Internetworking

Concepts Overview

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-1

 OSI Model Overview

Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
 OSI Model Overview

Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session

Transport

Network
Data Flow
Layers
Data-Link

Physical
Role of Application Layers
Examples

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
Role of Application Layers
Examples

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
•How data is
ASCII
presented
Presentation EBCDIC
•Special processing
such as encryption JPEG
Role of Application Layers
Examples

User Interface
Telnet
Application
FTP
•How data is
ASCII
presented
Presentation EBCDIC
•Special processing
such as encryption JPEG
Keeping different Operating System/
Sessio applications’
Application Access
n data separate
Scheduling
Role of Application Layers
Examples

•User interface Telnet

Application
FTP
•How data is
ASCII
presented
Presentation EBCDIC
•Special processing
such as encryption JPEG
•Keeping different Operating System/
Sessio applications’ data
Application Access
n separate
Scheduling
Transport

Network

Data-Link

Physical
 Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

• Move bits between devices

Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed, EIA/TIA-232
and V.35
pin-out cables
 Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

• Combines bits into bytes and

bytes into frames 802.3 /
Data Link • Access to media using MAC 802.2
address HDLC
•• Error
Move detection not devices
bits between correction
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed, EIA/TIA-232
and V.35
pin-out cables
 Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

Provide logical addressing that IP

Network
routers use for path IPX
determination
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 /
Data Link • Access to media using MAC 802.2
address HDLC
•• Error
Move detection not devices
bits between correction
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed, EIA/TIA-232
and V.35
pin-out cables
 Role of Data Flow Layers

Examples

• Reliable or unreliable TCP

Transport delivery UDP
• Error correction before SPX
retransmit
Provide logical addressing that IP
Network
routers use for path IPX
determination
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 /
Data Link • Access to media using MAC 802.2
address HDLC
•• Error
Move detection not devices
bits between correction
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed, EIA/TIA-232
and V.35
pin-out cables
 Role of Data Flow Layers
Application
Presentation
Examples
Session

• Reliable or unreliable TCP

Transport UDP
delivery
• Error correction before SPX
retransmit
• Provide logical addressing IP
Network
that routers use for path IPX
determination
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3/802.
Data-Link • Access to media using MAC 2
address HDLC
•• Error
Move detection, notdevices
bits between correction
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed, EIA/TIA-232
and V.35
pinout cables
 Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentatio
Upper-Layer n PDU
Session
Data
Transport Segment
TCP Header Upper-Layer Data

Network Packet
IP Header Data

LLC Header Data FCS

Data-Link Frame

MAC Header Data FCS

Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
 De-encapsulating Data

Application
Presentatio
n
Session Upper-Layer
Data
Transport
Upper-Layer
a d er Data
P He
Network TC
TCP+ Upper-Layer Data
a d er
P He
I IP + TCP + Upper-Layer
r Data
Data-Link e ad e
C H
L L LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper-Layer
er Data
He ad
C
Physical MA
0101110101001000010
 Written Exercise 1: OSI
Model
Functional
OSI Model PDU Examples
Responsibilities
Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data-Link

Physical
Physical Layer Functions

Defines

EIA/TIA-232
• Media type

Ethernet

802.3
Physical

V.35
• Connector type

• Signaling type
 Physical Layer:
Ethernet/802.3

10Base2—Thin Ethernet
10Base5—Thick Ethernet

Host
Hub
10BaseT—Twisted Pair

Hosts
 Hubs Operate at Physical
Layer

Physical

A B C D

• All devices are in the same collision domain.

• All devices are in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth.
Hubs: One Collision Domain

• More end stations

means more collisions.
• CSMA/CD is used.
 Data-Link Layer Functions
Defines:
•Physical source and
destination addresses

Frame Relay
Data-Link
802.2
•Higher-layer protocol

HDLC
(service access point)

Ethernet
associated with frame
•Network topology
Physical
802.3
EIA/TIA-232
•Frame sequencing V.35
•Flow control
•Connection-oriented
or connectionless
 Data-Link Layer Functions
(cont.)

MAC Layer—802.3
Number of Bytes 8 6 6 2 Variable 4
Preamble Destination AddressSource Address Length Data FCS

Ethernet II
uses “Type”
0000.0C here and
xx.xxxx does not use
IEEE
Assigned
Vendor 802.2.
Assigned

MAC Address
 Data-Link Layer Functions
(cont.)
802.2 (SNAP)
Number of Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 3 2 Variable
Destination OU
SAP Source SAPContro
l I Type Data
AA AA 03 ID
O
R 802.2 (SAP)
Number of Bytes 1 1 1 or 2 Variable
Destination Source
Control Data
SAP SAP

Destination Source
Preamble Address Address Length Data FCS

MAC Layer—802.3
 Switches and Bridges
Operate at Data-Link
Layer
Data-Link

1 2 3 4 OR 1 2

Each segment has its own collision domain.

All segments are in the same broadcast domain
 Switches

Switch
Memory
• Each segment is its
own collision
domain.
• Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments.
 Network Layer Functions

• Defines logical

Network
source and IP, IPX
destination
addresses

Frame Relay
Data-Link
associated with a 802.2

HDLC
specific protocol

Ethernet
• Defines paths
through network
Physical

802.3
EIA/TIA-232
• Interconnects V.35
multiple data links
 Network Layer Functions
(cont.)

Network Layer End-Station Packet

Source Destination
IPHeader Data
Address Address

Logical
Address
172.15.1.1
Networ
Node
k
 Network Layer Functions
(cont.)
Address Mask
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204
Binary
Address 10101100000100000111101011001100
255 255 0 0
Binary
Mask 11111111111111110000000000000000

Network Host
 Network Layer Functions
(cont.)
1.1 1.0 4.0 4.1

2.1 2.2
1.3 4.3
1.2 4.2
E0 S0 S0 E0

Routing Table Routing Table

NET INT Metric NET INT Metric
1 E0 0 1 S0 1
2 S0 0 2 S0 0
4 S0 1 4 E0 0

• Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network.

• Configuration is required.
• Configured information identifies paths to networks.
 Routers: Operate at the
Network Layer
• Broadcast control
• Multicast control
• Optimal path
determination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services
Using Routers to Provide
Remote Access
Modem or ISDN Terminal Adapter
Telecommuter

Mobile User

Branch Office

Main Office

Internet
 Transport Layer Functions
• Distinguishes between
upper-layer
applications

Transport
• Establishes end-to-end
connectivity between TCP UDP SPX

applications

Network
• Defines flow control
IP IPX
• Provides reliable or
unreliable services for
data transfer
Reliable Transport Layer
Functions

Sender Receiver
Synchronize

Acknowledge, Synchronize

Acknowledge

Connection
Connection Established
Established

Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
 Network Device Domains
Hub Bridge Switch Router

Collision Domains:
1 4 4
4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1
4
Choosing a Cisco Product

Core Layer

Distribution
Layer

Access
Layer
 Product Selection
Considerations

• Functionality and features you need today

• Capacity and performance
• Easy installation and centralized management
• Network resiliency
• Investment protection in existing
infrastructure
• Migration path for change and growth
• Seamless access for mobile users and
branch offices
 Product Selection
Considerations (cont.)

• First, select WAN

technology solutions
based on the following:

Cost per
Modem/ISDN

Month
– Availability of service.
Leased Line, T1
– Bandwidth requirement.
Frame Relay
– Cost.
• Second, choose products
0 Usage
that support selected WAN
solutions.
 Product Selection
Considerations (cont.)
kbps
1544 Leased Line,
Frame Relay, Video, Multimedia
xDSL
128

64 ISDN, Voice
Frame Relay
56 Web Browsing
New Modem
19.2
E-Mail, File Transfer
9.6
Old Modem Telnet
4.8

• Determine applications that you want to run.

 Cisco Hub Products
Selection Issues: Cisco
FastHub400
• Need for 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps on media
Cisco
• Port density FastHub300
Cisco
• Need for management console
FastHub200
• Easy operations Cisco
FastHub®1
Cisco 1528 00
Micro Hub
10/100
Cisco 1500
Micro Hub
 Cisco Switch Products
Selection Issues:
• Need for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 1000 Catalyst
Mbps on media 8500 Series
• Need for trunking and Inter-Switch Catalyst
Links 5000
• Workgroup segmentation Catalyst Series
(VLANs)
2900 Series
Wiring
• Port density needs
Catalyst Closet/Backbone
• Different user interfaces 3000 Series Solutions
Catalyst 2900
Series XL
Catalyst®
1900/2820 Desktop/Workgroup
Series Solutions
Cisco 1548 Micro
Switch 10/100
 Cisco Router Products
Cisco
Selection Issues: 12000 GSR
Series
• Scale of the routing features Cisco
needed 7000
Cisco Series
AS 4000
• Port density/variety requirements
5000 Series
Serie
• Capacity and performanceCisco
s
3600
• Common user interface Series
Cisco
2600 Central Site Solutions
Cisco Series
2500
Cisco Series
1600/1700 Branch Office
Cisco Series Solutions
700/800
Series Small Office
Solutions
Home Office Solutions
 Review Questions

1. What are some of the advantages of using

the OSI model in a networking environment?
2. Describe the encapsulation process.
3. How many broadcast and collision domains
are on a hub?