Activity 8.

3 Sum ton Terms of

,

Special Series (using Cube

Objective
To establish the formula for
the
MaleAlale Requuirzd
Method of Construction khite
of the cubes of the
sum
first-n natural
aheet, S cale, YaLey numberspauy peneib
olour pen C1B
1. Take the
of dráwingdrawingboard and fix
pin_<Take a'white paper sheet on it with the help
2. Draw a ohit Aheet
square of size 15 cm Material Required
3. Draw 225
x
15 cm.
square on the square of size 15
Drawing boárd, white
cmx 15 cm paper shéet
4.
as-shown in the Board pins, pencil,
Under line (all scale.
i.e. 1 1. This around)
the first
is enclosure I. square the upper left mark
on
corner

Enclosure

Enclosure ll

Enclosure lI

Enclosure IV

Enclosure v

5. Under line (all around) 2° -

8 squares adjacent to the previous square as shown-in the-fig. This
enclosure II.
6. Under line (all around) 3° 27 squares adjacent to the previous 8 squares as-shown in the fig-This
=

enclosure III.
7. Under line (all around)
4 =64 squares adjacent to the previous 27 squares as-shown-in the fig-Tt
is enclosure IV.
8. Under line (all around) 5° 125 squares adjacent to the previous 64 squares as shown-in-the-fig. Tt
=

is enclosure V.

Demonstration
1. Number of squares in enclosure I =1 =1 =

2. Number of squares in enclosure II =1d+2 = 9 =|

46 3
 S.
Number ofsquares in enclosure IlI =
1+23+3- 36
4.
Number of squares in enclosure IV 13+23 +3+4 100 =

.
Number of squares in enclosure V 13+ 23 +33 +43+5 225-x6)
225
6.
Number of squares in enclosure n =13+23+3 +. +n=
Observation
1. Number of squares in
enclosure I --1 -|

2. Number
of squares in enclosure II =
13 +2 9 =

3.
Number of squares in enclosure 1ll =
13+23 x
+3 36 | 2
4.
Number of squares in enclosure IV 1s+23+3+4
o-(
=

5.
Number of squares in enclosure V 13+23+3+43+5 =
225

6. In a
similar way, number of squares in n enclsoure 1*+2+3+ . + n
Application
This activity can be used to drive the formula for sum
of cubes of first n natural numbers ie. 1 +25
+33+. + 2

Viva Voce
1. Find the sum of cubes of first 10 natural numbers.

Ans. 1+2 +3+.. +10p-10x(10+)|=(5x11* =(55 =3025

2. Find the sum
of (11)* (12)* +.. (20
+

Ans. (11)+ (12)+... +(20 - [(1)°+(2 20)1 -i(1+ (2.+(10)1

2 20x21(10x11
2
(210 (552
44100-3025
41075

O00

Kemplar Activites thlatiemat 11

 10. Comic Sections
Activity 10.1 Parabola
Objective
To
construct a
parabola.
Malnlals y2qeuned
Method of Construction
.Take the
dr¡wing board and fix/ the white paper sheeton it with the help
of board
pins. Place this drawng board on the table. Take a Material Kequired
2. Take a
point S on this white on qam ngsheet
then draw another line l
paper sheet. Draw line M^S through Sand paper
through M4 perpendicular to the line SM4. Let the Board pins, pencil,
distance of the line l from S be k. scale, çómpass, etc.

3. Take any point M, on land draw a perpendicular to I through Mj.

4. Join M, and S and draw the right bisectors of M,S. It cuts the perpendicular line through M, at P
5. Now take another point Ma on line land draw another perpendicular to through Ma on L
6. Join M2 and S and draw a right bisector of M,S. This right bisector meet the perpendicular line throu
Ma at Pa
7. Repeat above steps for points Mg, Ma, Mg, M, and M7 selected on line L This activity gives us points
intersection Pa, Pa, Ps, Pg and P7.
8. Now draw a free hand curve through points P, P2. P3, Pa, Ps, P, and P7. See the fig.

Demonstration
The points P, Pa, Pa, Pa, Ps, Pg and P, are such that the distance of each point from the fixed point
is same as the distance ofthe line LSo, the free hand drawn çurve through the points P, Pa, Pg
is a parabola with focus S and directrix L P, is the vertex of the parabola.

Observation
1. P,M, Xx cm PS x Cm
2. PpMa y cm PaS y cm

EE.emda Au NM hamatr
 3. PaMg z cm PaS z cm
4. PM4 u cm PS u cm
5. PsMs w cm P5S w cm
6. The distance of the point P, from
M, the distance of P, from S.
=

7. The distance
between the points P, from M, the distance of from S.
8. The distance of the
-
P2
point P from M, the distance of the point Pa from S.
-

9.The distances of the point P, P, Paassi, P. from the line l are equal to the distances
from the point S. of these points
0.
Theretore
focus S.
the free hand curve
obtained by joining P, Pa, Pau P, is parabola with directrix l and

11. The distance

of the vertex P4 and S PM, focal
12. The distance of the vertex
of the
length.
parabola from the directrix total length.
=

Application
This activity is useful to
understand the concepts related to parabola like focus of the
of the parabola, directrix of parabola, vertex
theparabola etc.

1. Define
Viva Voce
a parabola.
Ans. Parabola is a locus of a
point which moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed
fixed line is same, the fixed point and a
point is called focus of the parabola and fixed line is called directrix
parabola. of the
2. Define principal axis of the parabola.
Ans. A line passing through the focus of the parabola and perpendicular to the directrix of
called principal axis of the the parabola, is
parabola.
3. Define vertex of a
parabola.
Ans. The point of intersection of the
4. Define focal length of a
parabola and its principal axis is called vertex of the parabola.
parabola.
Ans. The distance between focus and vertex of
the parabola is called its focal
length.
 Activity 10.3 Ellipse (When two Fixed
'

Points are given)

Objective
To construct an ellipse when
two fixed points are
given
Method of Construction
1. Take a
drawing board and fix the white paper sheet on it with board
2. Take two
points F
and F on the white pins, Material Required
PF2 6 cm and then join and paper sheet such that Adrawing board
3. Fix two nails at F F2
4. Take a
F and F2. A white paper sheet
string whose Board pins
Tie one end of the length
is more than
FF2 or 6 cm. Let it be 9 cm.
string with F and other end at Nails, string, pen, etc.
F2

Note: Construct another ellipse

by taking different length of the
string and also by changing the
10 P distance between F and F2.

Demonstration
1. Take a pencil and stretch the string in the loop without slack, Now move the pencil all around F,F2 in
such a way that string is fully stretched without any slack. The pencil will draw a curve on the white
paper sheet as shown in figure. It is an ellipse.
2. Now take some points, Pi, P2» Pa, Pa, Ps, P6, P7, Pg, P9, P10 and Pi1 on the curve.

Observation
1. P F + PF2 = 9 cm.
2. PaF+ P2F2 = 9 cm.

3.
PF+ PFa =9 em, P,F
PgF+ PoF2 = 9 cm.
+
PFa =
9 cm,
PsF +
PsF2 =
9 cm,
P,F +PFa 9
cm, so on, we get
4. Sum of the distances of each of the points P1, P2, Pa .. from the points F and F2 is 9 cm.
5. So the curve obtained is an ellipse.

Application
This activity is used to explain the concept of an ellipse. It explains that the sum of the distances ofa point on
the curve from two fixed point is same, i.e, if P is any general point on the ellipse then PF, + PF2 a constant.

Viva Voce
1. Define an ellipse.
Ans. It is the locus of a point which moves in such a way that sum of its distances from two fixed points
same throughout fixed points are called its foci.
2. Define the principal axis of an ellipse.
Ans. A line joining the two foci of the ellipse is called its Principal axis.

plar Activities in Mathematics11 k

 11. Limits and Derivatives
Activity 11.1 Limits
Objective
To find
analytically lim flx) C -

aertas RaquivedLht AfLt, scalk, pencil2 c a

Method of Construction
Material Required
1. Take a
function fa 4 A drawing bøárd
2. Here, c= 4 and function fx) is not defined at x 4. A white psper sheet
Calculapór, pencil, scale

Demonstration
1. Take some values of c very near to 4 and greater than 4. Then take some values of c very near to 4 and
less than4
2. Calculate the corresponding values of fx for each value of c'with the help of calculator.
Table I

3.9 3.99 3.999 3.9999 3.999993.9

3.999999
7.9 7.99 7.999 7.9999 7.99999 7.999999
Table II

4.1 4.01 4.001 4.0001 4.00001 4.000001 4.0000001

8.001 8.0001 8.00001 8.000001 |8.0000001
8.1 8.01

Observations
1. Values of fx) as x>4 through the values just less than 4 as shown in Table I are coming closer and
closer to 8.
4 through the values just greater than 4 as shown in Table II are coming closer
2. Values of fa) as x >

and closer to 8.

3. lim
X94 X-4

Application
This activity explains the concept oflimit lim 2-
, when x canalytically.
XCX-C

Viva Voce
1. Apply the above activity to evaluate the

(a) -4 (b) +x-6

2 +X 6 -

4
Ans. (a) 2
(b
O00

emplar Activitiesin Mathematica-11 K.

 13. Probability
Activity 13.1 Sample Space
Objective
To write the sample space, when die is
Malerian Raquine od Di
tossed once, twice,
thrice
Method of Construction pencile, SCals Material Required
1. Throw a die once, the Adie
outcomes are1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Pencil
Sample space S {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
= 1 paper
Number of outcomes =
6 6 Scale, etc
2. Throw the die
twice, the sample space will be
1, 1),(4,2),4, 3),1, 4),0, 5),4,6)
2,1),2, 2),2,3),(2, 4),(2,5),(2,6)
S 3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5),(3,6)
14,1),(4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4, 5), (4, 6)
5, 1),(5, 2),(5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5,6)
6,1), 16,2) (6, 3),6, 4),(6, 5), (6, 6)
Demonstration
1. If die is tossed once, the number of outcomes in its sample space = 6 = 6.
2. If die is tossed twice, the number of outcomes in its sample space 36 = 6.
3. If die is tossed thrice, the number of outcomes in its sample space = 216 6.
4. If die is tossed n times, the number of outcomes in its
sample space 6* =

Observation
Number ofoutcomes in the sample space when a die is tossed once =6', twice 6 , thrice 6 , four times
- 6, n times 6.

Application
This activity helps us to find the number of outcomes in the sample space, when a single die is tossed once,
twice, thrice and so on.

Viva Voce
1. Define probability of an event.
Ans. Probability of an event is the ratio of the number outcomes favourable to event and number of total
outcomes in its sample space.
2. What do you mean by outcomes of an experiment?
Ans. When an experiment is performed, then its all possible result are called outcomes.
3. What is sample space?
Ans. A set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called sample space. For example: when two coins
are tossed once, the
sample space S ={TT, HT, TH, HH}.

3
EiGUESAs MEtieuatesa