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    Session 2

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    This document outlines an introduction to cryptography course given by Nguyen Minh Huong at USTH. The course covers symmetric cryptography including the classification of cryptology, basics of symmetric ciphers, cryptanalysis techniques, and historical cipher systems like the Shift and Affine ciphers. The classification section describes cryptography, cryptanalysis, symmetric and asymmetric ciphers. Cryptanalysis techniques like brute force attacks and frequency analysis are also discussed.

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    Session 2

    Uploaded by

    Rumble king
    25 views15 pages
    This document outlines an introduction to cryptography course given by Nguyen Minh Huong at USTH. The course covers symmetric cryptography including the classification of cryptology, basics of symmetric ciphers, cryptanalysis techniques, and historical cipher systems like the Shift and Affine ciphers. The classification section describes cryptography, cryptanalysis, symmetric and asymmetric ciphers. Cryptanalysis techniques like brute force attacks and frequency analysis are also discussed.

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    This document outlines an introduction to cryptography course given by Nguyen Minh Huong at USTH. The course covers symmetric cryptography including the classification of cryptology, basics of symmetric ciphers, cryptanalysis techniques, and historical cipher systems like the Shift and Affine ciphers. The classification section describes cryptography, cryptanalysis, symmetric and asymmetric ciphers. Cryptanalysis techniques like brute force attacks and frequency analysis are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views15 pages

    Session 2

    Uploaded by

    Rumble king
    This document outlines an introduction to cryptography course given by Nguyen Minh Huong at USTH. The course covers symmetric cryptography including the classification of cryptology, basics of symmetric ciphers, cryptanalysis techniques, and historical cipher systems like the Shift and Affine ciphers. The classification section describes cryptography, cryptanalysis, symmetric and asymmetric ciphers. Cryptanalysis techniques like brute force attacks and frequency analysis are also discussed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography

    Nguyen Minh Huong

    ICT Department, USTH

    December 26, 2022

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 1 / 15
    Outline

    Session 2: Introduction to Cryptography - Symmetric


    Cryptography

    1 Classification of the field of Cryptology

    2 Basics of Symmetric Cryptology

    3 Cryptanalysis

    4 Historical cipher system

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 2 / 15
    Classification of the field of Cryptology

    Classification of the field of Cryptology

    Cryptology

    Cryptography Cryptanalysis

    Symmetric Ciphers Asymmetric Ciphers Related Protocols

    Stream Block
    Ciphers Ciphers

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 3 / 15
    Basics of Symmetric Cryptology

    Basics of Symmetric Cryptology

    Trudy
    (bad)

    y y
    Alice x Encryption Unsecured channel Decryption x Bob
    (good) e() d() (good)

    K K

    Secured Channel
    Key generator

    x is called the plaintext


    y is called the ciphertext
    K is called the key
    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 4 / 15
    Basics of Symmetric Cryptology

    Encryption: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐾 (𝑥)
    Decryption: 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝐾 (𝑦)
    If same keys are used for encryption and decryption:
    𝑑 𝐾 (𝑦) = 𝑑 𝐾 (𝑒 𝐾 (𝑥)) = 𝑥

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 5 / 15
    Cryptanalysis

    Cryptanalysis

    Why we need Cryptanalysis?


    The only way to assure a cipher is secure is to try and to break it (and
    fail!)
    Kerchhoff’s principle
    A cryptosystem should be secure even if the attacker knows all details about
    the system, with the exception of the secret key. In particular, the system
    should be secure when the attacker knows the encryption and decryption
    algorithms.

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 6 / 15
    Cryptanalysis

    Cryptanalysis Classification

    Cryptanalysis

    Classical Cryptanalysis Implementataion Attacks Social Engineering

    Mathematical Brute-Force
    Analysis Attack

    Classical Cryptanalysis : recovering x or k from y


    Implementation Attacks : try to extract a secret key from side-channel
    analysis, e.g., power measurement, electromagnetic radiation, etc.
    Social engineering : obtain a secret key by involving humans, e.g., trick
    a user into giving her password
    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 7 / 15
    Cryptanalysis

    Brute-Force Attack (Exhaustive Key Search) against


    Symmetric Ciphers

    Requires at least 1 plaintext-ciphertext pair (𝑥 0 , 𝑦 0 )


    Check all possible keys K until: 𝑑 𝐾 (𝑦 0 ) = 𝑥 0
    How many keys do we need?
    Key length Key space Time for all keys searching
    64 bits 264 few hours or days
    128 bits 2128 decades without quantum computer
    256 bits 2256 decades with quantum computer

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 8 / 15
    Cryptanalysis

    Substitution cipher

    Historical cipher
    Example for understanding Brute-force and analytical attacks
    Encrypts letter rather than bits

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 9 / 15
    Cryptanalysis

    Example

    Ciphertext:

    Brute-forte Attack?
    Analytical attack?

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 10 / 15
    Cryptanalysis

    Example

    Brute-forte attack: 240 per seconds − > How much time to break the
    code?
    Analytical: frequency counts

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 11 / 15
    Historical cipher system

    Historical cipher system

    1 Shift (Ceasar) Cipher


    2 Affine Cipher

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 12 / 15
    Historical cipher system

    Shift (Ceasar) Cipher - Example

    plaintext = ictlab
    ciphertext = lfwode
    What is the rule?

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 13 / 15
    Historical cipher system

    Shift Cipher - Description

    Let 𝑘, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 0, 1, ..., 25
    Encryption: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘 (𝑥) ≡ (𝑥 + 𝑘) mod 26
    Decryption: 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑘 (𝑥) ≡ (𝑦 − 𝑘) mod 26
    Question:
    Keyspace = ?
    Is it secure? (Any attack is possible?)

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 14 / 15
    Historical cipher system

    Affine Cipher

    A key is consisted of two parts: 𝑘 = (𝑎, 𝑏)


    Let 𝑘, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 0, 1, ..., 25
    Encryption: 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘 (𝑥) ≡ (𝑎.𝑥 + 𝑏) mod 26
    Decryption: 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑘 (𝑥) ≡ (𝑎 −1 .(𝑦 − 𝑏)) mod 26
    gcd(a,26)=1, then 𝑎 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25}
    Keyspace =? Is it secure?

    Nguyen Minh Huong (ICT Department, USTH) ICT Course: Introduction to Cryptography December 26, 2022 15 / 15

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