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Introduction To Computer

This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It discusses that computers are made up of both hardware and software. The hardware includes tangible parts like the central processing unit, memory, storage, input and output devices. The software includes operating systems and application programs. It describes the main components of a computer system in detail, including how they are organized and function together. It also discusses different types of computers and units of measurement used.

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basmaladrmohamed
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views

Introduction To Computer

This document provides an introduction to computer systems. It discusses that computers are made up of both hardware and software. The hardware includes tangible parts like the central processing unit, memory, storage, input and output devices. The software includes operating systems and application programs. It describes the main components of a computer system in detail, including how they are organized and function together. It also discusses different types of computers and units of measurement used.

Uploaded by

basmaladrmohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 59

Introduction to Computer System

Hanafy M. Ali
BUC-Bio Technology School

BUC 1
Chapter1
Introduction to
Computers
BUC 2
What are computers?

Computers are electronic devices that can


follow instructions to accept input, process the
input and then produce information.

BUC 3
Look inside the computer SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

BUC 4
Computers are made of
1. HARDWARE
2. SOFTWARE

BUC 5
‫‪Hardware‬‬

‫غير مطلوبة فقط‪BUC‬‬


‫للفهم‬ ‫‪6‬‬
Hardware

The parts of computer itself (tangible objects )


including :
⚫ CPU (or Processor) and Primary memory (or
Main Memory)
⚫ Input devices i.e the keyboard and mouse
⚫ Output devices
⚫ Storage devices
BUC 7
The Case (System Unit or System Cabinet)

‫غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم‬

BUC 8
Hardware

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)


2. Input units
3. Output units
4. Memory (Main or Primary Memory
& Secondary or Auxiliary Memory)

BUC 9
Components of a Computer System
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Data
control unit (CU)

Memory output
Arithmetic
logic RAM units
Input
Unit (ALU)
units ROM

Auxiliary Information
Memory
BUC /Knowledge
10
Hardware Organization
Input Devices ...

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
BUC 11
‫غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم‬
Input Devices

• Translate data from form that humans


understand to one that the computer can
work with
• Most common are keyboard and mouse

Selector Buttons

BUC 12
Examples of Input Devices
1. Keyboard (QWERTY keyboard, ATMs keyboard)
ATM: automatic teller machine
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Pre-storage Devise (Disk, CD’s, … etc.)
5. Optical mark recognition (Light Pin ,
Bar code scanners)
6. Microphone
7. Joystick .
See Page 4 in text book
BUC 13
Examples of Input Devices(2)

8. Point and Draw devices


9. Trackball
10. Touchpad
11. Touch screen
12. Magnetic stripes and smart cars.
13. Digital Cameras

BUC 14
BUC 15
Hardware Organization
CPU

memory

hard drive
BUC 16
‫غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم‬
Hardware Organization

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
‫مطلوبة فقط للفهم‬
BUC ‫غير‬ 17
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• A specific chip or the processor


a CPU's performance is determined
by the rest of the computers
circuitry and chips.
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
performs the actual processing of
data
• The speed (clock speed) of CPU
measured by Hertz (MHz)
BUC 18
The CPU consists of :

❑ Control Unit (CU)


❑ Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU)
❑ Some Registers

BUC 19
The Control Unit (CU) :
coordinates all activities of the
computer by:

• Determining which operations to perform


and in what order to carry them out.
• The CU transmits coordinating control
signals to other computer components.

BUC 20
The ALU :
consists of electronic circuitry to
perform:

• Arithmetic operations (addition,


subtraction, multiplication and division)
• Logical operations (and, or, not, …) and
to make some comparisons (less-than,
equal, … etc.)

BUC 21
Hardware Organization

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
BUC 22
‫غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم‬
Primary Memory

• Memory (fast, expensive, short-term


memory): Enables a computer to store,
at least temporarily, data, programs,
and intermediate results.

• Two general parts:


1.RAM
2.ROM

BUC 23
RAM (Main Memory)
• its a primary storage or random access memory
(RAM).
• it temporarily holds data and programs for use
during processing (volatile)
• Any information stored in RAM is lost when the
computer is turned off.
• RAM is the memory that the computer uses to
temporarily store the information as it is being
processed. The more information being
processed the more RAM the computer needs.
• RAM consists of locations or cells. Each cell has
a unique address which distinguishes it from
other cells. BUC 24
ROM: Read Only Memory

ROM is part of memory


Programmed at manufacturing time
Its contents cannot be changed by users
It is a permanent store

BUC 25
Secondary Storage
❑ Stores data and programs
permanently: its retained after the
power is turned off
❑ Examples
• Hard Drive (Hard Disk)
Located outside the CPU, but most often
contained in the system cabinet
• Floppy Disk
• Optical Laser Discs
❖CD-ROM, CD-RW, BUC and DVD 26
Kinds of Disk Drives

BUC 27
Common Secondary Media
• Diskettes
– Data represented as magnetic spots on removable
flexible plastic disks
– Most common size is 3 1/2 inches, in a rigid plastic
case
– Disk drive holds the diskette, reads or retrieves
the data and writes or stores data

BUC 28
Common Secondary Media
• Hard drive

– Data is represented magnetically as with


diskettes
– Normally more than one rigid platter in a
sealed unit
– These disks are not removable
– Significantly more capacity and faster
operating than diskettes
BUC 29
Hardware Organization

CPU

memory

motherboard

hard drive
BUC 30
‫غير مطلوبة فقط للفهم‬
Common Secondary Media
▪ Optical Laser Discs
• CD ROM & DVD’s
• Data is represented as pits and lands
• Some kinds are read only (CD-ROM) and some
Kinds are rewritable (CD-RW)
• Significantly more capacity and faster operating
than diskettes

BUC 31
DVD: Digital Video Disk
Hardware Organization
CPU

memory

hard drive
BUC ‫غير مطلوبة‬
‫فقط للفهم‬ 32
Output …
CPU
Output Devices

Pieces of equipment that translate the


processed information from the CPU into a
form that humans can understand.

BUC 33
Output Devices

▪ Monitors
▪ Printers
➢ Dot matrix printers
➢ Ink jet printers
➢ Laser printers
▪ Sound Blasters (Sound Card By Creative Lab)
▪ Controlling other devices
BUC 34
Software

The instructions that tell the computer


what to do
1. Application Software - helps end-users
perform general purpose tasks
2. System Software - enables application
software to interact with the computer

BUC 35
System Software
The most important

System Software
is the

Operating System

Examples of operating systems:


Windows XP, DOS, Apple, UNIX

BUC 36
System Software

• The software that controls everything


that happens in a computer.
• Background software, manages the
computer’s internal resources

BUC 37
Resources examples : CPU, RAM , I/O devices, …
Application Software – Basic Tools

• Word processors– example: Microsoft


word
• Spreadsheets-- example: Microsoft
Excel
• Database managers-- example:
Microsoft Access
• Graphics-- example: Photoshop
Spreadsheets: Computer software thatBUCallows the user to enter 38
columns and rows of numbers in a accounting book like format.
Units of Measurements

▪ Bit (Binary Digit)(takes two values: 1 or 0)


▪ Byte = 8 bits

▪ KB (Kilo-byte) = 1024 bytes


▪ MB (mega-byte) = 1024 KB
▪ GB (giga-byte) = 1024 MB
▪ TB (Tera-byte) = 1024 GB

Remark: 1024=210

BUC 39
Four Kinds of Computers
1. Microcomputers 2. Minicomputers

3. Mainframe computers 4. Supercomputers

BUC 40
• Microcomputer =>Personal
Computer => PC
• There are 3 types of the
Microcomputers :
1.Laptop
2.Desktop
3.Workstation

BUC 41
• Personal Computer: A small, single-user
computer based on a microprocessor.
• Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer.
A workstation is like a personal computer, but it
has :
➢ a more powerful microprocessor and,
➢ in general, a higher-quality monitor.

BUC 42
Minicomputer, Mainframe, and
Supercomputer

• Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable


of supporting up to hundreds of users
simultaneously.
• Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer
capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users simultaneously.
• Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer
that can perform hundreds of millions of
instructions per second.
BUC 43
Minicomputers
• Desk-sized
• More processing speed and
storage capacity than
microcomputers
• General data processing needs
at small companies
• Larger companies use them
for specific purposes

BUC 44
Mainframe Computers
• Larger machines with special
wiring and environmental
controls
• Faster processing and greater
storage than minicomputers
• Typical machine in large
organizations

BUC 45
Supercomputers
• The most powerful of the four categories
• Used by very large organizations, particularly
for very math-intensive types of tasks

BUC 46
Supercomputers

BUC 47
Characteristics of Computers

1- Store a large amount of data and


information for a long period of time.

2- process data and information in high


accuracy level .

3- Speed in processing data information.

4- Sharing of information
BUC / network. 48
Understanding the difference between Data,
Information and Knowledge:

Data Information
Computer
Knowledge

BUC 49
✓ Data: is the name given to basic facts such as
names and numbers.
✓ Information: is data that has been converted
into a more useful or intelligible form.
✓ Knowledge: arrangement of information and
classifying information of the same type or
the same topic.
BUC 50
• e. g.

-2 4 0 -3 10 (data)
|| sort
\ /
-3 -2 0 4 10 (information)

BUC 51
Processing data produces
information, and processing
information produces
knowledge.

BUC 52
Computer Viruses

BUC 53
Computer Viruses

• A computer virus is an application


program designed and written to
destroy other programs.

• It has the ability to:


➢ Link itself to other programs
➢ Copy itself (it looks as if it repeats itself)
BUC 54
Examples of Viruses

Monkes
ABC
Crabs
CIH

BUC 55
Viruses and Virus Protection

• A virus program
• Infects programs, documents,
databases and more …
• It is man-made
• It can hide and reproduce
• It can lay dormant (inactive)
and then activate

Anti-virus programs can help


BUC 56
Sources of Computer Viruses

• Three primary sources


• The Internet
• Via downloads and exchanges
• Diskettes
• Exchanging disks
• Computer networks
• Can spread from one network
to another

BUC 57
How do you know if you
have a virus?

• Lack of storage capability


• Decrease in the speed of executing programs
• Unexpected error messages
• Halting the system

BUC 58
Virus Protection

• The software package distributed with new


PCs always includes an antiviral program.
The best way to cope with viruses is to
recognize their existence and use an
antiviral, or antivirus program.

BUC 59

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