Proceedings of PVP2005

2005 ASME Pressure Vessels and Proceedings of Conference

Piping Division PVP2005
2005 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Division Conference
July 17-21, 2005, Denver, Colorado USA
July 17-21, 2005, Denver, Colorado USA

PVP2005-71060
PVP2005-71060

CRACK PROPAGATION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE USING FEM APPLIED TO

THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS FIELD

Yukihiko Okuda Yuuji Saito Masayuki Asano

Mechanical Technology & Design Metal and Ceramics Technology Metal and Ceramics Technology
Department R&D Department R&D Department
Toshiba Corporation Toshiba Corporation Toshiba Corporation
Kanagawa, Japan Kanagawa, Japan Kanagawa, Japan

Masakazu Jimbo Hiroshi Hirayama Masaaki Kikuchi

Mechanical Technology & Design Mechanical Technology & Design Mechanical Technology & Design
Department Department Department
Toshiba Corporation Toshiba Corporation Toshiba Corporation
Kanagawa, Japan Kanagawa, Japan Kanagawa, Japan

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Recently, several cracks have been found on the weld In applying fracture mechanics to crack propagation in
joints of Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) core shrouds during actual structures, there are many difficulties because of
inspection. In order to ensure the continuous operation of complicated three-dimensional stress fields. One of the
nuclear power plants, it is necessary to assess the structural adequate ways of solving this problem is to analyze three-
integrity of core shrouds with cracks on the weld joints. dimensional stress fields by FEM successively, considering the
In general, a crack propagates in a complicated manner influence of stress re-distribution caused by crack propagation.
according to three-dimensional stress field and it is difficult to It is necessary for finite elements to be modified in accordance
predict crack propagation direction and crack shape change. with crack configuration change during crack propagation.
Usually, half ellipsoid crack shape is assumed and the In this study, an automatic modification procedure of finite
propagation of the crack is calculated in the constant direction elements with an arbitrary crack is developed considering the
for assessment. crack propagates in the direction according to the maximum J-
In this study, crack propagation analysis procedure using integral [1] [2] under three-dimensional stress fields, and the
the Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed for general procedure is verified by fatigue crack propagation tests under
shaped crack, and the procedure is verified by experiments. In cyclic tensile load.
this procedure, it is assumed that the crack propagates
according to the maximum J-integral under three-dimensional
stress fields and the re-mesh technique is used in the FEM NOMENCLATURE
analysis in order to calculate crack shape variation during a Crack size
propagation. B Specimen thickness
The fatigue crack propagation tests under cyclic tensile W Specimen width
load were performed to verify the analysis procedure. The E Young’s modulus
specimens are made of a plate from 316SS and designed to (modulus of longitudinal elasticity)
generate non-uniform stress distribution on the crack front in ν Poisson’s ratio
order to observe continuous crack propagation direction v Displacement
change. Pmax Maximum force
Pmin Minimum force
R Force ratio (= Pmin / Pmax)
Kmax Maximum stress intensity factor

1 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 Kmin Minimum stress intensity factor In the case of fracture-mechanics-parameter calculation
∆K Stress intensity factor range (= Kmax - Kmin) based on the analysis results, the mesh division surrounding the
Jmax Maximum J-integral crack front in the FEM model is considered to be a suitable
Jmin Minimum J-integral configuration for the more accurate calculation of fracture
∆J J-integral range (= Jmax - Jmin) mechanics parameters. We apply a particular mesh division
θmax Crack propagation direction at maximum J- configuration as shown in Fig. 3 instead of the usual 4-node
integral tetrahedral elements generally used in an automatic mesh tool.
In this particular division, a cylindrical volume is formed
along the crack front and the meshes are divided in this
PROCEDURE OF CRACK PROPAGATION ANALYSIS cylindrical volume regularly in order to obtain stable fracture
Consider a structure with an initial crack as shown in Fig. 1 mechanics parameters.
under arbitrary loads. Assuming that the crack propagates in the
direction based on the stress field, it may be difficult to predict
the crack propagation direction in advance. Therefore, the re- Crack tip
mesh technique (the right-hand model in Fig. 1) is often used to
analyze the model according to a method of predicting the
Crack
crack propagation direction.
surface

Initial analysis model The analysis model after re-mesh

Initial crack Fig. 3 The mesh division along the crack front
Re-mesh in an FEM model

In this study, an automatic modification procedure of an

FEM model with an arbitrary crack is developed, considering
the crack propagates in any direction.
Direction For example, this procedure is applied to an FEM model as
Repeat
shown in Fig. 4. The FEM model is divided into three parts;
Part 1 (a fixed mesh part), Part 2 (a cylindrical volume along a
Fig. 1 The outline of the re-mesh technique crack front) and Part 3 (the intermediate part between Part 1
and Part 2). Part 1 and Part 2 are formed with the regularly
arranged elements and Part 3 with the usual 4-node tetrahedral
The flowchart of the crack propagation analysis procedure elements by an automatic mesh tool. Moreover, Part 1 and Part
is shown in Fig. 2 [3]. For the FEM model of a structure with 2 are tied together with Part 3 numerically.
an initial crack, the FEM analysis is performed. From the The procedure is effective because the finite elements of
results of the analysis, the direction and depth of crack the model are modified automatically even if the configuration
propagation are predicted according to the stress field and the of Part 2 changes according to the crack propagation.
re-mesh technique is applied to the FEM model. By repeatedly
applying this procedure to this model, the crack propagation
behavior can be simulated using FEM.

FEM model
with an initial crack

FEM analysis
Part 2
Repeat

Prediction of the
direction and depth

Re-mesh

Fig. 2 The flowchart of the crack propagation analysis

procedure Part 1 Part 3

Fig. 4 Application to three-dimensional FEM model

2 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 The J-integral is usually used in fracture mechanics
analysis to characterize the energy release rate associated with MATERIAL AND TESTS
crack growth [4]. For a virtual crack advance λ(s) in the plane The test specimens used in this study are made from 15mm
of a three-dimensional fracture, the J-integral is given by thickness austenitic stainless steel type-316 plate. The chemical
composition and mechanical properties are shown in Tables 1
and 2.
J= ò l (s)n × H × qdA
A
(1)
Table 1 Chemical composition of the material
(Wt.%)
where dA is a surface element along a vanishing small C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo
tubular surface enclosing the crack tip; n is the outward normal JIS G 4304
<0.080 <1.00 <2.00 <0.045 <0.030
10
16～18 2～3
(316SS) ～14
to dA; q is the local direction of virtual crack propagation. H is the material 0.008 0.58 0.86 0.029 0.003 11.05 16.57 2.06
given by

æ ¶u ö Table 2 Mechanical properties of the material

H = çWI - σ × ÷ (2)
è ¶x ø
0.2% Proof Tensile Reduction
Elongation
stress strength of area
For elastic material behavior W is defined as the elastic
strain energy density. (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (%) (%)
JIS Z 2241
In expression (1), it is difficult to predict the q (the local ≧205 ≧520 ≧40 －
(316SS)
direction of virtual crack propagation) under three-dimensional Specimen A 277 583 58 83
stress fields in advance. So, the method that assumes a crack Specimen B 279 587 57 83
propagates in the direction where J-integral is the maximum is
adopted in the procedure [2]. The outline of the crack
propagation prediction is shown in Fig. 5. Concerning Fig. 5, The fatigue crack growth tests were performed according
consider a set of nodes along the crack front and a normal plane to ASTM E647 with the Compact-Tension (CT) specimens to
perpendicular to the crack front is determined at any node. obtain the fundamental data for the crack propagation analysis.
Within the normal plane, the J-integral will have some The geometry and dimensions of the CT specimen are shown in
distribution in some local directions of virtual crack Fig. 6. The fatigue crack growth tests are performed under three
propagation as shown in Fig. 5. loading conditions of force ratio R=0.1, 0.4 and 0.7 at room
The angle θmax for the Jmax is taken into consideration as the temperature.
direction of crack propagation and the depth of crack
propagation is calculated from the Jmax with a crack propagation
law. By applying this process in turn to each node on the crack
front, the predicted crack plane after the crack propagation can
φ
12
.5
30±0.25

be formed from these results.

13.75±0.25 13.75±0.25

Normal plane
30±0.25

Within a normal plane

qn

θ N
Local crack plane, N 12.5 12.5 10
q
Node 50±0.25
Node q2
q1 62.5±0.5

Crack front

J-integral
4 5ﾟ
45
ﾟ

q
0.2

Jmax 2 2
2

q2 qn
q1 2
4 5ﾟ

45ﾟ

Angle to local crack plane, θ

θmax
(Dimensions in mm)
Fig. 5 The outline of the crack propagation prediction

Fig. 6 Geometry and dimensions of the CT specimen for fatigue

crack growth rate testing (ASTM E647)

3 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 Moreover, the crack opening displacement (COD) of the The best-fit straight lines are determined from a linear
CT specimen was measured and converted into a crack length regression analysis between logarithm of da/dN and logarithm
by the compliance procedure. of ∆K, and the fatigue crack growth laws are obtained as the
following expressions.
a = a / W = 1.0010 - 4.6695u x + 18.460u x2 - 236.82u x3 + 1214.9u x4 - 2143.6u x5
(3) ( R = 0.1)
(6)
-1 da
ì 1 ü = 1.71 ´ 10 -12 ´ΔK 3.39
ïé EvB ù 2 ï (4) dN
u x = íê ú + 1ý ( R = 0.4)
ïë P û ï (7)
î þ da
DP ( 2 + a ) = 4.07 ´ 10 -12 ´ΔK 3.22
DK = (0.886 + 4.64a - 13.32a 2 + 14.72a 3 - 5.6a 4 ) dN
B W (1 - a ) 3 2 ( R = 0.7)
(8)
(5) da
= 2.11 ´ 10 -12 ´ΔK 3.60
where α = a/W; expression valid for a/W ≥ 0.2 dN

Based on the test results, the relation between crack growth If the material response is linear, the J-integral can be
rate (da/dN) and stress intensity factor range (∆K) under R=0.1, related to the stress intensity factor. Therefore, the crack growth
0.4 and 0.7 are obtained as shown in Figures 7, 8 and 9 law of R=0.1 with J-integral is obtained as follows.
respectively.
da
= 1.32 ´ 10 -3 ´ΔJ 1.69 (9)
1E-5
dN

1E-6
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The fatigue crack propagation tests with two specimens
da/dN m/cycle

1E-7 were performed to verify the analysis procedure for crack

propagation described above. The configuration of the
1E-8
specimens for the fatigue crack propagation tests is shown in
Fig. 10. The geometry is designed to realize three-dimensional
stress fields under cyclic tensile loading and the specimens are
1E-9
1 10 100
machined from the plate with 15mm thickness, which is made
∆Ｋ MPa√m of 316SS. The initial crack (slit) with 20mm width and
Fig. 7 Crack growth law (R=0.1) 25degrees slope in the plate-thickness direction is introduced
on one side of the reduced-thickness section with 100mm width
and 10mm thickness.
1E-5

1E-6
P
Load
da/dN m/cycle

1E-7
t

1E-8

1E-9
1 10 100
∆Ｋ MPa√m

Fig. 8 Crack growth law (R=0.4)

360

160

Initial slit

25°
1E-5

10 20
100
1E-6
da/dN m/cycle

1E-7

15

1E-8
Material ; 316 SS

1E-9
1 10 100
∆Ｋ MPa√m
Fig. 10 Geometry and dimensions of the specimens
for the fatigue crack propagation tests
Fig. 9 Crack growth law (R=0.7)

4 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 The fatigue crack propagation tests for two specimens 1E-5
CT specimen
under the cyclic tensile load (Pmax=44130 N, Pmin=4413 N and Specimen 1
R=0.1) were performed at room temperature. 1E-6
Specimen 2

After the crack propagation test of Specimen 1, the fracture

da/dN m/cycle
surface is cut and observed as shown in Fig. 11. The fracture
surface shows that the crack propagates distortedly in the 1E-7

horizontal direction from the front of the initial slit.

1E-8

1E-9
1 10 100
∆K MPa√m

Fig. 12 Results of the crack propagation tests

with the crack growth law of R=0.1

In Fig. 12, the results of the tests are different from those
of the CT specimen. It is supposed that the influence of
Distorted boundary condition can't be neglected because expression (10)
crack
considers the uniform tensile stress on both the ends, whereas
the test condition may be different from the uniform tensile
stress. If the rotation of the end on the specimen is fixed, the
results of the crack propagation tests will give smaller stress
intensity factors. The actual boundary condition of the test
Slit specimens may be a mixed condition between the uniform
tensile stress and the fixed rotation.

EVALUATION OF THE ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

The crack propagation behavior based on Specimen 1 is
Fig. 11 Fracture surface of Specimen 1
analyzed using the crack propagation analysis procedure
described above.
The FEM model based on the specimen configuration as
On investigating the test data, a set of stress intensity
shown in Fig. 10 is shown in Fig. 13. As a loading condition in
factors is calculated by the following expression [5].
the analysis, tensile force of 44130 N is applied to the upper
end of the model with the rotation fixed and the lower end of
σ
the model is fixed. This model is made by the three-
dimensional quadratic elements using the general-purpose FEM
W analysis code, ABAQUS. The material properties are
considered to be E=195000 N/mm2 on austenitic stainless steel
[6] andν=0.3.
a

44130 N
σ
K I =σ πa・F (a / W )
3
æ πa ö
0.752 + 2.02(a / W ) + 0.37ç1 - sin ÷
2W πa è 2W ø
F (a / W ) = tan ・ (10)
πa 2W π a
cos
2W

From the result of the tests with the two specimens, the
relations of crack growth rate (da/dN) versus stress intensity
factor range (∆K) are plotted with the results of the CT
specimen under R=0.1 as shown in Fig. 12. Moreover, the
summaries of the fatigue crack propagation test results are
shown in Tables 3 and 4 for Specimens 1 and 2, respectively.

Fig. 13 The FEM model of crack propagation analysis

5 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 The elastic analysis using FEM was performed under the
above-mentioned condition, and J-integrals are calculated SUMMARY
around the crack front. Furthermore, it is assumed that crack The three-dimensional crack propagation analysis
propagates in the direction where calculated J-integral is the procedure using FEM under a complicated stress condition is
maximum, and the depth of crack propagation is calculated developed, and the fatigue crack propagation behavior is
from the Jmax with the crack propagation law of expression (9). acquired for verification of this technique. As a result of
Crack shape change after the crack propagation was described comparing the test results with the analysis results, both crack
using the re-mesh technique. propagation behaviors show good agreement and we confirmed
The bird's-eye view of fracture surface obtained by the feasibility of the analysis procedure.
analysis is shown in Fig. 14 in comparison with the
experimental results of Specimen 1. Crack propagation
behavior in Side-A and Side-B was evaluated from these REFERENCES
figures and good agreement in both the results is observed. [1] Rice, J. R., “A Path Independent Integral and the
Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentration by Notches and
Cracks,” J. Appl. Mech., Vol. 35, 1968, pp. 376-386.
[2] Claydon, P. W., “Maximum Energy Release Rate
Distribution from a Generalized 3D Virtual Crack Extension
Method.” Engng. Frac. Mech., 42 (6), 1992.
A面
Side-A
[3] Timbrell, C., Cook, G., “3D FE Fracture Mechanics
Fracture surface Analysis for Industrial Applications.” Seminar on "Inelastic
破面
Finite Element Analysis", Institute of Mechanical Engineers,
最終ステップ
Crack front
のき裂先端
of final step 1997.
面
Side-B
B [4] ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual Version5.8, H.K.S.
Inc, 1998.
[5] Tada, H., “The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook,”
Del Research Corp., 1973.
[6] Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Technical
Guidelines of Structure of Nuclear Equipment for Power
Generation (Publication No.501), 1994.
Fig. 14 The bird's-eye view of the fracture surfaces comparing
between the experimental and the analysis results
(Specimen 1)

In order to examine the crack propagation behavior derived

from analysis in detail, analysis results for both side-A and
side-B are compared with experimental results of Specimen 1
as shown in Fig. 15. Both crack propagation behaviors are in
good agreement, and the analysis procedure can simulate a
fatigue crack propagation behavior with sufficient accuracy.

6
Specimen 1, Side-A
Specimen 1, Side-B
Analysis results, Side-A 4
Analysis results, Side-B

2
Y-distance （mm）

0
Side-A

-2
Side-B Y-dis.

X-dis.
-4

-6
40 35 30 25 20 15 10
X-distance （mm）

Fig. 15 The comparison of the results between the test and

the crack propagation analysis

6 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 Table 3 Summary of the fatigue crack propagation test (Specimen 1)
Crack growth Crack growth
Max. force Min. force Force ratio Cyclic number (cycle) da/dN (m/cycle) Crack length a (mm) ∆K
NUM. in Side-A (mm) in Side-B (mm)
(MPa√m)
Pmax (N) Pmin (N) R N ∆N X Y X Y Side-A Side-B Average Side-A Side-B Average
1 44130 4413 0.1 473344 473344 20.88 1.58 20.54 -1.89 2.20E-09 1.26E-09 1.73E-09 20.44 20.27 20.36 13.81
2 44130 4413 0.1 483357 10013 20.91 1.57 20.65 -1.77 3.16E-09 1.63E-08 9.71E-09 20.90 20.60 20.75 14.03
3 44130 4413 0.1 513363 30006 20.95 1.54 20.88 -1.75 1.67E-09 7.69E-09 4.68E-09 20.93 20.77 20.85 14.09
4 44130 4413 0.1 563417 50054 21.17 1.46 20.89 -1.65 4.68E-09 2.01E-09 3.34E-09 21.06 20.89 20.97 14.16
5 44130 4413 0.1 613455 50038 21.33 1.42 21.03 -1.64 3.30E-09 2.81E-09 3.05E-09 21.25 20.96 21.11 14.24
6 44130 4413 0.1 663497 50042 21.55 1.35 21.17 -1.63 4.61E-09 2.80E-09 3.71E-09 21.44 21.10 21.27 14.33
7 44130 4413 0.1 713544 50047 21.81 1.25 21.21 -1.57 5.57E-09 1.44E-09 3.50E-09 21.68 21.19 21.44 14.43
8 44130 4413 0.1 763577 50033 21.98 1.20 21.29 -1.54 3.54E-09 1.71E-09 2.62E-09 21.90 21.25 21.57 14.51
9 44130 4413 0.1 863632 100055 22.57 1.13 21.62 -1.51 5.94E-09 3.31E-09 4.62E-09 22.28 21.46 21.87 14.68
10 44130 4413 0.1 913650 50018 22.98 1.09 21.85 -1.38 8.24E-09 5.28E-09 6.76E-09 22.78 21.74 22.26 14.92
11 44130 4413 0.1 963693 50043 23.26 1.04 22.08 -1.34 5.68E-09 4.67E-09 5.17E-09 23.12 21.97 22.54 15.09
12 44130 4413 0.1 1013756 50063 23.62 0.96 22.32 -1.26 7.37E-09 5.05E-09 6.21E-09 23.44 22.20 22.82 15.26
13 44130 4413 0.1 1063778 50022 24.10 0.81 22.71 -1.22 1.01E-08 7.84E-09 8.95E-09 23.86 22.52 23.19 15.48
14 44130 4413 0.1 1093799 30021 24.45 0.78 23.17 -1.01 1.17E-08 1.68E-08 1.43E-08 24.28 22.94 23.61 15.74
15 44130 4413 0.1 1123804 30005 24.79 0.77 23.45 -0.93 1.13E-08 9.71E-09 1.05E-08 24.62 23.31 23.97 15.97
16 44130 4413 0.1 1153832 30028 25.10 0.77 23.85 -0.89 1.03E-08 1.34E-08 1.19E-08 24.95 23.65 24.30 16.18
17 44130 4413 0.1 1183846 30014 25.46 0.72 24.28 -0.89 1.21E-08 1.43E-08 1.32E-08 25.28 24.07 24.67 16.42
18 44130 4413 0.1 1213852 30006 25.85 0.65 24.69 -0.79 1.32E-08 1.41E-08 1.36E-08 25.66 24.49 25.07 16.68
19 44130 4413 0.1 1243863 30011 26.08 0.59 25.12 -0.68 7.92E-09 1.48E-08 1.14E-08 25.97 24.91 25.44 16.92
20 44130 4413 0.1 1263884 20021 26.36 0.59 25.34 -0.68 1.40E-08 1.10E-08 1.25E-08 26.22 25.23 25.73 17.11
21 44130 4413 0.1 1293902 30018 26.86 0.55 25.84 -0.61 1.67E-08 1.68E-08 1.68E-08 26.61 25.59 26.10 17.36
22 44130 4413 0.1 1323920 30018 27.35 0.54 26.30 -0.58 1.63E-08 1.54E-08 1.58E-08 27.11 26.07 26.59 17.69
23 44130 4413 0.1 1353931 30011 27.69 0.54 26.87 -0.58 1.13E-08 1.90E-08 1.52E-08 27.52 26.59 27.05 18.01
24 44130 4413 0.1 1383956 30025 28.23 0.51 27.34 -0.46 1.80E-08 1.62E-08 1.71E-08 27.96 27.11 27.53 18.35
25 44130 4413 0.1 1413958 30002 28.72 0.51 27.78 -0.46 1.63E-08 1.47E-08 1.55E-08 28.48 27.56 28.02 18.70
26 44130 4413 0.1 1443966 30008 29.16 0.45 28.28 -0.46 1.48E-08 1.67E-08 1.57E-08 28.94 28.03 28.49 19.04
27 44130 4413 0.1 1473977 30011 29.69 0.46 28.93 -0.46 1.77E-08 2.17E-08 1.97E-08 29.43 28.61 29.02 19.43
28 44130 4413 0.1 1503995 30018 30.21 0.46 29.53 -0.46 1.73E-08 2.00E-08 1.87E-08 29.95 29.23 29.59 19.87

7 Copyright © 2005 by ASME

 Table 4 Summary of the fatigue crack propagation test (Specimen 2)
Crack growth Crack growth
Max. force Min. force Force ratio Cyclic number (cycle) da/dN (m/cycle) Crack length a (mm) ∆K
NUM. in Side-A (mm) in Side-B (mm)
(MPa√m)
Pmax (N) Pmin (N) R N ∆N X Y X Y Side-A Side-B Average Side-A Side-B Average
1 44130 4413 0.1 211100 211100 20.13 2.13 20.38 -1.90 3.82E-10 3.43E-09 1.91E-09 20.09 20.21 20.15 13.67
2 44130 4413 0.1 321138 110038 20.14 2.10 20.58 -1.80 2.87E-10 2.03E-09 1.16E-09 20.14 20.48 20.31 13.76
3 44130 4413 0.1 384000 62862 20.44 1.90 20.71 -1.74 5.74E-09 2.28E-09 4.01E-09 20.29 20.65 20.47 13.85
4 44130 4413 0.1 441500 57500 20.96 1.66 20.91 -1.70 9.96E-09 3.55E-09 6.75E-09 20.70 20.81 20.76 14.00
5 44130 4413 0.1 491522 50022 21.24 1.52 20.96 -1.68 6.26E-09 1.08E-09 3.67E-09 21.10 20.94 21.02 14.16
6 44130 4413 0.1 541544 50022 21.59 1.40 21.18 -1.66 1.13E-08 5.33E-09 8.30E-09 21.32 21.05 21.19 14.27
7 44130 4413 0.1 575900 34356 21.77 1.34 21.35 -1.50 5.52E-09 6.80E-09 6.16E-09 21.68 21.27 21.47 14.42
8 44130 4413 0.1 610907 35007 21.95 1.03 21.62 -1.44 1.02E-08 7.90E-09 9.07E-09 21.86 21.49 21.67 14.54
9 44130 4413 0.1 645919 35012 22.26 1.15 21.77 -1.48 9.49E-09 4.43E-09 6.96E-09 22.11 21.70 21.90 14.68
10 44130 4413 0.1 680940 35021 22.58 1.10 21.98 -1.33 9.25E-09 7.37E-09 8.31E-09 22.42 21.88 22.15 14.82
11 44130 4413 0.1 710900 29960 22.84 1.07 22.31 -1.35 8.74E-09 1.10E-08 9.89E-09 22.71 22.15 22.43 14.98
12 44130 4413 0.1 740906 30006 23.12 0.99 22.45 -1.32 9.70E-09 4.77E-09 7.24E-09 22.98 22.38 22.68 15.14
13 44130 4413 0.1 770914 30008 23.42 0.94 22.71 -1.10 1.01E-08 1.13E-08 1.07E-08 23.27 22.58 22.93 15.29
14 44130 4413 0.1 800925 30011 23.76 0.91 23.08 -1.12 1.14E-08 1.23E-08 1.19E-08 23.59 22.90 23.24 15.47
15 44130 4413 0.1 830946 30021 23.99 0.87 23.45 -1.05 7.78E-09 1.25E-08 1.02E-08 23.88 23.27 23.57 15.67
16 44130 4413 0.1 860961 30015 24.16 0.88 23.65 -1.03 5.67E-09 6.70E-09 6.19E-09 24.08 23.55 23.81 15.84
17 44130 4413 0.1 884533 23572 24.73 0.76 24.18 -1.00 1.34E-08 8.24E-09 1.08E-08 24.58 24.09 24.33 16.16
18 44130 4413 0.1 910544 26011 25.00 0.74 24.56 -0.84 1.04E-08 1.59E-08 1.31E-08 24.87 24.37 24.62 16.34
19 44130 4413 0.1 935333 24789 25.17 0.73 24.75 -0.93 6.87E-09 8.48E-09 7.68E-09 25.09 24.66 24.87 16.51
20 44130 4413 0.1 961338 26005 25.48 0.72 25.13 -0.86 1.19E-08 1.49E-08 1.34E-08 25.33 24.94 25.13 16.67
21 44130 4413 0.1 987338 26000 25.70 0.63 25.57 -0.71 9.14E-09 1.79E-08 1.35E-08 25.59 25.35 25.47 16.88
22 44130 4413 0.1 1013340 26002 26.35 0.63 25.84 -0.77 2.50E-08 1.06E-08 1.78E-08 26.03 25.71 25.87 17.14
23 44130 4413 0.1 1039342 26002 26.64 0.60 26.31 -0.74 1.12E-08 1.81E-08 1.47E-08 26.50 26.08 26.29 17.41
24 44130 4413 0.1 1065347 26005 27.09 0.59 27.20 -0.81 1.73E-08 3.43E-08 2.58E-08 26.87 26.76 26.81 17.75
25 44130 4413 0.1 1091347 26000 27.42 0.57 27.20 -0.73 1.27E-08 3.08E-09 7.90E-09 27.26 27.20 27.23 18.06
26 44130 4413 0.1 1117349 26002 27.90 0.52 27.55 -0.60 1.86E-08 1.44E-08 1.65E-08 27.66 27.38 27.52 18.29
27 44130 4413 0.1 1137351 20002 28.17 0.55 27.98 -0.65 9.05E-09 1.13E-08 1.02E-08 28.08 27.87 27.98 18.63
28 44130 4413 0.1 1157353 20002 28.48 0.46 28.34 -0.47 1.61E-08 2.01E-08 1.81E-08 28.33 28.16 28.24 18.81
29 44130 4413 0.1 1177353 20000 28.95 0.49 28.61 -0.57 2.35E-08 1.44E-08 1.90E-08 28.72 28.48 28.60 19.05
30 44130 4413 0.1 1197358 20005 29.18 0.50 29.03 -0.43 1.15E-08 2.21E-08 1.68E-08 29.07 28.82 28.94 19.31
31 44130 4413 0.1 1209649 12291 29.48 0.46 29.18 -0.45 2.46E-08 1.23E-08 1.85E-08 29.33 29.11 29.22 19.53
32 44130 4413 0.1 1229652 20003 29.81 0.45 29.61 -0.43 1.65E-08 2.15E-08 1.90E-08 29.65 29.40 29.52 19.75
33 44130 4413 0.1 1249663 20011 30.26 0.44 30.01 -0.43 2.25E-08 2.00E-08 2.12E-08 30.04 29.81 29.92 20.03
34 44130 4413 0.1 1269675 20012 30.79 0.46 30.54 -0.44 2.65E-08 2.65E-08 2.65E-08 30.53 30.28 30.40 20.39
35 44130 4413 0.1 1289680 20005 31.34 0.46 31.03 -0.39 2.75E-08 2.46E-08 2.61E-08 31.07 30.79 30.93 20.79
36 44130 4413 0.1 1307219 17539 31.52 0.42 31.39 -0.37 1.05E-08 2.06E-08 1.55E-08 31.43 31.21 31.32 21.14
37 44130 4413 0.1 1327221 20002 31.90 0.38 31.80 -0.41 1.91E-08 2.06E-08 1.98E-08 31.71 31.60 31.65 21.42
38 44130 4413 0.1 1367245 40024 33.07 0.38 33.01 -0.41 2.92E-08 3.02E-08 2.97E-08 32.49 32.41 32.45 21.97
39 44130 4413 0.1 1387255 20010 33.62 0.38 33.56 -0.42 2.75E-08 2.75E-08 2.75E-08 33.35 33.29 33.32 22.69
40 44130 4413 0.1 1402250 14995 34.00 0.36 34.08 -0.44 2.00E-08 3.03E-08 2.51E-08 33.85 33.86 33.85 23.33
41 44130 4413 0.1 1417254 15004 34.56 0.35 34.38 -0.34 3.73E-08 2.11E-08 2.92E-08 34.28 34.23 34.26 23.65
42 44130 4413 0.1 1442266 25012 35.15 0.34 35.18 -0.30 2.36E-08 3.20E-08 2.78E-08 34.86 34.78 34.82 24.11
43 44130 4413 0.1 1467281 25015 35.99 0.33 35.98 -0.31 3.36E-08 3.20E-08 3.28E-08 35.57 35.58 35.58 24.77
44 44130 4413 0.1 1477372 10091 36.36 0.32 36.31 -0.30 3.67E-08 3.27E-08 3.47E-08 36.18 36.15 36.16 25.38
45 44130 4413 0.1 1503838 26466 37.22 0.33 37.22 -0.31 3.25E-08 3.44E-08 3.34E-08 36.79 36.77 36.78 25.98
46 44130 4413 0.1 1525872 22034 37.86 0.29 38.20 -0.31 2.91E-08 4.45E-08 3.68E-08 37.54 37.71 37.63 26.77
47 44130 4413 0.1 1537272 11400 38.31 0.31 38.62 -0.32 3.95E-08 3.69E-08 3.82E-08 38.09 38.41 38.25 27.50
48 44130 4413 0.1 1562280 25008 39.70 0.24 39.88 -0.31 5.57E-08 5.04E-08 5.30E-08 39.01 39.25 39.13 28.36
49 44130 4413 0.1 1572672 10392 40.15 0.25 40.30 -0.31 4.33E-08 4.04E-08 4.19E-08 39.93 40.09 40.01 29.34
50 44130 4413 0.1 1587972 15300 40.96 0.20 41.08 -0.30 5.30E-08 5.10E-08 5.20E-08 40.56 40.69 40.62 30.16
51 44130 4413 0.1 1612979 25007 42.40 0.16 42.48 -0.29 5.76E-08 5.60E-08 5.68E-08 41.68 41.78 41.73 31.29
52 44130 4413 0.1 1625772 12793 43.14 0.15 43.21 -0.24 5.78E-08 5.72E-08 5.75E-08 42.77 42.85 42.81 32.66
53 44130 4413 0.1 1638572 12800 43.91 0.10 43.83 -0.23 6.03E-08 4.84E-08 5.44E-08 43.53 43.52 43.52 33.77
54 44130 4413 0.1 1651002 12430 44.75 0.03 44.86 -0.23 6.78E-08 8.29E-08 7.53E-08 44.33 44.35 44.34 34.84
55 44130 4413 0.1 1667902 16900 46.05 0.00 46.08 -0.17 7.22E-08 6.44E-08 6.83E-08 45.44 45.54 45.49 36.58
56 44130 4413 0.1 1683702 15800 47.00 -0.05 47.26 -0.12 6.02E-08 7.48E-08 6.75E-08 46.53 46.67 46.60 37.99
57 44130 4413 0.1 1698705 15003 48.22 -0.13 48.50 0.42 8.15E-08 8.32E-08 8.23E-08 47.61 47.88 47.75 39.79
58 44130 4413 0.1 1713712 15007 49.67 -0.27 49.77 0.42 9.71E-08 8.46E-08 9.08E-08 48.95 49.14 49.04 41.87
59 44130 4413 0.1 1727502 13790 51.10 -0.34 51.24 0.42 1.04E-07 1.07E-07 1.05E-07 50.39 50.51 50.45 44.32
60 44130 4413 0.1 1742508 15006 52.78 -0.34 52.88 0.49 1.12E-07 1.09E-07 1.11E-07 51.94 52.06 52.00 47.22
61 44130 4413 0.1 1757002 14494 54.50 -0.46 54.74 0.53 1.19E-07 1.28E-07 1.24E-07 53.64 53.81 53.73 50.71
62 44130 4413 0.1 1763402 6400 55.49 -0.53 55.70 0.64 1.55E-07 1.51E-07 1.53E-07 55.00 55.22 55.11 54.20
63 44130 4413 0.1 1775002 11600 57.06 -0.58 57.55 0.70 1.35E-07 1.60E-07 1.47E-07 56.28 56.63 56.45 57.60
64 44130 4413 0.1 1785005 10003 58.84 -0.59 59.24 0.70 1.78E-07 1.69E-07 1.73E-07 57.95 58.40 58.17 61.87
65 44130 4413 0.1 1795006 10001 60.95 -0.74 61.19 0.77 2.12E-07 1.95E-07 2.03E-07 59.90 60.22 60.06 67.35

8 Copyright © 2005 by ASME