Experiment No-1

Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown Resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.

Objective: To measure very small resistance( 0.1Ω to 1.0 Ω.)

Device/Equipments Required:

i. Kelvin’s Double Bridge Trainer Kit(VBK-02)

ii. Patch Cords
iii. Digital Multimeter
iv. Unknown Resistances

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:

A Kelvin Bridge is a measuring instrument used to measure unknown electrical resistors

below 1 ohm. It is specifically designed to measure resistors that are constructed as four
terminal resistors.
The operation of the Kelvin Bridge is very similar to the Wheatstone bridge except that it is
complicated by the presence of two additional resistors; Resistors P and Q are connected to
the outside potential terminals of the four terminal known or standard resistor S and the
unknown resistor R. The resistors S, R, P and Q are essentially a Wheatstone bridge. In this
arrangement, the parasitic resistance of the upper part of S and the lower part of R is outside
of the potential measuring part of the bridge and therefore are not included in the
measurement. However, the link ‘r’ between S and R is included in the potential
measurement part of the circuit and therefore can affect the accuracy of the result. To
overcome this, a second pair of resistors ‘p’ and ‘q’ form a second pair of arms of the bridge
(hence 'double bridge') and are connected to the inner potential terminals of S and R. The
detector D is connected between the junction of P and Q and the junction of p and q.

The balance equation of this bridge is given by the equation

𝑹 = (𝑷 /𝑸) 𝑺 + 𝒒𝒓/(𝒑 + 𝒒 + 𝒓) [ 𝑷/ 𝑸 − ( 𝒑/ 𝒒 )]

As per the design P/Q= p/q, the value of unknown resistance is,
𝑷
𝑹= 𝑺
𝑸

Above equation is the usual working equation for the Kelvin double bridge. It indicates that
the resistance of connecting lead ‘r’ has no effect on the measurement provided that the two
sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. The above equation is useful however as it shows the
error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It is indicated that it is
desirable to keep ‘r’ as small as possible in order to minimize the errors in case there is a
difference between ratios P / Q and p/q. In a typical Kelvin bridge, the range of resistance
calculated is 0.1Ω to 1.0 Ω.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the connection diagram

2. Connect the unknown resistance at R terminals.
3. Switch ON the unit.
4. Select the range selection switch at the point where the meter reads least possible
value of voltage.
5. Vary the potentiometer (S) to obtain null balance.
6. Switch OFF the unit and find the resistance using multimeter at S.
7. Tabulate the readings and find the value of unknown resistance using the above
formula.
8. Repeat the above for different values of unknown resistors.
 Experiment No-2

Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown self-Inductance using Maxwell’s

Inductance Bridge.

Objective: To measure the unknown inductance of low Q value.

Device/Equipments Required:

i. Maxwell’s Inductance Bridge Trainer Kit (Scientech AB59)

ii. DC Supply (+12V, -12V)
iii. Function Generator
iv. Patch Cords
v. Digital Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: Accurate measurements of complex impedances and frequencies may be performed

by using impedance-measuring AC Bridges. A Maxwell’s Bridge is a type of
Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value)
in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance.


L1 = Inductor whose inductance is to be determined.

R1 = a resistance in series the inductor L1.

L3 = Fixed value inductor.

R3 = Fixed value resistance in series the inductor L3.

R4 = a standard resistor.

R2 = a variable non-inductive resistance.
From the theory of ac bridges we have at balance condition,

Substituting the values of z1, z2, z3 and z4 in the above equation and equating the real and
imaginary parts of it,
L1 = (R2/ R4). L3
R1= (R2/ R4). R3

Procedure:

1. Connect +/- 12V DC power supply at their indicated position from external
source.
2. Connect function generator probes between VIN terminals.
3. Using patch cords connect the unknown L1 and R1 to the bridge circuit.
4. Switch on power supply and function generator.
5. Set the 5Vpp, 1KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator.
6. Rotate potentiometer R2 to find a condition for zero/minimum current.
7. Switch off the power supply and function generator.
8. Take the value of R2 using the multimeter.
9. Calculate the value of L1 and R1 using their formulae.
10. The above procedure will be repeated for different values of L1 and R1.

Result and Conclusion:

Experiment No- 3

Aim of the Experiment: Measuring an unknown capacitance using Schering’s Capacitance

Bridge.

Objective: To measure the unknown capacitance where the balance equation is independent
of frequency.

Device/Equipments Required:

i. Schering’s Capacitance Bridge Trainer Kit

ii. DC Supply (+12V, -12V)
iii. Function Generator
iv. Patch Cords
v. Digital Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: Accurate measurements of complex impedances and frequencies may be performed

by using impedance-measuring AC Bridges. The Schering Bridge is an electrical
circuit used for measuring the insulating properties of electrical cables and
equipment. It is an AC bridge circuit, developed by Harald Schering. It has the
advantage that the balance equation is independent of frequency.


Cx = capacitor whose capacitance is to be determined,

rx = a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor Cx,
 
Cs = a standard capacitor,

rs = a series resistance representing the loss in the capacitor Cs, of very low
value can be ignored in the equation.

A = a variable non-inductive resistance,

Cp = a variable capacitor,

B = a non-inductive resistance in parallel with the
capacitor Cp. From the theory of AC bridges we have at

balance condition,
Substituting the values of z1, z2, z3 and z4 in the above equation and equating the
real and imaginary parts of it,
Rx= (ACp)/ Cs
Cx= (BCs)/ A
The dissipation factor for the capacitor is given by the formula,
D= (2*pi*f) Cx Rx, where f= frequency of the input signal.

Procedure:

11. Connect +/- 12V DC power supply at their indicated position from
external source.
12. Connect function generator probes between VIN terminals.
13. Using patch cords connect the unknown Cx and Rx to the bridge circuit.
14. Switch on power supply and function generator.
15. Set the 5Vpp, 1KHz input sinusoidal signal of function generator.
16. Rotate potentiometer R2(A) to find a condition for zero/minimum current.
17. Switch off the power supply and function generator.
18. Take the value of R2(A) using the multimeter.
19. Calculate the value of Cx and Rx using their formulae.
20. The above procedure will be repeated for different values of Cx and Rx.

Result and Conclusion:

 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM: To measure three phase power using two wattmeter method.

APPARATUSREQUIRED:

SL.NO NAME OF EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Testing panel 1
2 3ϕ Resistive load Bank. 1
3 Connecting wires

THEORY:
Using two wattmeter method, the power measured by the two wattcmeters i.e. the sum of the two
wattmeter readings is equal to root 3 times of the phase voltage and line voltage (√3VLIL Cosϕ)
which is the actual power consumed in a 3 phase balanced load. The connection diagram of a 3
phase balanced load connected as Star Connection is shown below.

The load is considered as an inductive load. The three voltages V RN, VYN and VBN, are
displaced by an angle of 120 degrees electrical as shown in the phasor diagram. The phase current
lag behind their respective phase voltages by an angle ϕ. Now, the current flowing through the
current coil of the Wattmeter, W1 will be given as

Potential difference across the pressure or potential coil of the Wattmeter, W1 will be
To obtain the value of VYB, reverse the phasor VBN and add it to the phasor VYN as shown in the
phasor diagram above. The phase difference between VRB and IR is (30⁰ – ϕ).
Therefore, the power measured by the Wattmeter, W1 is

Current through the current coil of the Wattmeter, W2 is given as

Potential difference across the Wattmeter, W2 is

The phase difference VYB and IY is (30⁰ + ϕ).

Therefore, the power measured by the Wattmeter, W2 is given by the equation shown below.

Since, the load is in balanced condition, hence,

Therefore, the wattmeter readings will be

Now, the sum of two Wattmeter readings will be given as

The above equation (1) gives the total power absorbed by a 3 phase balanced load.
Thus, the sum of the readings of the two Wattmeters is equal to the power absorbed in a 3 phase
balanced load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.5.1

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 5.1.
2. Switch ON 3 phase AC supply.
3. Apply load and measure the values of wattmeters, ammeter and voltmeter.
4. Switch OFF all the loads and supply.
PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be tight and clean.

2. The readings in ammeters should not exceed the current ratings of wattmeter’s.
3. With negative deflection in wattmeter the connection should be reversed.

TABULAR COLUMN
Sl. No. VL (V) IL (A) W1 (W) W2 (W) W= W1+ W2 Calculated
Power

CALCULATION:

Total Power, P = W1 + W2 Watts.

Power Factor Cos Ø = Cos [ tan-1{ √3 ( W1 – W2 ) / ( W1 + W2 ) } ]

Calculated Power =√3 VL*IL*Cosϕ

RESULT: