Salt Industry in the Philippines: Review on Trends and

Technological Intervention
Randy Joy M. Ventayen1 , Rex B. Basuel2, Elbert M. Galas3, Dexter R. Buted4
1
University Director, Research and Development Unit, Pangasinan State University
2
Center Head, Machine Automation and Technology Innovation, Pangasinan State University
3
University President, Pangasinan State University
4
Vice-President, Administration and Linkages, Pangasinan State University

Abstract – The importance of salt in human life is indisputable, and challenges should be resolved early
to avoid shortage. Salt is one of the major commodities that gives taste to our food, and it's our way to be
satisfied with what we eat. The salt industry in the Philippines is an important sector of the economy,
providing employment opportunities for thousands of people and contributing to producing various
products. The current situation guides the creation of this research paper which aims to provide an
overview of the current condition of the salt industry in the Philippines, including its production and
challenges. A brief bibliographic analysis of limited research in the Philippines is also included in the
study. The methodology of this paper is more on qualitative and observational research. The paper also
discusses potential solutions that can be implemented to overcome these challenges and promote the
industry's development. The increasing competition from imported salt, environmental degradation,
climate change, and the lack of technology and innovation are significant challenges facing the industry.
Decreasing the use of salt, increasing local production, promoting sustainable salt production, developing
new markets, encouraging innovation, improving technology adoption, and establishing an R&D center
can be implemented to overcome these challenges.

Keywords – salt industry, salt productions, sodium chloride

INTRODUCTION
The salt industry in Southeast Asia has a long and rich history dating back centuries. The region's
tropical climate, abundant seawater sources, and inland saltwater lakes provide ideal conditions for salt
production (Hall, 2019). In ancient times, Southeast Asian communities relied on salt for food preservation
and medicinal and religious purposes. Salt was also used as a form of currency, traded throughout the region
(Albarracín et al., 2011; Charney, 1996; Cirillo et al., 1994; McLACHLAN, 1967). Today, the salt industry
in Southeast Asia is diverse and complex, with a range of production methods and market demands. The
standard salt production methods are evaporation, boiling, and vacuum evaporation (Albarracín et al., 2011;
Doyle & Glass, 2010).
Other Salt producers use solar evaporation to extract salt in coastal areas where seawater is readily
available, which involves collecting seawater in shallow ponds and allowing it to evaporate under the sun's
heat. The remaining salt is then collected and dried (Doyle & Glass, 2010; H. L. Tan et al., 2022). Inland
areas rely on brine wells and saltwater lakes for their salt production. These sources are often tapped using
wells, and the salt is extracted through boiling or vacuum evaporation. The salt produced in Southeast Asia
is used for various purposes, including food production, industrial processes, and water treatment (Doyle
& Glass, 2010; McLACHLAN, 1967).
However, the industry faces challenges from environmental degradation, competition from
imported salt, and changing consumer preferences. Many producers are exploring ways to improve
sustainability and increase the value of their products, such as by developing premium salt varieties or
expanding into niche markets. The Philippines is not a self-sufficient salt producer and relies on both
domestic production and imports to meet its demand for salt. According to the Department of Agriculture,
the country is experiencing a salt shortage, meaning it imported 93 percent of salt to meet its demand
(Business Mirror, n.d.; Manila Bulletin, n.d., n.d.; Manila Times, n.d.). The data provided by the Philippine
Association of Salt Industry Networks (PhilASIN) is alarming that the country will have to import 96

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percent of its salt requirements by 2030 despite having 36,000 kilometers of shoreline if the problem of
insufficiency was not resolved (Malaya News, n.d.).
The Philippines' salt production is concentrated in coastal areas such as Pangasinan, Ilocos,
Mindoro, and other parts of the country. Seawater is collected and processed using traditional methods such
as solar evaporation. However, the country's production needs to be improved to meet its needs. It still has
to rely on imported salt to meet the demand from various industries, such as food processing, livestock
feed, and chemical manufacturing. The salt industry in the Philippines comprises small-scale producers,
with an average production of less than ten metric tons per day (R. D. Tan et al., 2022). Production involves
collecting seawater from the ocean, filtering it, and transferring it to evaporation ponds. The water is then
left to evaporate, leaving behind salt crystals, which are collected and processed. Traditional methods such
as solar evaporation are still widely used in the Philippines, although some producers have adopted modern
techniques such as vacuum evaporation and membrane technology. The primary consumers of salt in the
Philippines are the food processing industry and households (Delos Reyes et al., 2021a; Muyot & Asuncion,
2022; R. D. Tan et al., 2022). Salt is used for food preservation, seasoning, and as an ingredient in various
processed foods.
Salt consumption in the Philippines is expected to increase in the coming years, driven by the
growing population and the increasing demand for processed foods. However, the production is mostly
small-scale, using traditional sun drying and hand harvesting methods. As a result, production is limited
and insufficient to meet the country's salt demand.
The literature review of this paper provides an overview of how to minimize the use of salt and
maximize its production. Limiting the use of salt will contribute to lessening the demand. Several studies
suggested that minimizing salt consumption will reduce certain diseases, and technological intervention
contributes to increasing salt production. The meta-analysis of outcome trials conducted by several studies
demonstrated that reducing salt intake reduces cardiovascular risk. The study concluded that a moderate
reduction in salt intake, equivalent to a reduction of 3g per day, would result in a 23% reduction in stroke
incidence and a 17% reduction in coronary heart disease (He & MacGregor, 2011; Taylor et al., 2011). The
guideline published by the World Health Organization recommends sodium intake for adults and children.
The guideline recommends that adults consume less than 5g of salt daily, equivalent to 2,000 mg of sodium
(World Health Organization, 2012). The guideline also provides recommendations for sodium intake for
children of different age groups.
The International Food Information Council Foundation report examines salt's functional roles in
foods and the health implications of consuming too much salt. The report discusses the role of salt in food
preservation, taste, and texture and provides recommendations for reducing salt intake to improve health
outcomes (Elias et al., 2019; Inguglia et al., 2017; Ruusunen & Puolanne, 2005). Another study discusses
the psychological and biological factors contributing to salt craving and pathogenic sodium intake. The
article examines the role of dopamine and opioid systems in salt craving and discusses potential
interventions for reducing pathogenic sodium intake (Morris et al., 2008). These studies provide a range of
perspectives on salt research, including the health implications of salt intake, the functional roles of salt in
food, and the psychological and biological factors that contribute to salt craving (Elias et al., 2019; Morris
et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2011).
While minimizing salt use will improve the country's salt sufficiency, several studies suggest
improving salt production through modifications to existing processes and the development of new
technologies. By improving the efficiency and sustainability of salt production, it may be possible for the
Philippines to increase its domestic production and become more self-sufficient in meeting its salt
requirements. Several studies examine salt production's crystallization process and its effects on the quality
of the salt produced. The authors propose modifications to the crystallization process to improve the quality
of the salt, such as increasing the concentration of brine and reducing the rate of cooling during
crystallization (Hidayat et al., 2022; Myers & Bonython, 2007; Poly et al., 2018).
Several studies examine the potential for using solar energy to improve salt production in India.
The authors propose a solar salt production system that uses parabolic trough collectors to heat brine and
produces salt. The study concludes that this system can potentially improve the efficiency and sustainability

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of salt production in India (Lekkas et al., 2006; Mani et al., 2012). Overall, these studies demonstrate
ongoing research into improving salt production through modifying existing processes and developing new
technologies. By improving the efficiency and sustainability of salt production and minimizing its use for
health concerns, it may be possible for the Philippines to increase its domestic production and become more
self-sufficient in meeting its salt requirements.

METHODS
This study aims to determine the current situation of the salt industry in the Philippines and the
possible intervention to be proposed as a basis for improving salt sufficiency in the Philippines. The
methodology of this paper is more on qualitative and observational research.
This type of research involves collecting information based on the topic through observations, news
reading, current events, and informal news reading (Moen & Middelthon, 2015). It aims to explore and
understand current events to produce a solution based on the current problem. A brief bibliographic analysis
was also done in this paper to determine the need to conduct more research on the topic (Donthu et al.,
2021).

DISCUSSIONS
The salt industry in the Philippines is a vital sector of the country's economy, providing
employment opportunities for thousands of people and contributing to producing various products
(Albarracín et al., 2011; Hall, 2019). However, the industry faces several challenges threatening its
sustainability and growth.
Salt production in the Philippines has a long history, dating back to pre-colonial times when salt
was produced using traditional methods such as solar evaporation. Today, salt production in the Philippines
is concentrated in coastal areas such as Pangasinan, Ilocos, Mindoro, and other parts of the country where
the salt industry faces challenges in increasing production (Cirillo et al., 1994; Francisco et al., 2022). Let's
discover the challenges facing the salt industry and the possible intervention to solve the current issue.

Challenges Facing the Salt Industry in the Philippines

Climate change is one of the uncontrollable factors that affect the production of the salt industry in
the Philippines, particularly the traditional method of solar evaporation. Changes in rainfall patterns and
extreme weather events such as typhoons and storms can affect evaporation and reduce the quality and
quantity of salt produced (Banday, n.d.; Simas et al., 2001; Soares et al., 2016). Salt producers may be
restricted from producing salt during the rainy season.
Another issue is that salt production in the Philippines relies on seawater collection, which can
adversely affect the environment (lwama, 2009; Sarvade et al., 2017). Overuse of seawater can lead to
intrusion, affecting groundwater and soil quality. It can also cause damage to the ecosystem and marine
biodiversity.
The increasing competition from imported salt, particularly from China, Australia, and other
countries, is affecting the local salt industry in the Philippines. Imported salt is often cheaper and of higher
quality than locally produced salt, which makes it more attractive to buyers (Hidayat & Raman, n.d.;
Simamora et al., 2021). The prediction of one organization said that 96 percent of salt would be imported
to the country if the industry will not be revived (Inquirer, n.d.), and will cause a salt crisis in the country.
There needs to be more budgetary support for the salt producer. Funding support is limited to salt
producers, and an established research and development center for salt needs to be installed. There is also
a limited number of research indexed in Scopus, which support research development in salt.
Lastly, the need for more modern technology and innovative procedures is also one reason for low
production. The salt industry in the Philippines still relies on traditional production methods, which can be
inefficient and labor-intensive. Access to modern technology and innovation is a significant challenge
facing the industry (A, 2007; Bartolome et al., 2022; Delos Reyes et al., 2021b; Reodica et al., 2019;
Yankowski, 2019). The use of modern methods, such as vacuum evaporation and membrane technology,
can increase production efficiency and reduce labor costs.

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Potential Solutions to Overcome Challenges
As suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), decrease the use of salt consumption
(World Health Organization, n.d.). Several research studies suggest a balanced use of Salt (He et al., 2010;
He & MacGregor, 2008; Kotchen et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2017) to reduce certain illnesses. There are
several studies conducted that salt also causes vertigo (Brandt, 1991, 1999; Hain & Uddin, 2003).
Information Dissemination is essential as part of the awareness to help minimize salt consumption. In this
way, the health bureau may recommend an awareness program to prevent the overuse of salt.
The country must contribute to the increase the local production. To reduce the country's
dependence on imported salt, the government can provide incentives and support to small-scale salt
producers to increase their production capacity (Guntur et al., 2018; HeruSusanto et al., 2015; Ravizky &
Nadav, 2007; Rodrigues et al., 2011). This can be achieved by providing modern technology, training, and
education access. This can help increase their production capacity, improve the quality of salt produced,
and create employment opportunities in rural areas.
The salt industry in the Philippines can diversify its product offerings to tap into new markets. For
example, producing salt for industrial applications such as water treatment and chemical products can
provide a new revenue stream for salt producers. Innovative Value-Added Salt Products can be a potential
solution to the salt industry's challenges (Varjani et al., 2021; Venugopa & Shahidi, 2009). It is the process
to develop value-added salt products that can command higher prices and cater to niche markets.
They encouraged Innovation and Technology Adoption where the government can incentivize all
producers to adopt modern methods such as vacuum evaporation, membrane technology and other
advanced mechanism in production (Guntur et al., 2018; Jevons & Awe, 2010; Sedivy, 2009). The use of
these methods can improve production efficiency, reduce labor costs, and increase the quality of salt
produced. Using technologies such as using salt-producing machinery can increase productivity, reduce
labor costs, and improve product quality. For example, pumps can be used to transfer seawater to
evaporation ponds, and harvesters can be used to collect salt crystals which calls mechanization.
On the business side, the improved marketing and branding of the Philippine salt industry is also a
potential solution. Marketing and branding can be crucial in promoting locally produced salt and
differentiating it from imported Salt (Huang et al., 2015; Marques & Domegan, 2011; Verma, 2012).
Producers can attract buyers who value these factors by highlighting the quality and sustainability of locally
produced salt.
Developing Salt Production in Marginal Lands is also a potential solution. The Philippines has
many marginal lands that need to be more suitable for traditional agriculture (Qureshi et al., 2018; Shahid
& Al-Shankiti, 2013). These lands can be used for salt production, providing an alternative source of income
for farmers and helping to reduce the country's dependence on imported salt.
Establishing Research and Development of Salt may also contribute to the growing number of
research that solves problems (Evenson et al., 1979; Salter & Martin, 2001). Research and development
can help identify new salt production methods, improve existing methods, and identify new markets for
salt. The government can provide funding and support for research and development initiatives in the salt
industry.

Current Status of Salt Research in the Philippines

Searching the Scopus database last March 1, 2023, around 1:20AM GMT+8, there are 184,042
document results based on the search "( TITLE ( salt ) OR TITLE ( sodium AND chloride ) )". Filtering
the country Philippines with the search query "( TITLE ( salt ) OR TITLE ( sodium AND chloride ) )
AND ( LIMIT-TO ( AFFILCOUNTRY , "Philippines" ) )", the country only provides 173 research indexed
in Scopus.

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 Figure 1 Number of Publication overtime
Figure 1 shows that there was long inactivity of salt research around 1910 to the 1970s, while there
was an increase in salt research in the Philippines at the start of the year 2000. Based on the simple
bibliographic analysis of the 173 documents, research publications have significantly increased from 2018
onwards. This implies that interest in salt research in increasing.

Figure 2 Affiliations of Published articles

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the University of the Philippines (UP), and Mapua
University produce the majority of research in salt.
It is encouraged that HEIs with provinces located in salt production may conduct research
especially in Pangasinan. Pangasinan derived its name from the word "panag asinan", which means "where

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salt is made", owing to the rich and refined salt beds which were the primary source of livelihood of the
province's coastal towns (Province of Pangasinan, n.d.).

Figure 3 Subject area of published article

Lastly, agriculture and Biochemistry is the main domain of research. The proposed R&D center
may also consider discovering research in other fields of specialization, such as business management and
information technology, to provide more avenues of research.

The need to establish Salt R&D Center

Establishing a Salt Research and Development Center can effectively help the Philippines achieve
salt sufficiency. Such a center can focus on developing new and innovative salt production methods,
improving existing processes, and identifying new markets for salt. It can also provide support and training
to small-scale salt producers, helping them to increase their production capacity and improve the quality of
salt produced. The center can identify salt varieties better suited to the Philippine climate and soil conditions
through research and development initiatives. This can lead to the development new salt production
methods that are more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable, ensuring that the country's salt industry
remains competitive in the global market. Several studies suggest that research center focusing in salt
research improves the production and policy to achieve salt sufficiency (Mianping et al., 2016; Suhendi et
al., 2020; TANG et al., 2014).
Additionally, the center can collaborate with other research institutions and universities to research
the potential health benefits of Philippine salt varieties, which can be marketed as a unique selling point in
the global salt industry. Establishing a Salt Research and Development Center can also help address
environmental concerns related to salt production. Through research and development, the center can
identify sustainable salt production practices that minimize the environmental impact of salt production.
The Pangasinan State University is known as a research university, where a partnership with other HEIs in
the region and other parts of the country may help establish the R&D center for salt.
Establishing a Salt Research and Development Center can play a crucial role in helping the
Philippines achieve salt sufficiency. By supporting small-scale salt producers, developing new salt
production methods, and promoting sustainable salt production practices, the center can contribute to
developing the salt industry in the Philippines.

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CONCLUSION
The salt industry in the Philippines is facing several challenges that threaten its sustainability and
growth. However, there are potential solutions that can be implemented to overcome these challenges and
promote the industry's development. The increasing competition from imported salt, environmental
degradation, climate change, and the lack of technology and innovation are significant challenges facing
the industry. Solutions such as increasing local production, promoting sustainable salt production,
developing new markets, encouraging innovation, improving technology adoption, and establishing an
R&D center can be implemented to overcome these challenges. The Salt research and development center
may help improve salt research's bibliographic presence. These solutions can help promote the growth and
development of the salt industry in the Philippines, ensuring its sustainability and contribution to the
country's economy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to express their gratitude to Pangasinan State University

FUNDING SUPPORT
This study is supported by Pangasinan State University

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No conflict of interest can be declared in the conduct of the review.

CRediT author statement

Randy Joy Ventayen: Methodology, Writing- Original draft preparation Rex B. Basuel.:
Conceptualization, Data curation. Elbert M. Galas: Supervision, Resources Dexter R. Buted: Supervision,
Resources

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