1.

____________________ lasers are presently the major laser source for optical fiber
communications.
a) Semiconductor
b) Non-Semiconductor
c) Injection
d) Solid-state
2. ___________ has more sophisticated structure than p-i-n photodiode.
a) Avalanche photodiode
b) p-n junction diode
c) Zener diode
d) Varactor diode
Answer: a
Explanation: Avalanche photodiode is second major type of detector in optical
communications. This diode is more sophisticated so as to create a much higher electric
field region.
3. Electron-hole pairs are generated in ___________
a) n-type region
b) Diffusion region
c) Depletion region
d) P-type region
Answer: c
Explanation: Photons are absorbed in both depletion and diffusion regions. The position
and width of absorption region depends on incident photons energy. The absorption region
may extend throughout device in weakly absorption of photons. Thus carriers are
generated in both regions.
4. Determine drift time for carrier across depletion region for photodiode having intrinsic
region width of 30μm and electron drift velocity of 105 ms-1.
a) 1×10-10 Seconds
b) 2×10-10 Seconds
c) 3×10-10 Seconds
d) 4×10-10 Seconds
Answer: c
Explanation: The drift time is given by
tdrift = w/vd = 30×10-6/1×10-10 = 3×10-10 seconds.
5. Compute junction capacitance for a p-i-n photodiode if it has area of 0.69×10-6m2,
permittivity of 10.5×10-13Fcm-1 and width of 30μm.
a) 3.043×10-5
b) 2.415×10-7
c) 4.641×10-4
d) 3.708×10-5
Answer: b
Explanation: The junction capacitance is given by,
Cj = εsA/w = 10.5×10-13×0.69×10-6/30×10-13
= 2.415×10-7F.
6. The width of depletion region is dependent on ___________ of semiconductor.
a) Doping concentrations for applied reverse bias
b) Doping concentrations for applied forward bias
c) Properties of material
d) Amount of current provided
Answer: a
Explanation: The depletion region is formed by immobile positively and immobile negatively
charged donor and acceptor atoms in n- and p-type respectively. When carriers are swept
towards majority side under electric field, lower the doping, wider the depletion region.
 7. The fraction of incident photons generated by photodiode of electrons generated collected
at detector is known as __________________
Quantum efficiency
Absorption coefficient
Responsivity
Anger recombination
8. ______________ is caused due to thermal interaction between the free electrons and the vibrating ions
in the conduction medium.
Thermal noise
Dark noise
Quantum noise
Gaussian noise
9. The process of excitation of an electron from valence band to conduction band leaves an
empty hole in the valence band and is called as ____________
a) Detection
b) Absorption
c) Degeneration of an electron-hole pair
d) Regeneration of an electron-hole pair
Answer: d
Explanation: A photon is incident in the depletion region of a device has an energy greater
than or equal to the band gap energy of the fabricating material. This will cause excitation
of an electron from valence to the conduction band. This creates an empty hole in valence
band which is referred to as photo-generation of an electron-hole pair.
10. Which are the two main sources of noise in photodiodes without internal gain?
a) Gaussian noise and dark current noise
b) Internal noise and external noise
c) Dark current noise & Quantum noise
d) Gaussian noise and Quantum noise
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The two main sources of noise in photodiodes without internal gain are dark current
noise and quantum noise. They are regarded as shot noise on the photocurrent. These noise are
together called as analog quantum noise.
11. The minimum pulse energy needed to maintain a given bit-error-rate (BER) which any
practical receiver must satisfy is known as ___________
a) Minimal energy
b) Quantum limit
c) Point of reversed
d) Binary signaling
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A perfect photo detector emits no electron-hole pairs in the absence of illumination.
The error probability determines a standardized fundamental limit in digital optical communications.
This limit is termed as quantum limit
12. _______ is fully depleted by employing electric fields.
a) Avalanche photodiode
b) P-I-N diode
c) Varactor diode
d) P-n diode
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: APD is fully depleted by electric fields more than 104V/m. This causes all the drifting of
carriers at saturated limited velocities.
 12. The trans-
impedance front end configuration operates as a with
negative feedback.
a) Current mode amplifier
b) Voltage amplifier
c) Attenuator
d) Resonator
13. Which is the lowest noise amplifier device?
a) Silicon FET
b) Amplifier-A
c) Attenuator
d) Resonator-B
14. How many parameters are usually worked upon by the measurement techniques
in attenuation?
a) Three
b) Two
c) One
d) Five
15. The device used to remove any scattered optical power from the core is
a) Mode setup terminator
b) Nodal spectrum
c) Mode stripper
d) Attenuator
13. What is the unit of measurement of the optical attenuation per unit length?
a) dB-km
b) dB/km
c) km/dB
d) V

14. What are used to allow measurements at a selection of different wavelengths?

a) Diaphragms
b) Spot attenuators
c) Belts
d) Interference filters

15. Which technology is used by the backscatter measurement method?

a) Refraction
b) Francis flat recovery
c) Optical time domain reflectometry
d) Optical frequency

16. Which measurements checks the impurity level in the manufacturing process?
a) Material reflectometry
b) Material absorption loss
c) Material attenuation loss
d) Calorimetric loss

17. Which removes the light propagating in the cladding?

a) Cladding mode strippers
b) Core strippers
c) Mode enhancers
d) Attenuators
 18. Which measurements give an indication of the distortion to the optical signals
as they propagate down optical fibers?
a) Attenuation
b) Dispersion
c) Encapsulation
d) Frequency

19. The measurement of dispersion allows the of the fiber to be determined.

a) Capacity
b) Frequency
c) Bandwidth
d) Power

20. How many types of mechanisms are present which produce dispersion in
optical fibers?
a) Three
b) Two
c) One
d) Four
21. Intermodal dispersion is nonexistent in fibers.
a) Multimode
b) Single mode
c) Step index- multimode
d) Al-GU

22. In the single mode fibers, the dominant dispersion mechanism is

a) Intermodal dispersion
b) Frequency distribution
c) Material dispersion
d) Intra-modal dispersion

23. How many domains support the measurements of fiber dispersion?

a) One
b) Three
c) Four
d) Two

24. The
detailed knowledge of the refractive index profile predicts the of
the fiber.
a) Nodal response
b) Variation in frequency
c) Impulse response
d) Amplitude

25. Which of the fiber is strongly dependent on the refractive index profile?
a) Amplitude
b) Tuning frequency
c) Diameter
d) Information carrying capacity

26. What is required in case of graded index fibers?

a) High amplitude
b) High frequency
c) High impulse response
d) Optimum profile

27. Which of the following have been widely used to determine the refractive
index profiles of optical fibers?
a) Interference microscopes
b) Gyro meters
c) Mode-diameter device
d) Tunable microscopes
28. Which of the following is the main drawback of the slab technique?
a) Efficiency
b) Amplitude
c) Time required
d) Accuracy

29. What is the name of the test used to determine the efficient values of the
effective cutoff wavelength?
a) Round robin test
b) Mandarin test
c) Hough Werner test
d) Fulton test

30. The numerical aperture for a step index fiber is sine angle of the
a) Efficient angle
b) Aperture
c) Acceptance angle
d) Attenuation

31. Far field pattern measurements with regard to multimode fibers are dependent on the
of the fiber.
a) Amplitude
b) Frequency
c) Diameter
d) Length
32. Which affects both the fiber attenuation and dispersion?
a) Refractive index
b) Micro-bending
c) Connectors
d) Splices

33. Which of the following is not included in the optical fiber link measurement test?
a) Attenuation measurement
b) Dispersion measurement
c) Splice loss measurement
d) Receiver sensitivity

34. The handheld optical power meter has a measurement accuracy of

a) 0.01 dB
b) 0.25 dB
c) 0.8 dB
d) 1 dB

35. Which may be used for measurement of the absolute optical attenuation
on a fiber link?
a) Silicon photodiodes
b) InGaAsP photodiodes
c) Optical power meters
d) Gyrators

36. Which of the following is a non-contacting optical method of on-line

diameter measurement?
a) Brussels’s method
b) Velocity differentiator method
c) Photo detector method
d) Image projection method

1.Each stage of information transfer is required to follow the fundamentals of

a) Optical interconnection
b) Optical hibernation
c) Optical networking
d) Optical regeneration

2. What are the array of switches which forms circuit switching fabrics?
a) Packet arrays
b) Optical cross connects
c) Circuit arrays
d) Optical networks
3. Which of the following is an example of a static circuit-switched network?
a) OXC
b) Circuit regenerator
c) Packet resolver
d) SDH/SONET
4. Which of the following provides efficient designation, routing, forwarding, switching of
traffic through an optical packet-switched network?
a) Label correlation
b) Multiprotocol label switching
c) Optical correlation
d) Routing

5. Electrical devices in optical network are basically used for

a) Signal degradation
b) Node transfer
c) Signal control
d) Amplification
6. The mapping of IP frames in SDH/SONET is accomplished in stages.
a) Four
b) Two
c) Three
d) One

7. Which supports a great number of wavelength channels and reduces the number
of switches within the optical network?
a) Waveband switching
b) Optical remuneration
c) Optical genesis
d) Wavelength multiplexing
8. What is the range of transmission of extended long haul
network? a) 200-400 km
b) 600-1000 km
c) 1000-2000 km
d) 2000-4000 km

9. Which feature plays an important role in making the longer haul networks feasible?
a) Channeling
b) Forward error control
c) Backward error control
d) Interconnection

10. Which of the following is not an element of a submerged cable system?

a) Repeater
b) Branching unit
c) Gain equalizer
d) Attenuator
11. Optical MAN’S are usually structured in topologies.
a) Ring
b) Bus
c) Mesh
d) Star

12. What is the exception in the similarities between the optical Ethernet and the
Ethernet LAN?
a) Physical layer
b) Data-link layer
c) Refractive index
d) Attenuation mechanism

13. Which technology is used by optical Ethernet?

a) GP-technology
b) HJ-technology
c) IP-technology
d) GB-technology

14. Optical Ethernet can operate at the transmission rates as low as

a) 10 M bits per second
b) 40 M bits per second
c) 100 M bits per second
d) 1000 M bits per second

15. How many types of optical Ethernet connections are developed?

a) Two
b) One
c) Four
d) Three

16. Which type of connection can be used as an Ethernet switch?

a) Point-to-point
b) Multipoint-to-multipoint
c) Multipoint-to-point
d) Point-to-multipoint
17. The provides point-to-point access to a bidirectional single-
mode optical fiber.
a) Optical regenerator
b) Optical session
c) Optical distribution node
d) Optical buffer

18. The protocol is not used when the Ethernet connections are configured
for a full duplex operation.
a) TCP/IP
b) MAC
c) CSMA/CD
d) DTH
19. Which is defined as a process by which the wavelength of the transmitted signal
is changed without altering the data carried by the signal?
a) Wavelength conversion
b) Attenuation
c) Sigma management
d) Wavelength dispersion
20. A major attribute of coherent optical transmission was its ability to provide
for future multicarrier systems and networks.
a) Attenuation
b) Dispersion
c) Frequency selectivity
d) Noisy carriers

21. A multicarrier modulation format in which there has been growing interest to
compensate for impairments in optical fiber transmission systems is
a) OFDM
b) EDM
c) WDM
d) ADM

22. A technique that can be a solution to the problem of synchronizing data sources.
a) framing
b) data link control
c) full link control
d) pulse stuffing

23. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is an analog multiplexing technique to

combine
a) magnetic signals
b) electromagnetic signals
c) digital signals
d) optical signals
24. DWDM stands for
a) Digital Wavelength-Division Modulation
b) Dense Wavelength-Division Modulation
c) Double Wavelength-Division Modulation
d) Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing