1.a) What is multimedia?
Describe the main properties of a multimedia
system.
A multimedia system refers to a computer-based platform or application
that integrates multiple types of media elements such as text, graphics,
audio, video, and animations.
Properties of multimedia system's
Characteristic of multimedia System
1. Combination of media:
According to the definition of multimedia system, a multimedia system must
be composed with the help of different mediums and devices and all
together when works or comes in function then it forms the multimedia
system.
2. Independence:
In the multimedia system different media should be independent from each
other where as there should be inherently tight connection between
different media to work together also.
3. Computer supported integration:
The different independent media are combined in arbitrary forms to work
together as a system with the support of computers. Computer supported
integration also called control through the computer in multimedia systems.
4. Communication systems:
Communication capable multimedia system must be approached.
Multimedia information not only be created, proceed and stored but also be
distributed above the single computer boundary which makes the
multimedia application much popular and useful in distributed environment.
b) What are the fundamental aspects of speech analysis? Describe the
procedure of speech recognition and understanding
The fundamental aspects of speech analysis encompass various
disciplines and techniques that are used to understand and process spoken
language.
Speech recognition and understanding:
Speech recognition and understanding (SRU) is the process of converting
spoken language into text. SRU systems typically consist of two main
components: a speech recognizer and a language model.
The following is a simplified procedure of speech recognition and
understanding:
1. Acoustic preprocessing:
2. Feature extraction: speech signal.
3. Acoustic modeling:
4. Language modeling:
5. Decoding
What is YIQ signal? How does it encode color for transmission of video
signal?
YIQ is a color space used in analog video transmission, such as the NTSC
system in North America.
To encode color for transmission of a video signal, the YIQ color space
uses the following steps:
1. The RGB video signal is converted to the YIQ color space using the
following equations:
Y = 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
I = 0.596R - 0.274G - 0.322B
Q = 0.211R - 0.523G + 0.312B
2. The Y, I, and Q signals are then modulated onto a carrier signal and
transmitted.
3. At the receiver, the demodulated signals are converted back to RGB
using the following equations:
R = Y + 0.956I + 0.621Q
G = Y - 0.272I - 0.647Q
B = Y - 1.108I + 1.779Q
The YIQ color space is not used in digital video systems, as they use more
efficient color spaces such as YCbCr.
Differentiate between MIDI versus Digital Audio Explain General MIDI
Architecture
General MIDI (GM) is a standardized specification for electronic musical
instruments that respond to MIDI messages. GM was developed by the
American MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) and the Japan MIDI
Standards Committee (JMSC) and first published in 1991.
A photograph of 3x4 inches is scanning in 300dpi resolution and 8-bit
colors. It is 3 used on a web page. If a viewer connecting to the Internet
using a modem with
typical transfer rate of 800 bytes/sec. how long will it take to download the
image
What It Dithering? How can we encode number of color using this
technique?
Dithering is a technique used to approximate a continuous range of colors
using a limited number of colors.
Dithering can be used to encode a limited number of colors in an image by
using a dithering algorithm to create a pattern of pixels that approximates
the desired colors. For example, a 4-color image can be dithered to create
a pattern of pixels that approximates the 16-color palette.
Dithering can also be used to reduce the size of an image file by using a
dithering algorithm to reduce the number of colors in the image. For
example, a 24-bit color image can be dithered to create an 8-bit color
image with a smaller file size.
What is image recognition? Provide a brief overview of the key steps
involved in image recognition?
Image recognition is the process of identifying and understanding objects in
images
The key steps involved in image recognition are:
1. Image preprocessing: The image is first preprocessed to remove
noise and other unwanted components.
2. Feature extraction: Acoustic features are extracted from the
preprocessed image. These features typically include the color,
texture, and shape of the objects in the image.
3. Classification: The features extracted from the image are used to
classify the objects in the image. This is done using a machine
learning algorithm trained on a dataset of labeled images.
4. Object detection: The location of the objects in the image is
determined. This is done using a machine learning algorithm trained
on a dataset of labeled images.
(c) What is raster display? Describe the architecture of a raster display
A raster display is a type of digital display that uses a grid of pixels to
create an image.
Raster Scan Displays are most common type of graphics monitor
which employs CRT. It is based on television technology. In raster
scan system electron beam sweeps across the screen, from top to
bottom covering one row at a time.A pattern of illuminated pattern
of spots is created by turning beam intensity on and off as it moves
across each row.
4. (a) What is perceptual coding? How does perceptual coding take
advantage of the human auditory system's limitations to achieve
compression while maintaining perceived audio quality?
Perceptual coding is a type of audio compression that takes advantage of
the human auditory system's limitations to achieve compression while
maintaining perceived audio quality.
The human auditory system is not perfect. It is not able to perceive all of
the sounds in the world, and it is more sensitive to some sounds than
others. For example, the human auditory system is more sensitive to
sounds in the frequency range of human speech than to sounds at lower or
higher frequencies.
Perceptual coding algorithms take advantage of the human auditory
system's limitations to compress audio data. They do this by discarding
audio data that is not likely to be perceived by the human auditory system.
Perceptual coding algorithms are very effective at compressing audio data
while maintaining perceived audio quality. They are used in a variety of
audio compression formats, such as MP3, AAC, and Ogg Vorbis.
b) Explain with suitable illustration the fundamental principles underlying
DPCM (Differential Pulse Code Modulation), DM (Delta Modulation), and
ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) compression
techniques.
Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
DPCM is a compression technique that encodes the difference between
successive samples of a signal, rather than encoding the samples
themselves. This is possible because most signals are correlated, meaning
that successive samples are similar. By encoding the difference between
successive samples, DPCM can achieve significant compression ratios.
The basic principle of DPCM is illustrated in the following diagram:
+--------------+
| Predictor |
+--------------+
|
|
+--------------+
| Quantizer |
+--------------+
|
|
+--------------+
| Encoder |
+--------------+
Delta Modulation (DM)
DM is a type of DPCM that uses a single bit to encode the difference
between successive samples. DM is simpler to implement than DPCM, but
it is not as efficient.
The basic principle of DM is illustrated in the following diagram:
+--------------+
| Comparator |
+--------------+
|
|
+--------------+
| Encoder |
+--------------+
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
ADPCM is a type of DPCM that adapts the step size of the quantizer to the
signal characteristics. This allows ADPCM to achieve better compression
ratios than DPCM.
The basic principle of ADPCM is illustrated in the following diagram:
+--------------+
| Predictor |
+--------------+
|
|
+--------------+
| Quantizer |
+--------------+
|
|
+--------------+
| Encoder |
+--------------+
(c) Find the data rate of a PCM-coded mono-audio signal with CD-quality
From this result find the storage capacity of a CD-ROM to store a 1-hour
multimedia site the transmission channel bit rate is 64kbps. find the time to
transmit multimedia titles. If the transmission channel bit rate is 64kbps,
find the time to transmit the entire multimedia title.
Data rate of a PCM-coded mono-audio signal with CD-quality
A CD-quality PCM-coded mono-audio signal has a sample rate of 44.1 kHz
and a bit depth of 16 bits. This means that each sample is represented by
16 bits, and there are 44,100 samples per second.
The data rate of this signal is calculated as follows:
data rate = sample rate * bit depth
data rate = 44,100 samples/second * 16 bits/sample
data rate = 705,600 bits/second
Storage capacity of a CD-ROM to store a 1-hour multimedia title
A CD-ROM has a storage capacity of 700 MB.
To store a 1-hour multimedia title with a data rate of 705,600 bits/second on
a CD-ROM, we need to calculate the total number of bits in the title:
total bits = data rate * time
total bits = 705,600 bits/second * 3,600 seconds/hour
total bits = 2,540,160,000 bits
Since there are 8 bits in a byte, the total number of bytes in the title is:
total bytes = total bits / 8 bits/byte
total bytes = 2,540,160,000 bits / 8 bits/byte
total bytes = 317,520,000 bytes
Since there are 1,048,576 bytes in a megabyte, the total number of
megabytes in the title is:
total megabytes = total bytes / 1,048,576
bytes/megabyte
total megabytes = 317,520,000 bytes / 1,048,576
bytes/megabyte
total megabytes = 304.78 MB
Therefore, a CD-ROM can store a 1-hour multimedia title with a data rate of
705,600 bits/second.
Time to transmit the entire multimedia title if the transmission channel bit
rate is 64 kbps
To calculate the time to transmit the entire multimedia title with a
transmission channel bit rate of 64 kbps
time = total bits / transmission channel bit rate
time = 2,540,160,000 bits / 64,000 bits/second
time = 40,000 seconds
Therefore, it will take 40,000 seconds to transmit the entire multimedia title
with a transmission channel bit rate of 64 kbps. This is equivalent to 666
minutes and 40 seconds.
Why is data compression such an important issue for multimedia
developers? What are the different types of compression techniques?
Data compression is important for multimedia developers because it allows
them to reduce the size of their multimedia files, which makes them easier
to store, transmit, and download.
There are two main types of data compression techniques: lossless and
lossy.
Lossless compression techniques reduce the size of a file without losing
any data. They are typically used for text files and other types of data
where it is important to preserve all of the original information.
Lossy compression techniques reduce the size of a file by discarding some
of the original data. This results in a smaller file, but it may also result in
some loss of quality. Lossy compression techniques are typically used for
multimedia files, such as audio, video, and images.
A text file has some text using only five characters. Total character of the
text 1+1 is 100 and each character is encoded in 3 bits binary. We will use
Huffman encoding for compression of the text file. All characters and
corresponding the probability of occurrence are given bellow. P(A)-0.16,
p(B)-0.51, (C)-0.09, p(D)-0.13, pE-0.11
i) Find the optimal Huffman code for those characters.
ii) Find the percentage of compression
I) Create a list of nodes, each representing a character and its
probability of occurrence.
While there is more than one node in the list:
a. Sort the list in ascending order of probabilities.
b. Take the two nodes with the lowest probabilities (let's call them A
and B).
c. Create a new node with a probability equal to the sum of A and B's
probabilities.
d. Make A the left child and B the right child of the new node.
e. Replace A and B in the list with the new node.
The last remaining node in the list is the root of the Huffman Tree.
Here's the Huffman Tree for the given characters and probabilities
[1.0]
/ | \
0.51 0.49
/ / \
[B] [0.49] [0.49]
/ \ / \
0.13 0.36 0.13 0.36
/ / \ \ \
[D] [0.13] [0.11] [0.25]
/ \ \ \
0.09 0.04 [C] [0.11]
/ \
[E] [A]
ii) Find the percentage of compression
To find the percentage of compression, we can use the following formula:
Compression ratio = (Original size - Compressed size) / Original size *
100%
The original size of the text file is 100 characters * 3 bits/character = 300
bits.
The compressed size of the text file is the sum of the lengths of the
Huffman codes for each character:
Compressed size = (110 bits + 10 bits + 011 bits + 010 bits + 00 bits) = 240
bits
Therefore, the compression ratio is:
Compression ratio = (300 bits - 240 bits) / 300 bits * 100% = 20%
Therefore, the Huffman encoding compressed the text file by 20%.
What is arithmetic coding? Explain the process of encoding a symbol using
arithmetic coding
Arithmetic coding is a lossless data compression technique that encodes a
sequence of symbols into a single number.
Encoding a symbol using arithmetic coding
To encode a symbol using arithmetic coding, the encoder follows these
steps:
1. Start with an interval of [0, 1).
2. For each symbol in the sequence:
○ Divide the current interval into subintervals proportional to the
probabilities of the symbols.
○ The subinterval corresponding to the current symbol is the new
interval.
3. The encoded symbol is the number in the final interval.
In LZW coding, the message BAABABBBAABBBBAA is given. Encode the
message
To encode the message BAABABBBAABBBBAA using LZW coding, we
follow these steps:
1. Create a dictionary with the first 256 ASCII characters.
2. Initialize the current code to 0.
3. Scan the input message one character at a time.
4. If the current code does not exist in the dictionary, add the current
code to the dictionary and set the current code to the next available
code.
5. If the current code exists in the dictionary, output the current code
and set the current code to the code that corresponds to the current
character and the next character in the input message.
6. Repeat steps 3-5 until the end of the input message is reached.
The following table shows the LZW encoding of the message
BAABABBBAABBBBAA:
| Input symbol | Current code | Output code | Dictionary | |---|---|---|---|---| | B
| 0 | B | B | | A | 1 | A | BA | | A | 1 | 1 | AAB | | B | 0 | 0 | ABAB | | A | 1 | 1 |
ABABB | | B | 0 | 0 | ABABBB | | B | 0 | 0 | ABABBBBA | | A | 1 | 1 |
ABABBBBAA | | A | 1 | 1 | ABABBBBAAA |
The encoded message is 0101000011111111.
What is MPEG How does MPEG play a role in changing the compression
of video content
MPEG, or Moving Picture Experts Group, is a working group of experts
who develop standards for the compression of digital audio and video.
MPEG standards are based on a number of techniques, including:
● Interframe compression: Interframe compression takes advantage of
the fact that successive frames of a video sequence are often very
similar.
● Discrete cosine transform (DCT) compression: DCT compression is a
technique for compressing images and video by transforming the
image or video into the frequency domain.
● Quantization: Quantization is a technique for reducing the number of
bits used to represent a signal.
What is run length coding? Describe a run-length coding to compress
binary patterns.
Run-length coding (RLE) is a lossless data compression technique that
encodes sequences of data that display redundant data as a single data
value and count, rather than as the original run.
To compress a binary pattern using RLE, we follow these steps:
1. Initialize a compressed string.
2. Scan the input pattern one bit at a time.
3. If the current bit is different from the previous bit, append the previous
bit and its count to the compressed string and reset the count to 1.
4. If the current bit is the same as the previous bit, increment the count.
5. Repeat steps 3-4 until the end of the input pattern is reached.
6. Append the current bit and its count to the compressed string.
b) What is JPEG? Describe all steps to compress an image with JPGE
compression technique
JPEG is a lossy image compression technique that is widely used in digital
photography and other applications. JPEG works by discarding some of the
high-frequency information in an image, which is less noticeable to the
human eye.
To compress an image with JPEG, the following steps are taken:
1. The image is converted from the RGB color space to the YCbCr color
space. The YCbCr color space is more efficient for JPEG
compression because it separates the brightness information from
the color information.
2. The image is divided into 8x8 pixel blocks.
3. Each block is transformed using the Discrete Cosine Transform
(DCT). The DCT is a mathematical operation that transforms an
image into its constituent frequencies.
4. The DCT coefficients are quantized. Quantization is a process of
reducing the number of bits used to represent a signal.
5. The quantized DCT coefficients are encoded using a Huffman
encoder. Huffman encoding is a lossless data compression technique
that assigns shorter codes to more frequent symbols.
The following diagram shows the steps involved in JPEG compression:
Input image -> RGB to YCbCr conversion -> 8x8 block splitting -> DCT
transform -> Quantization -> Huffman encoding -> Compressed image
Where the principles of animation? Briefly describe each of principles
animation
1. Squash and stretch: This principle states that objects should be
squashed and stretched during motion to give them a sense of weight
and volume.
2. Anticipation: This principle states that an action should be
foreshadowed by a slight movement in the opposite direction.
3. Staging: This principle states that the composition of a scene should
be carefully planned to guide the viewer's eye and focus their
attention on the most important elements.
4. Straight ahead action and pose to pose: These two principles
describe two different ways to animate a scene. Straight ahead action
is the process of animating a scene from beginning to end, one frame
at a time. Pose to pose is the process of animating a scene by first
drawing the key poses of the characters and then filling in the gaps in
between.
5. Follow through and overlapping action: These two principles describe
how objects should continue to move after the main action has
stopped. Follow through is the tendency of objects to keep moving in
the same direction after they have stopped being acted upon.
Overlapping action is the tendency of different parts of an object to
move at different times.
6. Slow in and slow out: This principle states that objects should slow
down as they approach the beginning and end of a movement. This
helps to create a more natural and realistic sense of motion.
7. Arcs: This principle states that objects should move in arcs, rather
than in straight lines. This helps to create a more natural and fluid
sense of motion.
8. Secondary action: This principle states that objects should have
secondary actions in addition to their main action. Secondary actions
can help to make the characters more believable and to add interest
to the scene.
9. Timing: This principle is essential for creating animation that looks
natural and believable. The timing of an animation refers to the speed
at which the objects in the scene move.
10. Exaggeration: This principle states that animators should
exaggerate the movements of their characters in order to make them
more interesting and dynamic.
11. Solid drawing: This principle states that animators should have a
good understanding of the fundamentals of drawing in order to create
believable characters and objects.
12. Appeal: This principle states that animators should strive to create
characters and scenes that are appealing to the viewer. This can be
achieved through the use of character design, color, and lighting.
What distinguishes animation from simulation in the context of multimedia
and computer graphics?
Animation and simulation are two different approaches to creating moving
images. Animation is the process of creating the illusion of motion by
displaying a sequence of still images in rapid succession. Simulation is the
process of creating a model of a real-world system and then using that
model to generate images or videos that depict the behavior of the system.
One key difference between animation and simulation is that animation is
typically used to create creative and artistic content, while simulation is
typically used to create realistic and informative content. For example,
animation is used to create cartoons, movies, and video games. Simulation
is used to train pilots, design cars, and study the climate.
Write short note om
Virtual reality
Thy Multimedia editors
Virtual reality (VR) is a simulated experience that can be similar to or
completely different from the real world. VR is created using computer
software and hardware that generate realistic images, sounds, and other
sensations that simulate a physical presence in a virtual environment.
Multimedia editors are software applications that allow users to create, edit,
and publish multimedia content, such as images, audio, video, and text.
Multimedia editors can be used to create a wide variety of content,
including websites, presentations, videos, and games.
