=> Newoten’ law of Grayitatfon $- “Ever axhcle “meter %m the Unyveue attracle ev otha barkde with co thot Se dratclt rep osHonal to the byeduct tha Mans eh the particles and fnvewel Hono do the Aqua q tha dfetanco es them" Fo mim 9x | fF a Here, Cr & a Univ Constant Called Gravitattonal Constant oho evi %, Cg @Bek lon Ne mt/ keg? dhe direction of ne FR abeng the Ling Poni Ho doo fortes. bu Jo +he — ehechostatic Povee, Th & Independent the medium behoeen \ patides @) 4+ & Conservative fn nrhare @) Ht exboewer the fore betocen hao print rnanwed ( of nee volume) Howerer, ‘hanektana point of spherical bodies the whole mara tan be amumed to be Concentrated at fe Cente 4 rad . => Unravitu 2— dn Newtonke ree grey Hon $e the, af ate odes. ona Sho bodiae & enstth then be S raitie & eo} ‘3 qe! Hen, sajgetn Gore by whith earth athrecte” a bo etnds te oe dt & Qa Apedal (ase 3 MRevitakion, a !. Ihnee a mamwea ‘rm’ tach are placed at Me MS a ai , taiangle ( tatonad (re on “any On2 — eint mama Ses We we Mnding net Are on the pant mow eS at 0 N ( , Glimdin). = LawSin, the Me 2% Ore equ 5 ae, therefore the rR Wao and Vinh tha" Cente 0d or in ° bP Fret = [F440 ced 6D - jrr << = ee Hides eae of ma'm' are placed at sHeon Of a ~dguase of dtole'a’ Pinol net Ad ¢ fou jou jee b | fora on any one of the barstle ] Gott, Wwe ane gang “net fo on 4he particle ab foc = fon = GiGn)Cm) — Gm. # Caay) at oYQ foe = Calon) Crm) <1 af * tage “Rie 8 Now, nesubtant fon and foc Se 7 - Jae in He dived ion of 08. i ¢ | Faet = Wh4+ fs Jat )e ne ( a +) “(4 got DB) fern ¥ wa m & at a a a AL, 28 tenhe q ry “he ma M just over Ciphere (whee a & te radius of the ving QdN od as Hhat of the aphure) find the raga of Graritatonal ‘aia between them 4 LD BaSof’ Net go on 1 ~teny df din 60 - G [ ) aes Sdn oe Ca o = [BGM ‘ , Bat ; = m 4 Sromie xg” ” ¢ ” be He Acceleration due to &oavity:- When & bedy %& dre ed Prin & Certain helght above the he iO to dau seen ite eorth unde. ‘ie vie Iho Gecelerrton produced ‘in the body due rev Vity fe Called the acceferaton dur + Grevi J+ & denoted by q HY value dee ty The em Awdan te Vem Ar. Suppore that the max of the eth fe M, He yadiut %% R, then +he fore. asthracH on, acting on & ae 4 mam m cede ty the aad forth f= GMm ReAccording do Newotonle a jun, He acceleration dur qo Aad vs = Gm m pe FE Vaviatioh in the Value 7 fhe Value YOriel from place lace on) the 4 < Ca ae Vord i) we abore & below the surface Thus, Value q d depends on pope = Shape the .— dhe forth ng b ect Aphoe. dt & somewhar let ar the yhoo poles dhe equatorial vadiur & approxima Ql km mere than the pole vad ud and Aine ee & Jon, Vo value 4 ke minimum aot the equa and maximum ab the poles> fe above +he Sugface of the Eoath \- dhe @ Of Gravity on an aged q max m at a {Gin h above the auyface q auth Fe, f= Mm_ Crt)” - Acceleration dur +o qevity ot thi jgnt will be, ged = fam CO} (ath) » This tan also be written Bee? ye) gl = Sane Debth below the Swfaw of tHe tarth :- let an oblect of mans m” & dhakd at a de d below the earthy surtace ds distance drm the Cenhe torth & (Rd). V4hee maw & gituated ab He dupfacs the inner Arbid sphue liza inside “the “outx aphen@) shea rseeording te Gay thom , the avavitational i Cig athacton on a mom jnside@ a dphesial fe ow eno Ihsrgfor, the object Venees pe na attraction only due to Qe anlid aphork dhe moun of WON phere $4, H'= Gut Mon (ed C=) BRR 3 a, w= (Rd)? om Rg f= GiM'm . = Grim (Ra) (R~d)> R>ansl ga ™ Substituting the volust, we get | q'= 9 find RK ie Gd 4hus, the vaxtaton in the value votth %° (the distance dem the vente 4 corr) oY R V4 4- er ss ) d a J wee an Redsw w& Wa for YER, & ef = ght wry aA Reda “sey | 6FE Aria) Rotation of the Earth :- let ws Consider a particle P at vest on the dustace tha ewth, at atitde . dhen the paurde fre ackng on the oaticle te mew’ in olthoard diretton. dhe hue —acrelewation d te acting cowards the Cenhe O the earth.” Thus, the ee acceleration g fe the neaultant 4 3 and wt gO d agit (er) + ay (rw jsp) as angle beboeen @” fs (ie0-9). Velgt+ aly rr uo — ()) an a) =] we (wa ve Herc, the a vot Comes out do be tro mad) ah Wwe ~ —%r__ vid A a T QYY¥3670 fy Amal: Heng, this tam tan be nored. Atio, r= R ws p : Throat ca 0), Can be waiter aa,gs (9h agRet cot o* =4 (i-aitare Following Conelustons tan be 4% fem the abore = dis uation. (1) dhe sa valuo zs net cwly vertical A401 2) the apes Tete frre due “bp rotation earth a seduce ie Cet value af @ OT ua b= 0; Shu qag- Riot and e pos g= 90, Therefore ; ‘5 hus) at ea uctor 4 & minimum hile at poles 1 3 fe mis mum -4 Suppere the earthy increased i speed af wtedion At tohat new Hme period wil the loelght of a body on the eguatvy becomes 20! Tale 4 =lom/t” and wadiua of gorth Re | 6400 km i Sd°- Ihe Wd ght will beome 3ero, vohen gi=0 st 9- Rw =O fo pene a wo “fe R Qn cly om To 2 Substitahng the sty aa oA wt 44h (fru) a the Wes dime period Ahould be 14h instead Q4h Aor the weight a body +o be 2er0 the Grae d 4 8 po”+t Gravitational field and Field Sheth dhe Apaw around Q may & dyatm af majees tp which gay other dest mam exbericneee @ geavitatio al fore te called Gravtetiona) eld When this feat maw % moved from one port +> another point, dome work fe alio. done by tia Gravitational qe co ay: + Grravitational field R (B)!- “She qe experienced (pe fn magnitude and direchon) by a unit Sa mas placed at a point i qrevite gh fit Ge Called the (ravitations) fi Aten gen ei Titensity d Creavita tonal fied at that Beit Cravitationa) <{p= +> fore Fetd eae Mm +> mass SE Unit of E a6 E= F Exh ™ eh CG +P Givavitak F rield due to Q Uniform Solid ere!- SS Feld at an External Print A unglerm phere re be treated aa i wrticle Aame mak placed at THe cenbe Cal uslati the gravitational) {is at an externa) point Jhus,Etv) = GM| for y>R of Emly, a ie Hae » R the dfstance the point yom the Cente the Aphae and” Ro the vadiud oY aphere field at an dnternad Potats 4he axavitaHona) tield due doa offorn Aphere ct an {nteanad point fe prrpens to the distane a the point from * 4 the aphae. ee Coy - + q At she Cente iteld, ft $4 Gero and at durface th Me GM, whe RF the radius of ThE Re Agar. dhs, Etr)= GM + if r4R or E Ce )otr ge4F field due toa Uniform Sphesica Shell i- => At an kxkanad frint < fox an exteanal point tha dhell may be cheateal 04 a dingle ate dame mam placed at ite cenhe thw, at an ecieandd point the — fe & eo oy, E Cy) = on) 6S co at ss (ve Aus oe es Bwise Ex the => At af Intex ‘< - dha ged ey a idem apheia) All fegee ep ft AR—> field due to a Uniform Crerlar Ring at Aome Point on ie Ade Red Sthength at a point F on the axis a urudar ang q vadiua K and max YM fe given bys -"® 4his & divetted tywardyO tenrhe tho ng - dk & gun ab eCRinne he ng awd maximum at ¥ (can be ~ obtained b) putting a g av a ae <0) pQ, E- graph & Jht maximum value ke Emax = _@hM 3farHE Gravitatoha| Potential :- GeravitaHonad potential at any point Se defined Qa the negate of work don by gravitational (ere moving a unit dest man from inkaity ( wohere polntiad fe ascumad do be oe) ty tha point ‘Thus, polentiad at P fe Vp = Wap] (d4pf Hea ™ . ers fits Sr Unit fe o/ os => fotenal due AO Point Mass 3— % ig C m M Wi k-axte x20 RY Fe —GMm_ Me: w= [tax = Sf ( at dx ~_GMm xeNow, drom the definitvon olen tial , d a is wie P Vs -G ¥ ae Potenhdl Due to a Unifown Solid Sphere => Pokntiad at some External dhe nravitattionad porate) d aprae! at an oxdeheal etn ad 4o a ingle ns Re man placed oe cere . a es wR At the ve R and V=-4m Bape , KR > fokenval at some Internal Pint s— At some internal point, potentas at a dketance + dé tho tenhe & gee by,Nex) = es g- 0.64") TAR At w=R, V>—4m q v while at ¥-0, V> —LSaM R pe at the Cenre the Arne oot & 1S Hes the pokenk FA dhe Voriahon a J VAsUs F a4 thown fn gique oO AO a fea du a Uniform Thin Spheateal ee an External Point s~ “Ts Calanlate the potental at an extexnal point, OQ Unfform —Spheviead the! may be ‘heat a4 a lat mass Aame magnitude’ ot fe cenbe . dhus, potnHal ot a dktane + cn by, Vor) = =GM | yor ¥at vs R, Vs—Gm a => fotentias at an datexnal point :— She potenticu due doa Unjfoom 4phertead shell & conatant od any point inatde “Hie shell and +hia equa) 4s = Jhus, Vw geaph f° esi) Ae as hour $ p> ev => fotental ght Q eee a at some Point on itt we ‘ Ihe aravitaHonal penal at a distant w ism the tenhe on He ans a wing 4 mak ™M and sadiua Ro given by, Meee Vie) == _GM__| 0 Mere than one Vartabler’- dn +hWs Couey b dv = E-dy of So dv JP Ede > Va- Ve = -{? 6-drHue, E wil be sven fn +e question and dy & a Standard * vector qe by dr = dei dyd zk => Only one_Vavable Jdv= - SEdr cave -LEd >: > Vb- Ye == ed es Hae, E as % {unctiguc vy will be qe *y +e question, «ey also yorte the bore v S at -Sédx Where, We & que q wR Va - Gravitatona polenta} in % y plane varied qo] With ‘i Coordinates ad =e yr ax Rind watered qreld at ESol" Gravitational field Strength give by bo [NS ou 2] qe the ce potential) uncHon = = (any +3y ) eS and i a + Qn pe” e--[ eng et. 294 3 C Ans) &:- (nray itahor GF ot a dkttanw ‘x! . a mm oO pays ma ‘m Ve -Gm Rind itationa) fi oo qrevitak nal field Atenath at that N = ~~. (-Gm) - ex |e) = Gm v iad iete (nyavitatonal Potential Energy :- aU = -Pdw oe [Fdu= -[* Bde or You--/ fad i vi . Uae” E.dy = -W > Urayitationad fPotental Enersy hoo Particle Syetem:- & Tho gravitational potential emer of duo farkicles 4 maues myand M2 4 Spsaeed by a distance yf pe by oO eee Re) Ve= Mim wr Crravitationgt Miter tial Enersy op a Body or) Farthic SO¥face:- dha araviteHonal potential energy of mar m in the —gravitatonad field o} man M ab a distance frm ot fe, Us ~_GNm v4Jho earth behaves for all external pointe € aa a fle maw M Wee Concentrated at iH Cenbe. Jheaefor, A maw m neor earth e “ ace moy be Contidered at a dfstance (He radius of eorth) rem ™M. dhs, +he ae energy of 4ne System will be Ye ~GMm ¢ es tt Digerence in “eben ery (av): - let us ging +he du Aege in ple ve energy fn woo peal ee tn dhe detect oe when he mil &n) on the of cant (at B) , Vga _ GM R and potential energy when tre mas m fe ab hegrt h abore He Ausjace of earth Cab A) fe, Un = — ne (Ua >a) AV = Va- VaI - (- Aso. ares GMm f 4-4 RO Rt = GiNmh R(Rth = GMmh ofan. - Rt as [ik vy? Ghee, mah tra difference ‘in potential) eaenay (not +e absolute porentid enon), fer h<«X ~Thaee mates of Lk, dk and 3kq are q f laced at tho vertens of an @& mulated teiangle 4 do Im find He Avray HAgtionad potenti) ene y of this oo ~Sake th= 662% lor" 6% ¥ N me / kg? St U=-G (aise + Maroy Marni Tho. Sy Ty 1 Here, Yaa = Ye) = Ta FL-0m, m,=zi Kr / S mas aka, tones 3 and Ma = oA oe 9 SubsHtuh Ha” voluer, we Y un Cheneiot) (ieg get =) HR Us ~ 1.333, ees (An) ov FE Bindin Breray :- otal ra el Nee (potential + kineHe) cI a Closed System fe negate. dhe modulus tis dota — mechaniead en Be known as HQ binding energy of the dyatem. his & the tneg dug +o which fern Se closed & dyerent pare of the Ayctem axe bound fo each othe.™ 2 Suppose, the mass m ¥ placed on the duggaca earth. the radius of the earth & R and i maw % M Shen, the Kinet energy of the portile k=O and the potato gl fe U= -GMm . R & >: hanger, the total mechan toy Ke, B= k+ Us °- eee & & B= Gug? sai 16) =_ Gam RO dt fe dua +o this energy, Ha particle % attached woth the earth. minimum this much nt & given to the particle in an om Cnosmalty letne 5) the pudice no lenge. remand attachedto the earth. 4+ PS out of the Ceninetiendil fied of wrth, Ae we disweed ee the binding energy of a particle on the 4 of taMh uf at reat Lotte. sna ‘pe of much of in the kineh c energy sory ppued to tha portice , Me leaves the ge Meters) field of the earth. bY Ve ge eacape a of +o particle | ten 1 cn «Ge et Ver Faget. RK ise as ge at GM Re as! the value of 9 Cae m/s) and RCEVX 10 m) , we getJhus, the minimum velocity needed to take a parte +o ingtnity em the earth Fe Called the escape = Velo qn the auaface of earth Sk value & IL8 km/s. &y:- Calerlare the eacape velouty from sesue o) moon dhe jan of és Nyon 4.N¢ 10” ka and vadius = “ - Escape velocity wget Awrface oY moon Ves | QaMm se \ a= Xe) Subst hiking ign we haw 108 m #4 x 108 = Q4xlo? mfs= 24 km/s => (tra)=> Orbitd Speed #- ore do the dakllite ® dhe necessary Cente Petal d beng povided by the gravitational fore exerted on the Satellite, thus, by the earth Mvo. = (am v ee S Hen, tee orbital ager) of the cadellite wads (w) the satellite k orbital peed Q w= g) fe, deneases ad He Sneaeases. Further kuite dl A the eaxth\ ace AQ ae @ ear auy Ve = \am =Jgk = Ve A ie Substring , Ve = 41.2 km/e 7 [vo = 5 km/swven by Pydod 4 Revolution s— ne period q yevoludion (Tr) %& 3 T= any a T=_Qnt Ve oa Teanfee a [T=anirg® ou JE) (us Game 9) S @ => Ener Satellite oe dhe potential enue the Ayatero f& Mm YY She kinetic ene of the stelle Se,She total energy $8, B= ktu = Calo ; OA E= Gm Re | This en te Constant and negatire, de the dystem closed. Jhe forther ~ the 4aellite rom fe tarth the greater He total conn: se Fotnke to Remember oe © To an Jae > TH Orn Toe? ( vohith & gk MO tre Kepler's third ew) @ Time posed oh satelite vay me co earths 4 “(reR') %, T= ox [2 g Subs tuk dhe Values we seh Te 84-6 min Q vwe |J Ps ovbital yadius x a Aatelute & increased, Atate volicth of tha cpllowsing Quantines will increase and whith ysl Ve reaye | G) Orbital Apeed Time fetod (vue i) ( e. UN) Frequenc ( gular Sgeed RineHe “enexay (at) Polentiad ener 4 (if) Tetad mechanical ene I ; ott Mmecnarucnr enn 9y Oo J | G ~ (1) Orbital Speed e= darren Vee L ¥ Ir dhe, orbital agi derease. (i) T= - ofStert a dhergpoe, Mime poviod will Jnwerre, cr) [aati ; f- uy Jame period f increasing, bb, frequency will deeneaseGy) Anqulax Speed w= 3h ot won Ld ane ee T 7 Tine guiiod 9a Increasing - Henet, angular peed will aeneate (v) kineHe énery k= GMm aw Ket ae v Ihovefort, kinettc ener will se (wi) Potential thagy "3 =z » on Ve Jpercfor ; Oe ay wit inneree. (vii) Total ce tnvngy, 6 — Gin, or Be 4 So, mechanical aor wi also “neneaue a Wohat & 4the minimum energy Heguired \aunth a Aa te man ™ te the” sugace \ . a planet of Mace and | radii R om 2 Crores ee A at an altitude ey ES QR)fy) et Ng (9) 5am™ (6) QamM 6R 3R () Gmmy_ (4d) Gm™ QR aR €= tregy of Satellite - enengy e mass on Tha AW 4A Ch lanet =_GMm _ (- GM *d mS ay pL py Hat, -eR+ AR= 3R ED Subshakt the valuegGin’ abore 2” we get, ag te slag ine of we CG She ct ane t (a) Sof" (1) Each planet moves in an elliptead oxbity with the gun atone apes of the — ellipee. {hia law fe abso known of the law of ellp Heal orbits and obviowa| give the ahape of te orbit 4 the planed wound the 2una) dhe vadiua vector, dravon trom the dun do 4 planeh Avocepe out ust ores fn equal time, Je. THe angd velocty (Cor the area aweph oud by tt pa unit Hme) & Copshant dhls Fe stefenred qo os the [mo of areas and giver he velalon~ Abip blo +e orbital xpeed of the hint and ik d&tance = from = the tun. °O (2) the 49) the planets Hye Fevod 84 prportionadl to the tube gomthe Aemi~ mast as 4 ike orbit. Jhia 0d He law of Lime Neriool and gives Makonship blus tho ye of the orbit wv lanet and St Hime of sevoluton. J ongedt dimension S¢ the major an with hay Length Q. Shia hal length ay Called the Atmi~ meet US. ferhebi on £ Aphetion st Ss x er ea SSHae, Sand S' are the foi and P any point on the ellipse. Jha sun fe ah § and planet ot P. Sha distance of each joe hen the Lene of ellipse % ea, ohne ef the dimensionle, no. behoeer O tod Called the eccentricity. e=0, te ellipse #% a Crde the attial orbits of the planets are nearly Urular, ther ectentruties hn 0.00% Venus to 0248 cfr Pitts - 4h es0OlF ‘Ihe = Point in tho ace og? coe eat dy the funy $2 tha peat helion i Ko pant mett distant from the Aun te a Newton vos able do how that for a body ackd on by an attirarhre force preportional fo Ys Hs. on\ oyible lowed orbik axe @ Ute or a ellipre. The open orbits mutt be parabelea oA. hype. — bolt, He also showed that YY dfotal crag 8 negative Ha obit fe an ellper (or desde), Hite 30 te =«(Ortrt & a bavabola and q eReitre te omit ta hyperabeta. Furth, it wera aso shocor that tha orbik? under the attractire org f= kK ae stable fer n<8. dherefore, Fh Wows Hat Gruul ~ Orbe will be Hable qr" fore eo cy at to d&teng ot 4}. th ce and will be. unteble fe the “inveue tube (or @ Nghe ea) law >: pp’ = vdt .O P'Ms (or) ao" gor ©) = Pflsin @ = ote) dt GEES 8 Keeplea a lwo & shown jn dt Jn @ Amall Lime interval dt, the Line frm the Aun & to the planet Pp SO through an angle d®. Ihe aneg duoeph oud in hia Hme = inteawd f, eo 8 \ ys Za vdA = anea of dang le Ahown Sn = ( base) Chetht) do 7) (se) Cem) = V Cx) (vain®) dt : Xe Areal Velocity dA ot wd = —() Vat LB x@ Now, rv din BH the mre of the vector prndutt XV vohich 5 fe yy Hmea Hh anger. reer So xm of the planet toHth “peepect to ee Aw). Go, we hare, waa a a = ay | remy] 7 Q) wr GAL 2b = Constant dt am Thus, Keplak setond law, ther dread vets # Constarrt; =meana that wax momentum Oratank ft & easy do 4D vohy the neatmomentum Yre planet must be Contam Ree. to Newtots Yow the vale of thor Spek ud tho qravitatonal qere acting on the planet, dts wfe “de Here, v Se the radius vector et from the Cenhe of the dun and the Fg “directo! mom He. planet fousaxds tene of He fun. Go, thee vechx alwayxOle al dhe dame Ling and their vectur t wx FP & gern, Hence, dh 20 .& Le tt. dhus, from 297(2) we HH Can ag ge dA = Constant H L= Constant, a Thus, a law & actually tha law o Conseavalin eq args momentumWwe hare already derived Keplenlg rd lane dor the pestiadar tue of Guo orbits (Tx) Newtn was able to thei tho sumer xelationship — holds a upto orbit, — voith the — obit ras GG by aetna axis a Thus, : Yong (elliptical onbit) Me Here, Mp Se He maw of the Sun.