1B-1 + …

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Other number systems

❑ Octal system
– Radix = 8

– Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7

– Example: (24)8 = 2×81 + 4×80 = (20)10

❑ Hexadecimal system
– Radix = 16

– Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F

– Example: (03F8)16 = 0×163 + 3×162 + F×161 + 8×160 = (1032)10

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Base conversions

❑ Why do we have to do conversion between number systems?

❑ Radix r-to-Decimal conversions

– The position of each digit indicates the weight associated with the digit.

– Use the follow equation:

– (A)B = AnBn + An-1Bn-1 + An-2Bn-2 + … + A1B1 + A0B0 + A-1B-1 + …

– (276.5)10 = 2×102 + 7×101 + 6×100 + 5×10-1

– (1321)4 = 1×43 + 3×42 + 2×41 + 1×40 = 64 + 48 + 8 + 1 =12110

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Base conversions

• Decimal-to-Radix r conversions
– B10 : given decimal number will be converted to Ar, radix r

B10 = Ar = (an an −1  a0 ) r
or, expanding Ar,
B10 = an r n + an −1r n −1 +  + a1r 1 + a0
if B10 is divided by r, we have
B10 a
= (an r n −1 +  + a2 r + a1 ) + 0
r r
B  B 
= Int  10  + Frac 10 
 r   r 
Int and Frac indicate the integral and fractional parts of B 10 / r
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Base conversions

• Decimal-to-Radix r conversions
B10 a
= (an r n −1 +  + a2 r + a1 ) + 0
r r
B  B 
= Int  10  + Frac 10 
 r   r 
From the above equation, we see that

B 
a0 = Rem 10 
 r 
Rem means the remainder of B10 / r

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Base conversions

• Decimal-to-Radix r conversions
– Repeat the process with Int(B10/r) → an r n − 2 + an −1r n −3 +  + a2
• The next remainder will be: a1
• The next integral part will be:

– Continue until no integral part remains → we have all

digits of Ar

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Base conversions

• An example
– Finding the base 3 equivalent of (278)10

dividend divisor quotient remainder

278 : 3 = 92; 2 = a0
92 : 3 = 30; 2 = a1
30 : 3 = 10; 0 = a2
10 : 3 = 3; 1 = a3
3 : 3 = 1; 0 = a4
1 : 3 = 0; 1 = a5
0 → Stop

Thus, (278)10 = (101022)3

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Base conversions

• Decimal-to-Radix r conversions (fractional part)

– Let B10 now represents a fractional decimal number equivalent to a
fractional number Ar in radix r. Thus

B10 = Ar = (0.a−1a−2  a−m )r

= a−1r −1 + a− 2 r −2 +  + a− m r − m
Multiplying the result by r yields

(
rB10 = a−1 + a−2 r −1 +  + a−m r − m +1 )
→The integral part becomes a-1

→The fractional part is (a −2 r −1 +  + a− m r − m +1 )

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Base conversions

• Decimal-to-Radix r conversions (fractional part)

– Repeat the process with the fractional part

• The next integral part will be a2 (a −2 r −1 +  + a− m r − m +1 )

• The next fractional part will be (a −3 r −1 +  + a−m r − m+ 2 )
– Continue until no fractional part remains → we have all digits of Ar

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Base conversions

• An example
– The conversion of (0.27)10 = (?)4

Old fraction New fraction ai

0.27 × 4 = 1.08 0.08 a-1 = 1
0.08 × 4 = 0.32 0.32 a-2 = 0
0.32 × 4 = 1.28 0.28 a-3 = 1
0.28 × 4 = 1.12 0.12 a-4 = 1
… … … …

Thus (0.27)10 = (0.1011……)4

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Binary-to-Decimal conversion

❑ Do the following conversions

– (10001100)2 → (?)10

– (00010111)2 → (?)10

– (1010.1100)2 → (?)10

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Decimal-to-Binary conversion

❑ Do the following conversions

– (123)10 = (?)2

– (255)10 = (?)2

– (0.125)10 = (?)2

– (12.250)10 = (?)2

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Binary  Hexadecimal conversions

❑ Hexadecimal-to-Binary conversion

– Convert each digit to a nibble (a group of 4 bits in the Binary system)

– (12F8)16 = (0001 0010 1111 1000)2

❑ Binary-to-Hexadecimal conversion

– Group

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Binary Arithmetic

❑ Addition

❑ Multiplication

❑ Subtraction

❑ Division

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Complement Arithmetic

❑Radix and diminished radix complements

– Radix complement
▪ Let A be an n-digit integer in radix r representation

▪ Radix complement of A is:

A* = radix complement of A = rn - A

– Diminished radix complement is defined as:

A+ = diminished radix complement of A = rn – A – 1

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Complement Arithmetic

❑Binary numbering system

– 1’s complement
▪ Interchanging 1s and 0s
▪ Example: 1001 => 0110

– 2’s complement
▪ 1’s complement + 1
▪ From the previous example: 0110 + 1 = 0111

– 2’s complement of 1001 is 0111

– 2’s complement is used in subtraction

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Encoding: Binary-to-complement

• Binary-to-complement binary encoding

Binary code
– 2’s complement used to represent the negative
number.

– Subtraction can be done by the addition with a

1’s complement code
2’s complement number.
1110
original number 1011
inversion
2’s complement code
1’s complement 0100
+1
2’s complement 0101
-1110
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Encoding: Binary-to-complement
Decimal Binary 2’s complement
A3 A2 A1 A0 B3 B2 B1 B0
• Binary-to-complement 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
binary encoding 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
3 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

B0 = A0
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

B1 = A0  A1 7
8
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0

B2 = ( A0 + A1 )  A2 10
9 1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0

B3 = ( A0 + A1 + A2 )  A3 11
12
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
13 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
15 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1

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Binary Codes for Decimal (BCD) numbers

❑ Why BCD code?

– The external interfaces of a digital system may read or display decimal numbers, even
some digital devices actually process decimal numbers directly
– The human need to represent decimal number w/o changing the basic nature of digital
electronic circuits
❑ BCD codes
– Natural decimal code uses a combination of 4 bits to represent a decimal number.
▪ BCD encodes the digits 0 through 9 by their 4-bit unsigned binary representations, 0000 through
1001.
– For example,
▪ 0011BCD encodes 310
▪ 1001BCD encodes 910

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Binary Codes for Decimal (BCD) numbers

Decimal digit BCD (8421) 2421 Excess-3 Biquinary 1-out-of-10

0 0000 0000 0011 0100001 1000000000

1 0001 0001 0100 0100010 0100000000

2 0010 0010 0101 0100100 0010000000

3 0011 0011 0110 0101000 0001000000

4 0100 0100 0111 0110000 0000100000

5 0101 1011 1000 1000001 0000010000

6 0110 1100 1001 1000010 0000001000

7 0111 1101 1010 1000100 0000000100

8 1000 1110 1011 1001000 0000000010

9 1001 1111 1100 1010000 0000000001

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Gray Code

❑ Gray code: only one change in bit between two successive numbers

❑ Why Gray code?

– Enhance the reliability of automatic systems such as machine tools, automotive braking systems,
copiers…

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Gray Code

Mechanical encoding
disk using a 3-bit binary
code

0 0 1

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Gray Code

Mechanical encoding
disk using a 3-bit
Gray code

0 0 1

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Encoding: Binary-to-Gray
Decimal Binary Gray code
A3 A2 A1 A0 G3 G2 G1 G0

• Binary-to-Gray encoding 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
– How to encode 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
G0 = A0  A1 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

G1 = A1  A2
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

G2 = A2  A3 7 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
G3 = A3 9 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
10 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
Hint: Go from left to right, if 12 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
meet ‘1’ then the following bit 13 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
will be inversed.
15 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI (VNU)

VNU INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (VNU-ITI)

Thank you!

Xuan-Tu Tran, PhD

Smart Integrated Systems (SISLAB) Group,
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Email: [email protected]
www.uet.vnu.edu.vn/~tutx

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