EE401: Control Systems

Average Modeling and Control

of Boost Converter

Group Members

S No. Name Roll Number

1. Shashank Balakrishnan 20085131
2. Yatharth Maanik 20085134
3. Swarn Shahi 20085135
What is a Boost Converter?
A boost converter, also known as a step-up converter, is an electronic device used
to increase the voltage level of a direct current (DC) power source. It takes a lower
voltage input and converts it (steps it up) into a higher voltage output. By adjusting
the duty cycle, the output voltage can be regulated to the desired level. This makes
boost converters useful in a variety of applications where a higher voltage is
required from a lower voltage source.

Circuit diagram of Boost Converter:

The voltage gain of a Boost Converter is given by:

Where D is the duty cycle

Research Paper 1:- Design and Simulation of Fuzzy
Logic Controller for Boost Converter in Renewable
Energy Application

The fuzzy logic controller is designed and implemented at the circuit level to
adjust the switching device service cycle for the supercharger. The boost
converter circuit will increase the low voltage DC to high voltage DC. There are 2
modes in each pitch operation:
a) Transistor is ON
b) Transistor is OFF

In closed-loop control, the output of the circuit is fed back and compared with the
set point voltage value where the error was used to drive the gate of the
switching device as a duty cycle. Fuzzy Logic Controller Gain is defined as a
division of the input voltage and the mean output voltage. Mamdani fuzzy
inference - it is an extensively used method, mainly in 4 steps -
1. Fuzzification of the input variable
2. Rule evaluation
3. Aggregation of the rule output
4. Defuzzification

The functions of the members of the blurry set are- Large positive (LP), Medium
positive (MP), Small (S), Medium negative (MN), Large negative (LN).

Rules of fuzzy logic control:

Rule1: IF errors LN THEN control LN
Rule2: IF errors MN THEN control MN
Rule3: IF error S THEN control S
Rule4: IF errors MP THEN control MP
Rule5: IF errors LP THEN control LP
Transient response performance for this booster converter circuit with FLC was
slightly better than the circuit without FLC. The FLC has faster transient
responses and is more robust than several control methods.
Research Paper 2:- Closed loop control of solar
powered boost converter with PID controller

Power converters are used in distributed generators that use renewable energy
as their sources, such as wind energy, solar energy, hydraulic energy, etc. The
power converter is a critical component of a distributed generation system,
particularly for a renewable energy- based distributed generator.

Most PV modules provide a very low output voltage based on temperature and
irradiance. Therefore, to increase the voltage, a boost converter and controller
must be used to keep the output voltage constant. A boost converter (step-up
converter) steps up the input DC voltage value and provides it at the output.
Capacitors are added to remove output voltage ripple.

The voltage is regulated by the PID regulator, adjusting the duty cycle. A PID
controller provides a constant output regardless of the input we have at the input.
The state-space average model of a boost converter basically consists of a diode,
a transistor as a switch, and at least one energy storage element. A capacitor is
usually added to the output terminal to prevent output voltage ripple, and
sometimes it is combined with an inductor.

During the on phase the current in the coil increases, while during the off phase
the only path for the coil is through the diode and the parallel capacitor and load
combination. This ON/OFF switch is controlled by a PID controller.

Ziegler Nichols Method of tuning the PID Controller:

The Ziegler-Nichols tuning method is a heuristic method of tuning a PID controller
that involves setting the I and D gains to zero and increasing the P and D gains
until the output oscillates. This method is however limited to tuning processes that
cannot run in an open-loop environment.
Research Paper 3:- Neural Network Controller
for Boost Converter
This paper presents a circuit diagram of a boost converter neural network
controller. The regulator is designed to stabilize the output voltage of the
amplifier converter and improve its performance during short-term operation. To
investigate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, certain operations such
as start-up and reference voltage changes, are tested.

ANN and Backpropagation:

ANNs are an alternative way to solve complex problems because these ANNs do
not require any detailed information about the system. They learn the
relationship between the input and output variables by studying the previously
recorded data. These trained ANNs can be used to approximate an arbitrary
input-output mapping of the system. There are many artificial neural network
architectures. One such which is predominant is the feedforward neural network
(FNN).

Scaled data enter the network at neurons of the input layer and are propagated to
the output through intermediate layers. Each connection has associated with it a
weight which acts to modify the signal strength. There are different methods for
optimizing criterion functions to train the neural network. The training of neural
networks usually requires iterative techniques. The back-propagation method is
the trendiest technique trained by using the gradient descent method among the
available training algorithms because of its simplicity, stability, robustness, and
ease of implementation.

Backpropagation Algorithm
1. Inputs X, arrive through the preconnected path
2. Input is modeled using real weights W. The weights are usually
randomly selected.
3. Calculate the output for every neuron from the input layer, to the
hidden layers, to the output layer.
4. Calculate the error in the outputs Error = Actual Output – Desired
Output
5. Travel back from the output layer to the hidden layer to adjust the weights
such that the error is decreased. Keep repeating the process until the
desired output is achieved

Process of paper- stepwise

1. Derivation of mathematical equations- control vector & matrix,
normalization of model
2. ANN architecture
3. Data collection for ANN
ANN control based boost Converter:
Let us assume the converter is operated in continuous conduction mode (CCM).
During mode 1 (when switch is ON), VL = VS.
During mode 2 (when switch is OFF), VL = VS - VO/

The expression for duty cycle is D = 1 - (V/VO) for CCM.

The transfer function can be written as VjVS = || (1-D).

The expression for CCM inductance and capacitance are:

L = (D* (1-D)2 * R) / (2*f)
C = D/Rfr

Feedforward Neural Network with backpropagation training has been selected.

Gradient Descent is performed on the error function. Regulation is achieved by
varying the duty cycle of the PWM input at fixed frequency. When the duty cycle is
varied from 0 to 1, the output voltage of the converter is varied.
Data Collection Details
The data required for training the ANN will be obtained by solving the boost
differential equation using MATLAB’s ode23 solver. This solver uses the
Runge-Kutta method to iteratively solve the equation. We obtain the training data
by solving for different line and load changes so that any changes in the load or
source do not affect the regulation. For training purposes, we normalize the data
collected, and the controlled output from ANN is de-normalized and given to the
PWM modulator to change the pulses to switch

Comparison :-
In general, the PID controller creates a longer rise time when the overshoot in the
output voltage decreases. On the other hand, Backpropagation has no
parameters to tune apart from the numbers of input. It is a flexible method as it
does not require prior knowledge about the network.

References:
1. A. Z. A. Firdaus, M. Normahira, K. N. Syahirah and J. Sakinah, "Design and simulation of
Fuzzy Logic Controller for boost converter in renewable energy application", Computing
and Engineering, Penang, Malaysia, 2013, pp. 520-524, doi:
10.1109/ICCSCE.2013.6720020.
2. L. Mitra and N. Swain, "Closed loop control of solar powered boost converter with PID
controller", Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Mumbai, India, 2014,
pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PEDES.2014.7041973.
3. B. S. Dhivya, V. Krishnan and R. Ramaprabha, "Neural network controller for boost
converter", Circuits, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), Nagercoil, India, 2013,
pp. 246-251, doi: 10.1109/ICCPCT.2013.6529052.
Controller Design
Now, after designing the DC-DC Boost Converter, proper voltage
regulation is achieved by employing various control algorithms for
stability as well as fast transient response. We have designed PID
Controller.

PID Controller
PID is one of the simplest Now and most widely used controller. PID
stands for proportional(P), integral (1) and derivative (D) controller
The transfer function for a PID controller can be can be expressed as:

Cl)=Kp++Kps
where,
K= Proportional Gain
K=Derivative Gain
K Integral Gain

PWM
Vin GeneratorS,

Repeating9 Relational
Sequence Operator
M ReferenceJ

Figure 5: Proposed Boost Converter with closed-loop PID Controller for voltage
regulation and overshoot reduction.
Ziegler Nichols Method of Tuning the PID Controller: It is a heuristic
method used for tuning a PID controller. It is performed by setting the
values of K, and K, to zero. The Kp is then increased from zero until it
reaches the ultimate gain(K), at which the output of the control loop
oscillates with a constant amplitude and the oscillation period are
used to set the K, K,and K, values.

We have found the following values of Kp, K, and K,of PID controller by
using the following table which were further improved by tuning the
PID in the MATLAB PID tuner:

Controller Type K K K,
PID 0.6K KP/TKP To
Table 1: Ziegler Nichols Method

K=0.08
K= 100
Kp= 3.56*105

MATLAB SIMULATIONS

1. SIMULATION MODEL
 due

2. SIMULATION RESPONSE:
 cONCLUSION
The following parameters were recorded for the PID
controller
PID

SettlingTime 30ms
Rise Time 17ms
Undershoot(in 2%) 3.3%

Overshoot(in %) 0.8%
Percent Steady State Error 0.04
Response Time Os

In this report we did Average modelling of Boost Convertor. We checked

stability, controllabilty & observabilty of Boost convertor for chosen
parameters. We found system to be stable, observable and controllable.

Thereafter we designed PID controller for the circuit and tuned the
parameters using Ziegler-Nicholas Method. We simulated model in
MATLAB Simulink with the Kp, Ki, Kd values and analysed the reslts.