Chapter 5: Mass & Energy.

Analysis of
Control Volumes
Termodinámica Aplicada. Applied Thermodynamics
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León | August 25, 2023
BACHELOR IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING. COURSE 2
Chapter 5 Outline
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of
1 Conservation of mass
mass

Steady-Flow 2 Steady-Flow processes

processes

Flow work: 3 Flow work: Energy of a flowing fluid

Energy of a
flowing fluid
4 Steady flow systems
Steady flow
systems
5 Unsteady-flow processes
Unsteady-flow
processes
Chapter 5 Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of Conservation of mass

mass
Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be created or
destroyed during a process.
Steady-Flow
processes
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a process.
Flow work: Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must keep track of
Energy of a the amount of mass entering and leaving the control volume.
flowing fluid
The conservation of mass principle for a control volume:
Steady flow The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a time interval ∆t is equal to
systems the net change (increase or decrease) in the total mass within the control volume
during ∆t.
Unsteady-flow
processes
Chapter 5 Mass and Volume flow rates
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
Average velocity
Z
Conservation of 1
Vavg = Vn dAc
mass Ac Ac

Steady-Flow Z Z
processes δ ṁ = ρVn dAc → ṁ = δ ṁ = ρVn dAc = ρVavg Ac = ρV̇
Ac Ac
R
Flow work: being V̇ = Ac
Vn dAc = Vavg Ac the volume flow rate
Energy of a
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems

Unsteady-flow
processes The average velocity Vavg is defined as the average The volume flow rate is the volume of fluid flowing
speed through a cross section. through a cross section per unit time.
Chapter 5 General conservation of mass
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
dmCV
min − mout = ∆mCV ṁin − ṁout =
Conservation of dt
mass

Steady-Flow General conservation of mass

processes
Z Z
d ~ · ~n) dA = 0
ρ dV + ρ(V
Flow work:
dt CV CS
Energy of a
Many engineering devices have several inlet/outlet streams:
flowing fluid
Z
d X X
Steady flow ρ dV = ṁ − ṁ
systems dt CV out
in

Unsteady-flow dmCV X X
processes = ṁ − ṁ
dt out
in
Chapter 5 Mass balance
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of
Steady-Flow processes
mass During a steady-flow process, the total amount of mass contained within a
control volume does not change with time (mCV = constant).
Steady-Flow Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total amount of mass
processes entering a control volume equals the total amount of mass leaving it.

For steady-flow processes, we are interested in the amount of mass flowing per unit
Flow work:
time, that is, the mass flow rate. For multiple inlets and exits:
Energy of a X X
flowing fluid ṁ = ṁ
in out
Steady flow
In a single stream:
systems
ṁ1 = ṁ2 ⇒ ρ1 V1 A1 = ρ2 V2 A2
Unsteady-flow Many engineering devices such as nozzles, diffusers, turbines, compressors, and pumps
processes involve a single stream (only one inlet and one outlet).
Chapter 5 Special case: Incompressible Flow
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
The conservation of mass relations can be simplified even further when
Conservation of the fluid is incompressible, which is usually the case for liquids. In these
mass cases ρ = constant, and then:
X X X X
Steady-Flow ṁ = ṁ ⇒ V̇ = V̇
processes in out in out

Flow work: In a steady, incompressible flow (single stream):

Energy of a
flowing fluid V̇1 = V̇2 ⇒ V1 A1 = V2 A2
Steady flow There is no such thing as a “general conservation of volume” principle. However,
systems for steady flow of liquids, the volume flow rates, as well as the mass flow rates,
remain constant since liquids are essentially incompressible substances.
Unsteady-flow
During a steady-flow process, volume flow rates are not necessarily conserved
processes
although mass flow rates are.
Chapter 5 Work flow: a physical model
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
Flow work or flow energy
Conservation of The work (or energy) required to push the mass into or out of the control
mass volume. This work is necessary for maintaining a continuous flow through a control
volume.
Steady-Flow In the absence of acceleration, the force applied
processes on a fluid by a piston is equal to the force
applied on the piston by the fluid:
Flow work:
Energy of a F = PA Wf low = F L = P AL = P V
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems

Unsteady-flow
processes
Chapter 5 Total energy of a flowing fluid
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
The flow energy is automatically taken care of by enthalpy. In fact, this is the main
reason for defining the property enthalpy
Conservation of
mass e = u + ke + pe θ = P v + e = P v + u + ke + pe

V2
Steady-Flow θ = h + ke + pe = h + + gz
2
processes

Flow work:
Energy of a
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems

Unsteady-flow
processes
The total energy consists of three parts for a nonflowing fluid and four parts for a
flowing fluid
Chapter 5 Energy transport by mass
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
 2

Amount of energy transport: Emass = mθ = m h + V2 + gz
Conservation of  2

mass Rate of energy transport: Ėmass = ṁθ = ṁ h + V2 + gz

Steady-Flow When the kinetic and potential energies of a

processes fluid stream are negligible:

Flow work: Emass = mh Ėmass = ṁh

Energy of a When the properties of the mass at each inlet
flowing fluid or exit change with time as well as over the
cross section:
Steady flow
V2
Z Z  
systems The product ṁi θi is the energy Ein,mass = θi δmi = hi + i + gzi δmi
transported into control volume by mi mi 2
Unsteady-flow mass per unit time.
processes
Chapter 5 Energy analysis
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of
mass

Steady-Flow
processes
Under steady-flow conditions, the mass and
Flow work: energy contents of a control volume remain
Energy of a constant.
flowing fluid Many engineering systems such as
power plants operate under steady
Steady flow conditions.
systems
Under steady-flow conditions, the
Unsteady-flow
fluid properties at an inlet or exit
remain constant (do not change
processes
with time).
Chapter 5 Mass and energy balances
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of
mass Mass balance
X X
Steady-Flow ṁ = ṁ
processes in out

ṁ1 = ṁ2 ⇒ ρ1 V1 A1 = ρ2 V2 A2
Flow work:
Energy of a Example: a water heater in steady
flowing fluid operation

Steady flow Energy balance

systems dEsystem
Ėin − Ėout = =0 ⇒ Ėin = Ėout
dt
Unsteady-flow 2
V2
  X  
X V
processes Q̇in + Ẇin + ṁ h + + gz = Q̇out + Ẇout + ṁ h + + gz
in
2 out
2
Chapter 5 Nozzles and diffusers
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Nozzles and diffusers

Conservation of
Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized
mass
in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even
garden hoses.
Steady-Flow
processes A nozzle is a device that increases the
velocity of a fluid at the expense of
Flow work: pressure.
Energy of a A diffuser is a device that increases the
flowing fluid pressure of a fluid by slowing it down.

Steady flow Energy balance for a nozzle or diffuser:

systems Ėin = Ėout
Nozzles and diffusers are shaped so
that they cause large changes in fluid
V2 V2
   
Unsteady-flow
velocities and thus kinetic energies. ṁ h1 + 1 = ṁ h2 + 2
processes 2 2
Chapter 5 Turbines and compressors
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of Turbines and compressors

mass Turbine drives the electric generator in steam, gas, or hydroelectric power
plants. As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades,
Steady-Flow which are attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine
processes produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to increase the
Flow work:
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an external source
Energy of a
through a rotating shaft.
flowing fluid
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
Steady flow
systems A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids instead
Unsteady-flow of gases.
processes
Chapter 5 Turbines and compressors
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Conservation of Turbines and compressors

mass Turbine drives the electric generator in steam, gas, or hydroelectric power
plants. As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades,
Steady-Flow which are attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine
processes produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to increase the
Flow work:
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an external source
Energy of a
through a rotating shaft.
flowing fluid
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
Steady flow
systems A compressor is capable of compressing the gas to very high pressures.
Pumps work very much like compressors except that they handle liquids instead
Unsteady-flow of gases.
processes
Chapter 5 Turbines and compressors
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
Turbines and compressors
Conservation of Turbine drives the electric generator in steam, gas, or hydroelectric power
mass plants. As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done against the blades,
which are attached to the shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine
Steady-Flow produces work.
processes
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans, are devices used to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an external source
Flow work:
through a rotating shaft.
Energy of a
flowing fluid
Example: Energy balance for the compressor
Steady flow in this figure.
systems
Ėin = Ėout
Unsteady-flow
Ẇin + ṁh1 = Q̇out + ṁh2
processes
Chapter 5 Throttling valves
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

Throttling valves
Conservation of Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices that cause a significant
mass pressure drop in the fluid. What is the difference between a turbine and a throttling
valve?
Steady-Flow The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a large drop in
processes temperature, and for that reason throttling devices are commonly used in
refrigeration and air-conditioning applications
Flow work: Energy balance: h2 ≈ h1 ⇒ u1 + P1 v1 = u2 + P2 v2
Energy of a
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems

Unsteady-flow The temperature of an ideal gas does not change during a throttling
(h = constant) process since h = h(T ). During a throttling process,
processes the enthalpy of a fluid remains constant. But internal and flow
energies may be converted to each other.
Chapter 5 Mixing chambers
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
In engineering applications, the section where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing chamber.
Conservation of
mass

Steady-Flow
processes

Flow work:
Energy of a
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems
The T-elbow of an ordinary Example: Energy balance for the adiabatic mixing
shower serves as the mixing chamber in the figure is
Unsteady-flow
processes chamber for the hot- and
Ėin = Ėout ⇒ ṁ1 h1 + ṁ2 h2 = ṁ3 h3
the cold-water streams.
Chapter 5 Heat Exchangers
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León
Heat exchangers
Conservation of Heat exchangers are devices where two moving fluid streams exchange heat without
mass mixing. Heat exchangers are widely used in various industries.

Steady-Flow
processes

Flow work:
Energy of a
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems
Example: Mass and energy balances for the
The heat transfer associated with a heat exchanger may be adiabatic heat exchanger in the figure is
Unsteady-flow zero or nonzero depending on how the control volume is
selected. ṁ1 = ṁ2 = ṁw ṁ3 = ṁ4 = ṁR
processes
Ėin = Ėout ⇒ ṁ1 h1 +ṁ3 h3 = ṁ2 h2 +ṁ4 h4
Chapter 5 Pipe and duct flow
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega
Universidad de León

The transport of liquids or gases in

Conservation of
pipes and ducts is of great importance
mass in many engineering applications.
Flow through a pipe or a duct usually
Steady-Flow satisfies the steady-flow conditions.
processes

Flow work: Example: Heat losses from a hot fluid flowing

Energy of a through an uninsulated pipe or duct to the
flowing fluid cooler environment may be very significant.
Energy balance for the pipe flow shown in
Steady flow the figure is:
systems Ėin = Ėout

Unsteady-flow Ẇe,in + ṁh1 = Q̇out + ṁh2

processes Ẇe,in − Q̇out = ṁcp (T2 − T1 )
Chapter 5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega processes
Universidad de León

Many processes of interest, however, involve changes within the control volume with
Conservation of time. Such processes are called unsteady-flow, or transient-flow, processes. Most
mass unsteady-flow processes can be represented reasonably well by the uniform-flow process.

Steady-Flow Uniform-flow process

processes The fluid flow at any inlet or exit is uniform and steady, and thus the fluid
properties do not change with time or position over the cross section of an inlet or exit.
Flow work: If they do, they are averaged and treated as constants for the entire process.
Energy of a
flowing fluid

Steady flow
systems

Unsteady-flow
processes The shape and size of a control volume may
change during an unsteady-flow process.
Chapter 5 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow
Dr.E. Garcı́a-Ortega processes
Universidad de León

Conservation of
mass
Mass balance
Steady-Flow
min − mout = ∆msys ⇒ ∆msys = mf inal − minitial
processes
mi − me = (m2 − m1 )CV
Flow work:
Energy of a Energy balance
flowing fluid
Ein − Eout = ∆Esys
Steady flow
! !
X X
systems Qin + Win + mθ − Qout + Wout + mθ = (m2 e2 − m1 e1 )sys
in out

Unsteady-flow
processes