Qn 1)

An equation of state was described in the following form:

𝐵𝐵 𝐶𝐶
𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉� = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + + +⋯
𝑉𝑉� 𝑉𝑉� 2
Given:

𝑝𝑝 Pressure (Pa)
𝑉𝑉� 3
Specific volume �𝑚𝑚 �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 �
𝑇𝑇 Temperature (K)
𝑅𝑅 3
Ideal Gas Constant = 8.314 �𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃. 𝑚𝑚 �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝐾𝐾 �

Which of the following statement about constants B and C is correct:

(a) Both B and C are dimensionless constants

3 6
(b) B has units of 𝑚𝑚 �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and C has units of 𝑚𝑚 �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2
3 6
(c) B has units of 𝑚𝑚 �𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝐾𝐾 and C has units of 𝑚𝑚 �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2 . 𝐾𝐾
6 9
(d) B has units of 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃. 𝑚𝑚 � and C has units of 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃. 𝑚𝑚 �
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 3

1
Qn 2)

Students carried out two experiments as part of their studio-1 activities to apply mass conservation.
In each experiment, water from Tank-1 is draining through a metal pipe into Tank-2. For both
experiments, the students used various ways (integral and differential mass balance) to confirm that
the total mass flow out of Tank-1 is equal to the total mass flow into Tank-2. Figures Q2-1 and Q2-2
show the height vs. time plots for the two tanks used in the two experiments. Which of the following
statement is correct?

(i) The two tanks used in experiment 1 have the same diameter
(ii) The two tanks used in experiment 2 have the same diameter
(iii) Tank-1 used in experiment-1 has a larger diameter than Tank-2
(iv) Tank-1 used in experiment-2 has a larger diameter than Tank-2

14 14
Tank-1 (h1)
12 12 Tank-1 (h1)
Tank-2 (h2) Tank-2 (h2)
Water Level, h (cm)

Water Level, h (cm)

10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 20 40 60 0 30 60 90
Time (s) Time (s)
Figure Q2-1: Height-Time plot for Experiment-1 Figure Q2-2: Height-Time plot for Experiment-2

Brief solution: Tank with larger diameter will experience a smaller decrease in water height for the
same volume drained.

2
Qn 3)

Intravenous (IV) therapy is a medical technique that delivers fluids, medications, and nutrition directly
into a patient's vein. A simple ‘infusion’ method of administering the fluid consists of a bag (usually
hung above the height of a patient), sterile tubing connected to the bag, and a needle attached to the
sterile tube (Figure Q3). The solution in the bag is pulled via gravity through a tube attached to a
needle inserted into a vein (typically, in the patient’s arm). The setup will also have a roller clamp to
regulate the flow. Equation 4.8 (from Textbook Chapter 4) can be used to predict the flow through
this infusion system. Let us assume that the clamp setting is such that the resistance to flow is only
from the sterile tube and the needle. We also assume that the bag carrying IV fluid has uniform cross-
sectional area. Information available with us are: (i) location of the bag with respect to patient’s arm,
(ii) density and viscosity of the IV fluid, (iii) length and diameter for the sterile tube and needle, and
(iv) typical blood pressure in the veins in the patient’s arm (pressure at the exit of the needle).

Figure Q3: Intravenous (IV) infusion therapy set-up.

Which of the following statement is correct?

(i) If patient’s arm is unmoved, it is possible to predict the time required to administer the
IV fluid available the bag.
(ii) If the patient’s arm is unmoved, it is not possible to predict the flowrate of IV fluid.
(iii) If the patient’s arm is unmoved and the position of the IV fluid bag is fixed, then using a
needle with larger diameter will require more time to completely administer the IV fluid.
(iv) If the patient’s arm is unmoved, the higher the position of the bag carrying IV fluid, the
longer is the time required to completely administer the IV fluid.

3
Qn 4)

Consider the two-tank system of Chapter 4 (Fig. 4.1). Which of the following statements is/are true
for this system? Select all that apply.

(i) Steady state can be achieved in the larger Tank 1 with the addition of an inflow into it.
(ii) Steady state can be achieved in the smaller Tank 2 under all conditions.
(iii) Tank 2 may overflow under certain conditions.
(iv) Steady state can be achieved in Tank 2 with the addition of an outlet from this tank.

Qn 5)

Consider the two-cell system of Chapter 7. Which of the following speeds up the transfer of color from
the reservoir Cell 1 to the receiving Cell 2? Select all that apply.

(i) Increasing A/V

(ii) Decreasing membrane thickness
(iii) Decreasing A/V
(iv) Increasing membrane thickness

4
Qn 6)

Separation of methanol from water by distillation is schematically shown in Figure Q1. 𝐹𝐹 is

the total feed flow rate, 𝑧𝑧 is the mole fraction of methanol in the feed, 𝐷𝐷 is the distillate
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
flow rate, and 𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷 is the mole fraction of methanol in this distillate stream. 𝐹𝐹 = 1000 ℎ
and 𝑧𝑧 = 0.5. If 90% of methanol in the feed goes to the distillate stream (𝐷𝐷) and 𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷 = 0.85,
which one of the following options give the distillate flow rate?

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
o 475 ℎ𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
o 529.4 ℎ𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
o 566.7 ℎ𝑟𝑟
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
o 589.5 ℎ𝑟𝑟
o Cannot be determined since flow rates and compositions of some streams are
unknown

Answer key

𝐹𝐹 𝑧𝑧 𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷 % of methanol in % 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝐷𝐷 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 ∗
feed going to 𝐷𝐷 𝑥𝑥𝐷𝐷
1000 0.5 0.85 90 529.4

5
Qn 7)
The interconnected system shown in Figure Q7 is at steady state. Please take note of the fresh
water flowrate, membrane area and mass transfer coefficient values given in the figure. 𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜 is
the constant 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑂𝑂4 concentration on one side of the membrane unit. Change of flow rate
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
between the inlet and outlet of the membrane unit is neglected. Density of water is 1000 𝑚𝑚3
at the experimental temperature.

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
For 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 = 20 𝑚𝑚 and 𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜 = 2 𝑚𝑚3
, answer the following three questions

1. The resistance of the bent tube used to flow water from the tank to the two-cell
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
membrane unit is 𝑚𝑚4 𝑠𝑠
.

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2. The value of 𝐶𝐶2 leaving the two-cell membrane unit is 𝑚𝑚3
.

(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝑅𝑅 = = 3924
𝑄𝑄
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑄𝑄
𝐶𝐶2 = 𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜 = 0.667
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
+ 1
𝑄𝑄

6
Qn 9)

Recall a modified 2-cell set-up used in Studio-5, activity-1 (shown in Figure Q9-1). The two cells are
well-mixed; hence, we can assume uniform concentrations in the individual cells. The concentration
of KMnO4 in Cell-1 is assumed to be constant (𝐶𝐶1 ≠ 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)). Fresh water is continuously entering cell-2
at a flow rate 𝑄𝑄 and leaving with concentration 𝐶𝐶2 . Figure Q9-2 shows the set-up with minor
modifications. A hollow tubular membrane is now immersed inside Cell-1. A clear water stream enters
this tubular membrane at the flow rate 𝑄𝑄 (same as in Cell-2), picks up KMnO4 molecules, and leaves
from the other end with concentration 𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 . Let us assume that the circumferential area of this
tubular membrane is same as the membrane area between the two cells. If the mass transfer
coefficient is also same, which of the following statement is correct?
Clear Water Clear Water
( ) (𝐐, 𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏) Clear Water
(𝐐, 𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏) 𝐐, 𝑪𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐

Membrane (𝑘𝑘)
Area, (𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 ),
Volume ( ) Volume (𝑽𝟐𝟐)
Cell-1 Volume (𝑉𝑉2)
𝐐, 𝑪𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐

Cell-2 (𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐) Cell-1

Cell-2 ( ) 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 ≠ 𝒇(𝒐𝒐)

Membrane (𝑘𝑘)
Membrane ( ) Area, (𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 )
𝐐, 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐
Area, ( )

Figure Q9-1: Original Set-up Figure Q9-2: Modified Set-up

(i) The total KMnO4 removal rate in the modified set-up will be twice that of the original set-
up.
(ii) The total KMnO4 removal rate in the modified set-up will be less than twice that of the
original set-up.
(iii) The total KMnO4 removal rate in the modified set-up will be more than twice that of the
original set-up.
(iv) It is impossible to comment on the total KMnO4 removal rate in the modified set-up
compared to the original set-up.

Original set-up:

Concentration of KMnO4 in the stream leaving cell-2 (𝐶𝐶2 ) is,

𝒌𝒌𝑨𝑨𝑴𝑴
𝑸𝑸
𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � �
𝒌𝒌𝑨𝑨𝑴𝑴
𝑸𝑸 + 𝟏𝟏

Total KMnO4 removal rate in the original set-up = 𝑄𝑄(𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑄𝑄𝐶𝐶2  (as 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 0)

7
Modified set-up:

Concentration of KMnO4 in the stream leaving cell-2 (𝐶𝐶2 ) is,

𝒌𝒌𝑨𝑨𝑴𝑴
𝑸𝑸
𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 � �
𝒌𝒌𝑨𝑨𝑴𝑴
𝑸𝑸 + 𝟏𝟏

Concentration of KMnO4 in the stream leaving the hollow tubular membrane (𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ) is,

𝒌𝒌𝑨𝑨𝑴𝑴
𝑪𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 = 𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 �𝟏𝟏 − 𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 �− ��
𝑸𝑸

Total KMnO4 removal rate in modified set-up = 𝑄𝑄(𝐶𝐶2 − 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝑄𝑄(𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑄𝑄(𝐶𝐶2 + 𝐶𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 )

For same values of 𝑘𝑘, 𝐴𝐴𝑀𝑀 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑄𝑄,

𝑪𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 > 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐

Hence, the total KMnO4 removal rate in the modified set-up will be more than twice that of the
original set-up.

Qn 10)

The schematic above shows an ongoing steady state process in a chemical plant. The material streams
labelled ‘A’ to ‘H’ indicate the mass flow rate of each stream. Stream ‘A’ enters the train of unit
operations and streams ‘H’ and ‘E’ are collected and sold for profit. Which of the following equation(s)
relating two or more of these flow rates is/are correct? Select all that apply.

(a) A = E + F

(b) A = C + D

(c) C = F + E + G + H

(d) B = G + H

(e) A = E + G + H

8
9
Qn 11)

In the setup given below, 5 mL/s of clear water flows into a tank containing 2 outlets. The first outlet
consists of a pipe of length 10 cm and inner diameter of 1 mm, placed 10 cm above the bottom of the
tank. The 2nd outlet consists of a pipe of length 20 cm and inner diameter of 2 mm, placed at the
bottom of the tank. The liquid volume in the tank remains constant throughout the experiment at 7.5
L. Due to the dilution effect, the concentration of the dye solution, C(t), within the tank decreases with
time but may be assumed to remain uniform throughout the tank at any one instant of time. The initial
concentration of dye, C0, can be taken as 1 mol/L. Determine the time required for the concentration
of the dye in the tank to drop to 1% of its initial concentration. Give your answer in 3 significant
figures.

Time required = 1.9188 h

10
Qn 12)

A storage tank discharges its contents to a tanker via gravity through a pipe with inner diameter of
30 cm at the bottom of the tank (as shown in the figures below). The normal time taken to discharge
the tank from a liquid height of 1m to 0.1m is typically 3 hours. However, recently it was found that
due to the growth of biofilm on the inner walls of the discharge pipe, the time required to discharge
the tank from 1m to 0.1m is now 4 hours. Estimate the thickness of the biofilm that has grown on
the inner walls of the pipe. Assume that the film thickness is uniform. Give your answer in 3
significant figures in cm.

Ans: 1.04 cm

Without Biofilm in the discharge pipe

Storage Storage
H0 = 1.0m Tank 3 hours Tank

A=1m2 A=1m2
Hf = 0.1m
Discharge pipe, Discharge pipe,
L = 2m, ID = 30cm L = 2m, ID = 30cm

With Biofilm in the discharge pipe

Storage Storage
H0 = 1.0m Tank 4 hours Tank

A=1m2 A=1m2
Hf = 0.1m
Discharge pipe, Discharge pipe,
L = 2m, ID = 30cm L = 2m, ID = 30cm

Layer of
Biofilm of
Original thickness
pipe ID x cm
= 30cm

11
 3𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 4𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
=
𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅1 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅2 4
=
𝑅𝑅1 3
𝑑𝑑14 4
=
𝑑𝑑24 3

𝑑𝑑1 4 0.25
=� � = 1.075
𝑑𝑑2 3
30
𝑑𝑑2 = =27.918
1.075

(30−27.918)
Biofilm thickness = = 1.04 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
2

12
Qn 13)

Moonbucks café recently developed a new drink - the “Balloon Infusion coffee”. A highly
concentrated coffee (0.5g/mL) liquor in a spherical capsule (diameter 5cm), whose outer layer is
made of a semi-permeable membrane, is added to a self-stirring cup. The resistance of coffee
diffusion across the membrane is 4400 s/m. Determine how much water I should add to the cup if I
want to have a nice cup of coffee with a coffee concentration of 0.1g/mL in 30 seconds. Assume no
change in concentration of coffee in the capsule during the process.

Figure Q13
𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 3
NOTE: Surface area of a sphere = 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑2 ; Volume of a sphere =
6

Give your answers in mL, to 3 significant figures

ANS: 240mL
𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝑡𝑡
ln �1 − �=− =−
𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉 = − 𝑐𝑐
𝑅𝑅 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(1 − )
𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜
𝜋𝜋�52 �30
=− 4400 =240 ml
� � ln(1−0.2)
100

13
Qn 14)

A group of CN1101A students performed the following Moving Molecules II experiment with tubing
(ID = 600 µm) of different lengths. The concentration vs distance profile for the tubular flow
diffusion experiment is as shown in the figure given. They were then given another set of tubing (ID
= 1200 µm) of the same material and asked to run another set of experiment? The students make
the following statements before running the experiments. Which of the following student(s) is/are
correct?

Student A: “If we halve the flow velocity through the tubing, the 2 curves should coincide”

Student B: “If we double the flow velocity through the tubing, the 2 curves should coincide”

Student C: “If we halve the volumetric flowrate through the tubing, the 2 curves should coincide”

Student D: “If we double the volumetric flowrate through the tubing, the 2 curves should coincide”

Solution:
𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 4𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
= 1 − exp �− � = 1 − exp (− )
𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
𝑑𝑑
To keep unchanged double the volumetric flowrate (𝑄𝑄)
𝑄𝑄

To keep 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 constant, halve the flow velocity (𝑢𝑢)

14
Qn 15)

A tank is draining water through two outlets of difference resistance, as shown in Figure
Q14. Which equation below will give changing water height as a function of time?

Figure Q15

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 1 1
ℎ −� �� + �𝑡𝑡
o = 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
ℎ𝑜𝑜
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 1 1
ℎ −� �� + �𝑡𝑡
o ℎ𝑜𝑜
= 1 − 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 1
ℎ −� �� �𝑡𝑡
o ℎ𝑜𝑜
= 𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2

ℎ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 1 1
o ℎ𝑜𝑜
= 1 − � 𝐴𝐴 � �𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅 � 𝑡𝑡
1 2

15
Qn 16)

Consider two experiments conducted in the two-cell system of Figure 7.1 in Chapter 7. The reservoir
concentration in Cell 1 can be assumed to be constant in both experiments.

In Experiment 1, the two cells are contacted for exactly T1 seconds. Then all the fluid from Cell 2 is
quickly drained, filled with the same volume of fresh clear fluid and kept in contact with the reservoir
for exactly T1 seconds before quickly draining the fluid again.

In Experiment 2, the two cells are contacted for exactly T2 = 2T1 seconds, after which the fluid is
drained completely from Cell 2. In contrast to Experiment 1, the fresh fluid in Cell 2 is contacted with
the reservoir only once, but the contact time is doubled.

Which of the following statement is true?

(i) More moles of solute are extracted in total from Experiment 1 than from Experiment 2.
(ii) Less moles of solute are extracted in total from Experiment 1 than from Experiment 2.
(iii) The total number of moles of solute extracted in both experiments is the same.

Qn 17) Further information available to you is as follows: Area A = 20 cm2, Volume V = 125 cm3,
Mass transfer resistance R = 5x104 s/m, and T1 = 100s. Given this information, the ratio of the
number of moles extracted in Experiment 2 to that in Experiment 1 is:

(i) 1.08
(ii) 1.03
(iii) 0.98
(iv) 0.93

16
17
Qn 18)

3 mL/s of water is added to a 20 cm-diameter tank containing 2 outlets. The first outlet consists of a
pipe of length 10 cm and inner diameter 1 mm, placed at 10 cm above the bottom of the tank. The 2nd
outlet consists of a pipe of length 20 cm and inner diameter 2 mm, placed at the bottom of the tank.
Determine the steady state water height of the tank and the steady state flow rate through each outlet.
The density and viscosity of water are 1 g/mL and 0.001 Pa.s respectively.

Ans: steady state height = _0.14955 m

Steady state flow rate through pipe 1 = _0.119 _mL/s

Steady state flow rate through pipe 2 = _2.88_ mL/s

()

18
19
Qn 19)

Let us revisit our Studio-4 (rates-in-series) activities. We used a MATLAB based simulator to study flow
through three tanks-in-series system. You are now allowed to do similar experiment in our ChE
laboratory to experience the concepts you learnt using the available simulator. Figure-Q19 shows the
set-up that you are expected to use: (i) water tap is supplying water to Tank-1 at a constant flow rate
(𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) (ii) water in Tank-1 draining into Tank-2 through a metal tube attached to it (let us call this
“position-1” with corresponding resistance “𝑅𝑅1 ” and flow rate “𝑄𝑄1 ”), (iii) water in Tank-2 draining into
another tank (NOT shown in Figure-Q19) through a metal tube attached to it. Let us call this “position-
2” with corresponding resistance “𝑅𝑅2 ” and flow rate “𝑄𝑄2 ”.

Water Tap

𝑸𝑸𝒊𝒏
ℎ1𝑅𝑅 = 30 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚

Position-1
𝑹𝑹𝟏𝟏 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏
ℎ1′ = 15 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚

ℎ2𝑅𝑅 = 10 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝐷1 = 3.5𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷2 = 4.5𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚
Position-2
𝑹𝑹𝟐𝟐
Tank-1 Tank-2 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐
Figure Q19: Figure for Q19.

For this laboratory experiment, you are supplied with the tanks (dimensions shown in Figure-Q19),
the three metal tubes (details provided in Table-Q19), and other required accessories.

Table-Q19: Information for Question Q19.

Diameter Length
Straight Tube-1 1.5 mm 10 cm
Straight Tube-2 1.8 mm 15 cm
Straight Tube-3 2.0 mm 15 cm

Your task is to use an appropriate combination of the available metal tubes such that this tanks-in-
series system reaches steady state for selected value of inlet flow rate, 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 2.5 𝑐𝑐𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 . Which of
𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
the following is the correct choice? (Use 𝜌𝜌 = 1000 ; 𝜇𝜇 = 0.001 )
𝑚𝑚3 𝑚𝑚.𝑠𝑠

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(i) Tube-3 at position-2 and Tube-2 at position-1
(ii) Tube-1 at position-1 and Tube-3 at position-2
(iii) Tube-2 at position-1 and Tube-1 at position-2
(iv) Tube-1 at either position-1 or position-2, but tube-2 and tube-3 cannot be used
(v) None of the available metal tubes can be used to achieve steady state for a selected
pump speed

Diameter Length Resistance Water level needed for the

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 given steady state flow
𝑹𝑹 =
𝝅𝝅𝒅𝒅𝟒𝟒 (𝑸𝑸 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔)
𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸
𝒉𝒉 =
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆
Straight 1.5 mm 10 cm 804813144.3 0.205 m
Tube-1 (0.0015m) (0.1 m)
Straight 1.8 mm 15 cm 582185434.3 0.148 m
Tube-2 (0.0018m) (0.15m)
Straight 2.0 mm 15 cm 381971863.4 0.097 m
Tube-3 (0.002m) (0.15m)

Water level needed for the Maximum water height available in Tank-1
given steady state flow = 0.15 m
(𝑸𝑸 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟔𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 /𝒔𝒔) Maximum water height available in Tank-2
𝑸𝑸𝑸𝑸 = 0.1 m
𝒉𝒉 =
𝝆𝝆𝝆𝝆
Straight 0.205 m Water level needed for steady state flow
Tube-1 through straight tube-1 is larger than the
maximum water height available in tank-1
and tank -2. We cannot use straight tube-1
at either positions.
Straight 0.148 m Water level needed for steady state flow
Tube-2 through straight tube-2 is smaller than the
maximum water height available in tank-1
(but larger than that in tank -2). We can use
straight tube-2 at position-1
Straight 0.097 m Water level needed for steady state flow
Tube-3 through straight tube-3 is smaller than the
maximum water height available in tank-1
and tank -2. We can use straight tube-3 at
either positions.

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