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UNIT 1 - Introduction To Computer Science

The document provides an introduction to computer science, covering topics such as the definition of a computer, its components and history, types of computers, and the functions and applications of computers. It discusses the characteristics of computers including speed, accuracy, versatility, automation, storage, reliability and security. The document also covers number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal, as well as conversions between different numbering systems.

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Priya Malhan
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250 views4 pages

UNIT 1 - Introduction To Computer Science

The document provides an introduction to computer science, covering topics such as the definition of a computer, its components and history, types of computers, and the functions and applications of computers. It discusses the characteristics of computers including speed, accuracy, versatility, automation, storage, reliability and security. The document also covers number systems including binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal, as well as conversions between different numbering systems.

Uploaded by

Priya Malhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 1: Introduction to Computer Science

1.1 Introduction to Computer:

● Definition: A computer is a programmable electronic device that processes input


data to produce output results.
● Components: Hardware (CPU, memory, input/output devices) and Software
(operating systems, applications).
● History: From mechanical devices to modern electronic computers, shaping
today's technology.
● Types: Personal computers, laptops, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers.
● Role: Revolutionizing communication, education, healthcare, and entertainment.

1.2 Characteristics of Computer:

● Speed: Rapid processing with millions of calculations per second.


● Accuracy: Precise results with accurate input and instructions.
● Versatility: Performs diverse tasks from simple calculations to complex
simulations.
● Automation: Executes tasks automatically, reducing human intervention.
● Storage: Stores vast data types including text, images, videos, and databases.
● Reliability: Redundancy and error-checking mechanisms enhance reliability.
● Security: Employs encryption and firewalls to protect data and prevent
unauthorized access.

1.3 Function of Computer:

● Data Processing: Converts raw data into meaningful information through


calculations and operations.
● Communication: Facilitates global communication via email, social media, and
video conferencing.
● Control: Manages devices and processes, from industrial machinery to home
automation.
● Entertainment: Enables gaming, multimedia playback, streaming, and virtual
reality experiences.
● Scientific Research: Supports simulations, data analysis, and modeling in various
scientific fields.
● Education: Enhances learning through online resources, digital textbooks, and
interactive simulations.
● Business Applications: Utilized in accounting, inventory management, customer
relationship management (CRM), and data analytics.
● Healthcare: Manages patient records, medical imaging, research, and drug
discovery.
● Creativity: Empowers artists, musicians, and designers through graphic design,
music composition, and digital art software.
● Navigation: Powers GPS systems, enabling precise navigation for vehicles, ships,
and aircraft.
● Online Transactions: Facilitates e-commerce, online banking, and digital
payments for financial transactions.

1.4 Application of Computer:

● Business: Data management, financial analysis, inventory control, and customer


relationship management.
● Education: E-learning, interactive tutorials, digital libraries, and online
assessments.
● Healthcare: Electronic health records, medical imaging, drug discovery, and
patient monitoring.
● Entertainment: Video games, multimedia production, streaming services, and
virtual reality experiences.
● Scientific Research: Simulations, data analysis, modeling, and computational
experiments.
● Communication: Email, social media, video conferencing, and instant messaging.
● Governance: Electronic voting systems, public service management, and digital
identity systems.

1.5 Generation of Computer:

● First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum tubes, limited programming languages,


and punched cards for input.
● Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors, magnetic core memory, and
assembly languages.
● Third Generation (1964-1971): Integrated circuits (ICs), operating systems, and
high-level programming languages.
● Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Microprocessors, personal computers,
graphical user interfaces, and networking.
● Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial intelligence, quantum
computing, and advanced parallel processing.

1.6 Classification of Computer:

● Supercomputers: High processing power for complex calculations, used in


scientific research and weather forecasting.
● Mainframe Computers: Large-scale data processing for organizations, handling
extensive databases and transactions.
● Minicomputers: Mid-sized computers, used for specific tasks like industrial
automation and engineering simulations.
● Microcomputers: Personal computers, laptops, and workstations for general-
purpose use by individuals and businesses.
UNIT 2: Basic Computer Organization, Types of Memory, Central Processing Unit (CPU)
and Its Components, ROM, RAM, and Their Importance, Impact of Configuration on
Performance

2.1 Basic Computer Organization:

● Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanners.


● Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speakers.
● CPU: Processes instructions, performs calculations.
● Memory: Temporary and permanent data storage.
● Storage Devices: Hard drives, SSDs, CDs, DVDs.

2.2 Types of Memory:

● RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory for temporary data storage,
quick access by CPU.
● ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory containing firmware, used for
booting the computer.
● Cache Memory: High-speed memory between RAM and CPU, storing frequently
accessed data.

2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Its Components:

● ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.


● Control Unit: Manages instructions and controls data flow within the CPU.
● Registers: Small, fast storage locations inside the CPU for immediate data
access.

2.4 Importance of ROM and RAM:

● ROM: Stores firmware and bootstrap loader, ensuring the computer can start
when powered on.
● RAM: Provides fast, temporary storage for running applications and data,
enhancing system performance.

2.5 Impact of Configuration on Performance:

● RAM: More RAM allows for running multiple applications simultaneously without
slowing down the system.
● Chip Speed (Clock Speed): Faster processing for quicker execution of
instructions.
● Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Specialized processor for rendering graphics,
crucial for gaming and multimedia tasks.
● Storage Type (HDD vs. SSD): SSDs offer significantly faster data access times
compared to traditional hard disk drives.

UNIT 3: Number Systems: Positional and Non-Positional Number Systems, Binary


Number System, Decimal Number System, Octal and Hexadecimal Number Systems,
Conversion between Number Systems

3.1 Positional and Non-Positional Number Systems:

● Positional: Value of a digit depends on its position within the number (e.g.,
decimal system).
● Non-Positional: Value of a digit is fixed, regardless of its position (e.g., Roman
numerals).

3.2 Binary Number System:

● Base 2 system using 0s and 1s, fundamental in digital systems and computing.

3.3 Decimal Number System:

● Base 10 system using digits 0 to 9, widely used in everyday arithmetic.

3.4 Octal and Hexadecimal Number Systems:

● Octal: Base 8 system using digits 0 to 7.


● Hexadecimal: Base 16 system using digits 0 to 9 and letters A to F (representing
10 to 15 in decimal).

3.5 Conversion between Number Systems:

● Binary to Decimal: Convert binary digits to decimal using powers of 2.


● Decimal to Binary: Divide decimal number by 2 repeatedly, noting remainders.
● Binary to Octal/Hexadecimal: Group binary digits into sets of 3 (octal) or 4
(hexadecimal), then convert each group.
● Octal/Hexadecimal to Binary: Convert each digit to 3 (octal) or 4 (hexadecimal)
binary digits.
● Decimal to Octal/Hexadecimal: Convert decimal number to binary, then group
binary digits for conversion.

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