詞彙學

Morphology (詞法學) : the scientific study of the structure of words and the rules for word formation.
A word includes four information:

1. Pronunciation (phonology)
2. Meaning (semantics)
3. Orthography (spelling)
4. Grammatical category (syntax 句法)
Content words : conveying conceptual meanings; open class (容易造新詞)

Function words: conveying grammatical meanings; close class
※The brain treats content words and function words differently
(1) Morphemes (語素): the minimal meaningful units

Book: one morpheme
Books: two morphemes
(2) Discreteness: sounds → morphemes → words → sentences
(3) Creativity: combining morphemes to make new words. E.g., write → writable → rewritable
(4)
Free morphemes: can stand alone. E.g., love.
Bound morphemes: cannot stand alone. E.g., ism, ize, ish.
(5) Affixes
Prefixes
Suffixes
Infixes
Circumfixes
(6) Language variation

1. A prefix in one language may be a suffix in another.
2. 一種語言的詞綴在另一語言可能無法用詞綴來表達
3. A separate word in one language may be an affix in another.
Root: un-LOVE-able
Stem: un-LOVEABLE
Hierarchical structure of words
(1) Morphemes are added in a fixed order
(2) 分層結構可以消除歧異
(3) Structure in not trivial. It is deeply connected to the meaning.
Derivational morphemes (派生語素): morphemes that change the meaning and the part of speech.
un + do = undo (change the meaning)
boy + ish = boyish (change the part of speech)
Derivational morphemes like the affix version of content words
When a new word is created through derivation, other possible derivations may be blocked.
Communist (O); Communian (X)
Some derivations trigger pronunciation changes.
Inflectional morphemes (屈折語素): morphemes that have only grammatical function

NEVER change the part of speech of the root or stem: waited, waits, waiting.
Inflectional morphemes are ALWAYS suffixes in English & ALWAYS follow a derivational morpheme.
E.g., commit-ment-s, NOT commit-s-ment
Inflectional morphemes are productive, meaning they apply freely to almost any appropriate base.
Most nouns can take the suffix -s to make a plural noun.
Only some nouns can take the suffix -ize to make a verb.
Some language use case morphology (格位), where the grammatical relations of nouns are marked
with inflectional morphemes.
Morphological analysis (型態分析法)
nokali ‘my house’ mokali ‘your house’ nopelo ‘my dog’ mopelomes ‘your dogs’
nokalimes ‘my houses’ ikali ‘his house’ mopelo ‘your dog’
Minimal pair: 比較時，只相差一個語素
Compounds and other morphological processes
Method Definition Example

Compounds A process that joins two or more words together to make a new Landlord;
word. greenhouse
The rightmost word in a compound is the head, which determine its
meaning and part of speech.
The stress on English compounds falls on the 1st word.
Compounding is a universal process for creating words.
Suppletion A process provides grammatical information by changing the entire Go, went;
異幹互補 or partial morpheme. Think, thought
Reduplication A process that copies all or a portion of the base to create a new Vietnamese:
word. mau, maumau
Tagalog:
tawag, tatawag
Cliticization Clitics are morphemes that behave like words in term of meaning They are,
and function. they’re
Clitics differ, though, in that they cannot stand as a word.
Cliticization attaches these elements to either the beginning or the
ending of a word.
Why is it not a suffix? It has a complete meaning.
Conversion A process that assigns an existing word to a different lexical Dance (n.) (v.)
category.
Clipping A process that shortens a word by removing one or more syllables. Mathematics,
math
Blending A process that creates a new word by combining portions of two Smoke + fog =
existing word. smog
Backformation A process that creates a word by removing a supposed affix from an Editor → edit;
existing word; new words are creates through misanalysis of television →
morpheme boundaries. televise
Acronym A process that creates a new word by using the initial letters of the Radar, ISIS
words in a phrase or title
Initialisms Each letter making the word is pronounced FBI, IBM, NBA
Onomatopoeia Words that have been created to sound like the thing they name meow
Borrowing New words can be borrowed from other languages. Kong-fu

詞彙學

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Morphology (詞法學) : the scientific study of the structure of words and the rules for word formation.

A word includes four information:

Content words : conveying conceptual meanings; open class (容易造新詞)

※The brain treats content words and function words differently

(1) Morphemes (語素): the minimal meaningful units

(2) Discreteness: sounds → morphemes → words → sentences

(6) Language variation

(1) Morphemes are added in a fixed order

(3) Structure in not trivial. It is deeply connected to the meaning.

Inflectional morphemes (屈折語素): morphemes that have only grammatical function

Morphological analysis (型態分析法)

Method Definition Example

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