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CSMQLD SpecMath34 19answers

1. This document provides answers to exercises from Chapter 1. It includes answers to multiple choice and numerical questions involving trigonometric functions evaluated at common angles. 2. The answers are provided in point form with labels a-f corresponding to parts of each question. Multiple solutions are separated by commas. 3. In addition, it contains graphs of trigonometric functions over the interval [0, 2π] or [−π, π] with notable points labeled on the axes.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

185 views79 pages

CSMQLD SpecMath34 19answers

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greatdowhan

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Answers

Answers
1A
Chapter 1 10 a
4π 5π
,
3 3
b
2π 5π 5π 11π
,
3 6 3
, ,
6
π 2π 4π 5π 5π 3π
Exercise 1A c , , , d ,
3 3 3 3 6 2
5π π 4π π 2π 3π 5π
1 a i 4π ii 3π iii − e 0, , π, , 2π f , , ,
2 3 3 2 3 2 3
π π 7π
iv v− vi − 11 a y
12 18 4
b i 225◦ ii −120◦ iii 105◦
1
iv −330◦ v 260◦ vi −165◦
2 a i 0.12c ii −1.75c iii −0.44c
iv 0.89c v 3.60c vi −7.16c
0 x
b i 97.40◦ ii −49.85◦ iii 160.43◦ π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
iv 5.73◦ v −171.89◦ vi −509.93 ◦ 4 2 4 4 2 4
√
1 1 3
3 a √ b c −1
2 2 2
√
1 1 3 b y
d − e √ f
√
2 2 2 ( − π, 1
3 )
3 1 1 1
4 a b −√ c 1
2 2 2
√ 2
1 1 3
d −√ e √ f− x
2 0 π 2π π
√2 2
√ −π
3 3 1 3 −1 6 3
2
g−
√2
h −
2
i
2 −1
(π, − 12 )
3 1
5 a − b −√ c y
2 3
√ √
51 51 1
6 a − b
√10 7
3 1
7 a − b √
2 3 0 x
√ √ π 5π 2π 11π π
91 −3 91 6 12 3 12
8 a b −1

9
10 91
2π − a, 2π − b, 2π − c, 2π − d
2
(π, − 12 )
−1

Cambridge Senior Maths for Queensland ISBN 978-1-108-59245-1 © Evans et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Specialist Mathematics 3&4 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
718 Answers
1B

d y c y

3
Answers

2 ( π, 2 √3 )
2 √3
1 (π, 1)
π
x
2 O π π 7π 5π
0 x
π 7π 11π 5π π 12 3 12 6
−1 6 18 18 6

e y

2 + √3 d y

√3

7π ( 2π, √3 − √2 )
√3 − √2 4 2π
x π 11π 7π ( π, 2√3 − 2 )
√3 − 2 0 3π π 19π 23π 2√3 − 2 12 24 12
x
4 12 12 O 23π
√ √ 24
1
12 a 1 b 3 c √ d 3
3
√ √
− 17 −4 17 −1 −1
13 a b c d
17 17 4 4
√ √ √ √
21 −2 7 3 − 3 Exercise 1B
14 a b c d
7 7 2 2 1 a y
2π 5π π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π
15 a , b , , , , ,
3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9
3π π 5π 9π 13π √2
c d , , , 1 (2π, √2)
2 8 8 8 8
y 0 x
16 a π 3π 5π 7π 2π
−1 4 4 4 4

b y
x
O π π 3π π
4 2 4 2√3
2√3 2π,
3
3
1

0 x
π 2π 7π 5π 2π
−1 6 3 6 3
b y

c y

√3
2π,
x 1 3
O π 5π
√3
− √3
3 6 (π, − √3 ) 3 x
0
π 2π 7π 5π 2π
−1 6 3 6 3

Answers
2 a y f y

1
(π, 1) 0 x
0 x √3 π 5π 2π 11π π
π π 3π − 6 12 3 12
π 3
4 2 4
−1 π, − √3
3

3 a y

1B
b y

1 x
−π 3π π π 0 π π 3π π
− − −
4 2 4 −1 4 2 4
0 x
π π π 2π 5π π
6 3 2 3 6
−1
b y

−π, 2 3
c y 3 2 3
π,
11π π 2 3 3
− −
12 6 3 π
x
−π 2π 5π 0 π π 7π 5π
− −
3π 5π 7π 3 12 12 3 12 6
8 8 8
0 x
π π π 3π π
8 4 2 4
c y

3 3
−π,
3 3 3
π,
−11π 5π π 7π
d y
− 3
12 12 12 12
x
0 π 5π
−π − 2π − π π
(π, 1) 3 6 3 6
1

0 x
π π 3π π √ √
4 2 4 5 89 89
−1
4 a cot x = , sec x = , cosec x =
8√ 5 √ 8
2 6 7 6 7
b cot x = , sec x = , cosec x =
5
√ 12 √ 5
e y
7 2 9 9 2
c cot x = , sec x = , cosec x =
8 √ 7 √ 8
5 a 2
√ b 2 c − √ 3 d 2
1 e 2 f 1 g − 2 h2
0 x 6 a 1 b −1 c cosec2 x d sec x
π π 3π π e sin2 x − cos2 x = − cos(2x)
4 2 4
−1 f tan x sec2 x √ √
(π, −1)
√ 17 17
7 a 17 b c −
17 4
√ √
√ 10 10
8 a − 10 b − c −
10 3

9 a −3 11 b b dom = [−2, 0], ran = [0, π]

10 y
√
√ 35
10 a − 35 b
√ 6 π
− 3 √
11 a b − 3 c 2 π
2 √ √ 2
1 2 2 3 2
12 a − b − c−
3 3 4 x
√ √ √
Answers

−2 0
51 51 7 51
13 a b − c−
10 7 51 3 1
√ √ c dom = − , , ran = [−π, π]
2 6 6 2 2
14 a 0.2 b − c−
5 12 y
1
15 a 0 b sin(2θ) c1 d1
2
1 π
16 x − = −2 tan θ π
x 3
x
0
Exercise 1C −3 −1 1
2 2 2
√ √ −π
2 √ 2 √
1 a ( 3 − 1) b (1 − 3)
4 4 π 3π
2 a sin(2x) cos(5y) − cos(2x) sin(5y) d dom = R, ran = − ,
2 2
b cos(x2 ) cos(y) − sin(x2 ) sin(y) y
3 a sin(x − 2y) b cos x
3π
c sin(2A) d cos y 2
4 a sin x cos(2x) + cos x sin(2x)
b 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x
π
5 a cos x cos(2x) − sin x sin(2x) 2
b 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x x
5 12 −1 0
6 a −0.8 b 2.6 c d −
π
13 13 2
16 63
e f 1 1
65 65
7 a −0.71 b 0.92 c −0.93 d −0.36 e dom = − , , ran = [0, π]
2 2
1 y
8 a sin(2x) b − cos(2x) c −1
4
d −2 tan x e sin(2x) π
24 π
9 a 0.96 b −0.28 c −
7 2
10 a −0.66 b 0.91
11 0.97 x
0
−1 1
Exercise 1D 2 2
π π
1 a dom = R, ran = − , −1 1 π
2 2 f dom = , , ran = 0,
y 3 3 2
y
π
2 π
2
0
x
1 π
4

−π x
0
2 0, −π −1 1
4 3 3

π π π 5π π nπ

Answers
2 a b− c d e h x= ,n∈Z
2 4 6 6 3 2
π π π (8n − 5)π
f g− h iπ i x= ,n∈Z
4
√ 3 6 √ 8
3 π 2 π 4 a ±1.16 b −0.20, −2.94
3 a b− c −1 d e c 1.03, −2.11
2 3 2 4
√ π π π 5π π π 5π 3π π 5π
f 3 g h− i− j 5 a , , , b 0, , π, , 2π
3 3 4 6 4 2 4 2 3 3
π π π 5π 3π
k π l− c , , ,
4
π π 3π π 6 2 6 2

1E → 1F
4 a [1, 3], − , b − , , [−1, 1] π π 5π 3π 13π 5π 17π 7π 25π
2 2 4 4 d , , , , , , , , ,
5 3 π π π 5π 24 8 24 8 24 8 24 8 24
c − ,− , − , d − , , [−1, 1] 9π 29π 11π 37π 13π 41π 15π
2 2 2 2 18 18 , , , , , ,
π 7π 8 24 8 24 8 24 8
e , , [−1, 1] f [−2, 0], [0, π] 2π 4π 3π 7π
6 6 , π,
π π π e 0, , , 2π f 0, , 2π
3 3 4 4
g [−1, 1], 0, h − , , [−1, 1]
π 2 3π 6 3π 7π π 5π π
g , h , i 0, , 2π
i R, 0, j 0, , R 4 4 3 3 2
π2 π 2
6 a max = 3, min = 1 b max = 1, min =
1
k R, − , 3
2 2 1 1
√2π √2π c max = 5, min = 4 d max = , min =
4 5
l − , , [0, ∞)
2 2 e max = 3, min = −1 f max = 9, min = 5
3 12 24 40 √ 7 a (−1.14, −2.28), (0, 0), (1.14, 2.28)
5 a b c d e 3
5
√ 5 √ 25 √ 9 √ b (−1.24, −1.24), (0, 0), (1.24, 1.24)
5 −2 5 2 10 7 149 c (3.79, −0.79) d (0, 0), (4.49, 4.49)
f g h i
3 5 7 149 8 2π − q
4 12 π 3π
6 a i ii 9 a π + α, 2π − α b − α, +α
5 13 2 2
π 3π
Exercise 1E 10 a π − β, β − π b − β, β −
2 2
7π 11π π 17π π 11π 3π 5π
1 a , b , c , 11 a 2π − γ, 3π − γ b − γ, −γ
6 6 12 12 6 6 2 2
π 5π 5π 11π 12 b 45.07
d , e ,
4 4 6 6 13 b 1.113
π 13π 25π 37π
f , , , 14 When t = 0, xA = xB = 0;
24 24 24 24 when t = 1.29, xA = xB = 0.48
π 5π 5π 7π π 4π
2 a , b , c , 15 b 0.94
6 6 6 6 3 3
3π 7π 2π 4π 5π 7π
d , e , f , Exercise 1F
4 4 3 3 4 4
π 3π 1 a sin(11πt) − sin(3πt)
3 a x = + 2nπ or x = + 2nπ, n ∈ Z 1
4 4 b sin 60◦ + sin 40◦
b x = 2nπ, n ∈ Z 2
π 3 πx
c x = + nπ, n ∈ Z c sin(πx) + sin
6 2 3
(12n − 5)π (4n + 1)π d sin(A) + sin(B + C)
d x= or x = ,n∈Z
12 4 2 cos(3θ) − cos(5θ)
(2n − 1)π 2(3n + 1)π 3 sin A − sin B
e x= or x = ,n∈Z
3 9 5 a 2 sin 50◦ cos 16◦ b 2 cos 50◦ cos 16◦
2nπ (6n + 1)π ◦
c 2 sin 16 cos 50 ◦
d −2 sin 50◦ sin 16◦
f x= or x = ,n∈Z 5x 3x
3 9
6 a 2 sin(5A) cos(3A) b 2 cos cos
(3n − 2)π 2 2
g x= ,n∈Z
6 c 2 sin(x) cos(5x) d −2 sin(4A) sin(A)

3 2 3
11 a − ,− ,− ,− , , , , , 9 a − b c 2
6 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 3 √
2π π π π π 2π d 2 e 1 f − 3
b −π, − , − , − , 0, , , ,π 1 1
3 2 3 3 2 3 10 a −p b −p c d − e −p
3π 2π π π π π 2π 3π p p
c −π, − , − , − , − , 0, , , , ,π π 1 2π
4 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 11 a b c
5π π π π π 5π 3 2 √3
Answers

d −π, − , − , − , 0, , , ,π √
6 2 6 6 2 6 2π 3 2
d e f
π 5π π π 2π 5π 3 2 2
12 a , b 0, , , , ,π 12 a y Domain = R
6 6 6 3 3 6
π π 5π 7π 2π 11π Range = (−π, π)
c 0, , , , , , ,π π
12 3 12 12 3 12
π π 3π π 7π 5π 9π
d , , , , , , x
10 6 10 2 10 6 10 O

−π
Chapter 1 review
Technology-free questions b y Domain = [2, 4]
7 9 π
π π
1 a √ b 2 Range = − ,
113 2 2 2
1 4 x
2 a √ b− c 210◦ is a possible answer 0 2 3 4
2 5
√ π
3 tan−1 (3 2) −
2
π 5π π 11π π 5π
4 a , b , c , c y Domain = [−1, 0]
6 6 6 6 4 4
Range = [0, 3π]
2π π π 2π
5 a x = − , − , or 3π
3 3 3 3
b y

π π
− ,1 ,1
2 2 x
−1 0
x
2π π O π 2π
− −
3
d y Domain = [1, 3]
3 3 3
Range = [−π, 0]
1
(−π, −3) −3 (π, −3) 0
x
3
2π
π π 2π
c x ∈ −π, − ∪ − , ∪ ,π −π
3 3 3 3
7 24 5 4
6 a b c d
25 25 3 3 e y Domain = R
π π 3π π π 5π 3π Range = (−π, π)
7 a − , , b− , , ,
2 2 2 2 6 6 2 π
π π 3π π π 5π π
c − , , , ,− , 2
2 2 2 3 3 3 x
π π 3π π π 7π 11π 5π 0 1
d − , , e ,− , , ,−
2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 −π
π π 5π
f 0, 2π, , − ,
3 3 3 π 3π 5π 7π
7π 11π 1 1 13 0, , , , ,π
8 a , , sin−1 , π − sin−1 8 8 8 8
6 6 3 3
π 5π 7π 11π π 5π Multiple-choice questions
b , , , c , 1 C 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 C 6E
6 6 6 6 4 4
π 3π 5π 7π 7 D 8 A 9 A 10 D 11 E
d , , ,
4 4 4 4

Answers
Extended-response questions b ii a = 2000, b = −4000
√ x iii V = 2000p − 4000p2
1 a i x ii 1 − x2 iii √
1 − x2 1
√ iv 0 < p <
2x 2
iv 2x v 1 − 4x2 vi √
1 − 4x2 v V
√ √
b i 2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2 250
ii (1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2
√ √
2x 1 − x2 − x 1 − 4x2
iii

1 review
(1 − 4x2 )(1 − x2 ) + 2x2
√ π π
θ
iv 2x 1 − x2 v 1 − 2x2 0
√ 3 2
V
2x 1 − x2
vi
1 − 2x2 250
c ∠B2 AB1 = 0.34, 2α = 0.61
2 a y

p
0 1 1
0 x 4 2
π 2π
1 π
vi Max volume = 250 when p = ,θ=
4 3
π
y = cosec x c i V = 1000 sin θ, for 0 < θ <
2
y = cot x 2
y = cosec x − cot x ii V
x
c y = cot , y = cosec(x) + cot(x) 1000
2 π
y , 1000
2

θ
0 π
0 x 2
π 2π
iii V is an increasing function: as the
angle θ gets larger, so does the volume
π π of the cuboid
√ √
d ii cot = 1 + 2, cot =2+ 3 4 a Each triangle has a right angle, and
8 12 angle CAD is common to both triangles
1 b (cos(2θ), sin(2θ))
iii √
4+2 2 c i 2 cos θ ii 2 sin θ
θ
5b p = 8 cos3 θ − 4 cos θ
e cot − cot(4θ)
2 π
c iii iv 1
3 a i 100 sin θ cos θ 6
ii R d P

50
4

θ
0 π π
θ
4 2 0 π
π
iii 50 iv 4
4 π
e
4

π
2A

6 a ii x = ± + nπ, n ∈ Z 500
4 9 a iV= cos(θ◦ ) sin2 (θ◦ )
y
3
iii ii Vmax = 64.15 when θ = 54.74
b ii θ ∈ (0, 90)
Answers

c Vmax = 24.69 when a = 0.67, θ = 48.19

2
1
O x
−1
π
2
π 3π 2π Chapter 2
−2 2

Exercise 2A
y = tan x 1 a (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1
y = cot x
y = 2 cosec 2x
b (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25
π c x2 + (y + 5)2 = 25
b ii x = nπ ± ,n∈Z d (x − 3)2 + y2 = 2
6
iii y 2 a Centre (−2, 3); radius 1
b Centre (1,
3 2); radius 23
c Centre , 0 ; radius
1 2 2
√3 d Centre (−2, 5); radius 2
3 x
1 2
1 2 1
√3 O π π 3π 2π
− 3 a x+ + y+ =
3 2 2 4 4 8
−1 y

y = cot 2x −1 0
2 x
y = tan x
y = cosec 2x
7 a i ∠BAE = 72◦ , ∠AEC = 72◦ , ∠ACE = 72◦ −1
2
ii 36◦
√ − 1, − 1
4 4
5−1
e
4 3 2 49
b x+ + (y − 2)2 =
8 a ii V 500 2 4
90,
3 y
− 3, 2
2
2 + √ 10

1
(√ 33 − 3)
2
0
x
θ°
0 90 − 1 (3 + √ 33 ) 2 − √ 10
2
iii V is an increasing function: as the
c (x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25
angle θ gets larger, so does the volume
y
of the pyramid
b ii θ ∈ (0, 90)
2000 2 1000 8
iii V = − a + a (−4, 5)
3 3
125
iv Vmax = when θ = 60 2
3 x
v V 125 −4 0
60,
3
d (x − 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25
y

8
θ (4, 5)
0 30 60 90

2
x
0 4

5 2

Answers
9 e x2 + y2 ≤ 16 and x ≤ 2
e (x − 2)2 + y + =
4 16 y
y
4
x=2
O
x
x
−4 0 2 4
5
2, −
4 −4

f x + y ≤ 9 and y ≥ −1
2 2

2B
3 2 439
f (x + 1)2 + y − = y
2 12
y 3

−1, 3 3 1 427
+ −3 0 3
x
2 2 2 3
−1 y = −1
103
−1
3 −3
x
0
−1 − 103 √
3 3 1 427 5 Centre (5, 3); radius 10
−
2 2 3
6 (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
4 a x2 + y2 ≤ 16
7 (x − 5)2 + (y − 4)2 = 13
y
15 19 √
5 2
8 a First circle: centre , ; radius
4 2 2 2
Second circle: centre (5, 7); radius 5
b (5, 12), (10, 7)
−4 O 4
x 5√2 5√2 −5√2 −5√2
9 a , , ,
−4 √2 √ 2 √ 2 √ 2
b ( 5, 2 5), (− 5, −2 5)
b x 2 + y2 ≥ 9 Exercise 2B
y
x2 y2
3 1 a + = 1, centre (0, 0)
9 16
y
x
−3 O 3 4

−3
x
−3 0 3
c (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 < 4
y
−4

x2 y2
b + = 1, centre (0, 0)
16 25
2 y

5
x
0 2

d (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16 x

−4 0 4
y

−5
√7 − 2 3 + 2 √3
x
0
3 − 2 √3
(3, −2)
−2 − √7

(x − 4)2 (y − 1)2 (x − 1)2 (y + 2)2

c + = 1, centre (4, 1) h + = 1, centre (1, −2)

9 16 25 16
y y
Answers

8 √6
−2 +
5 √3 5
(4, 1) 1−
2
O x
x 0
3 √15 3 √15 5 √3
4− 4+ (1, −2) 1+
4 4 2
8 √6
−2 −
5

(y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2

d x2 + = 1, centre (0, 2) i + = 1, centre (2, 3)
9 4 9
y y

2 3

0
x
− √5 −1 √5
0
x
3 3 2

(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 1)2

e + = 1, centre (3, 2) j + = 1, centre (2, 1)
25 9 8 4
y y

22
5 (3, 2)
1 + √2
0 x (2, 1)
5 √5 5 √5 2 − √6 0
3− 3+ x
3 3
−2 1 − √2 2 + √6
5
x 2 y2 3
2 a − = 1, asymptotes y = ± x
x 2 y2 16 9 4
f + = 1, centre (0, 0) y
25 9
3 3x
y y=− x y=
4 4

3
−4 4 x
x
−5 0 5 O
−3

(x + 2)2 (y − 1)2 y2 x2 4
g + = 1, centre (−2, 1) b − = 1, asymptotes y = ± x
9 5 16 9 3
y
y

8
3
(−2, 1) −2 +
6 √5 y=− 4x y=
4x
3 3
5
0 4
x
−2 −
6 √5 −2 x
5 3 0
−4

x 2 y2 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2

Answers
c − = 1, asymptotes y = ±x g − = 1,
4 4 4 9
y 3 3
asymptotes y = x, y = 6 − x
2 2
y = −x y =x y
3
y= x
2

6
−2 2
x
3
0

2B
2 − 2√2 2 + 2 √2
x
0 2 4

3
y=6− x
2
x 2 y2 √
d − = 1, asymptotes y = ± 2x
2 4 4(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
h − = 1,
y 3 3
y = 2x asymptotes y = 2x − 1, y = 3 − 2x
y

y = 2x − 1
− 2 2 x
0
3
2
√3
1 1+ ,1
0 2
y = − 2x x
√3 1 3 2
1− ,1
(x − 2)2 (y + 1)2 2 2
e − = 1,
16 4
1 1 y = 3 − 2x
asymptotes y = x − 2, y = − x
2 2
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
y i − = 1,
16 9
1 1 3 1 7 3
y=− x y= x−2 asymptotes y = x + , y = − x
2 2 4 4 4 4
2 − 2√5 0 2 4 2 − 2√5 y
x
y= 7 − 3x
(−2, −1) −1 (6, −1) 4 4 y = 3 x+ 1
4 4
7
4 4 √10
1 1+
(−3, 1) 4 1 3 (5, 1)
(x − 5) (y − 3)
2 2 x
f − = 1, 1−
4√10
−1
01 7
25 9 3 3 3
3 3
asymptotes y = x, y = 6 − x
5 5
x2 y2 5
y j − = 1, asymptotes y = ± x
3 16 25 4
y= x
5 y
6 5 5
y= − x y= x
3 4 4
5 − 5√2 5 + 5√2
x
0 5 10
3x
y=6−
5
x
−4 4
O

2√3 √3 −2√3 −√3 x2 y2

3 a , , , b + =1
3 √ 3 3 √ 3 9 16
√ 2 √ − 2 y
b 2, , − 2,
2 2
Answers

√
−6 13 −6√13 6√13 6√13 4
5 , , , ,
13
√ √13 √ 13 √13
−6 13 6 13 6 13 −6 13
, , , −3 O 3
13 13 13 13 x
√ −5√2 √ 5√2
6 −2 2, , 2 2,
2 2
y −4
7
y=x
y= − x x2 + y2 = 9

(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
3
c + =1
9 4
O y
x
−3 3

−3

x2 − y 2 = 9 2

x
Exercise 2C O 3

1 x2 + y2 = 4, dom = [−2, 2], ran = [−2, 2]

√
2 a y2 = 16x b x=4 c 32 2 x2 y2
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2 d + = 1, x ∈ [−3, 3], y ∈ [0, 4]
3 + = 1; 9 16
9 4 y
ellipse with centre (2, 3)
x 2 y2
4 − = 1, x ≤ −2;
4 9 4
left branch of hyperbola with centre (0, 0) and
3x
x-axis intercept (−2, 0); asymptotes y = ±
2
x
5 a x2 + y2 = 16 b x 2 + y2 = 4 −3 O 3
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
c + =1 d + =1
16 9 16 9
2 2
y x e x2 − y2 = 1, x ∈ [1, ∞)
e − =1 f y = x2 − 2x − 3
9 4 y
1
g y= h y= x+2
x−2 y = −x
2 2
y x
i − =1
16 4
6 a x2 − y2 = 1, x ∈ (−∞, −1]
y 1 x
O

y=x y=x

−1
x
O

y = −x

Answers
f (x − 1)2 − (y − 1)2 = 1, x ∈ [2, ∞) c dom = [−1, 5], ran = [2, 6]
y y

y=2−x
2√5
4+
3
2
(1, 1)
2√5
O
x 4−
2 3

2 review
y=x x
O

√
P = (−1, − 3) √
7 a √
Chapter 2 review
b 3x + 3y = −4 3
8 a x = 4 cos t y = 4 sin t Technology-free questions
b x = 3 sec t y = 2 tan t (x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
1 + =1
c x = 3 cos t + 1 y = 3 sin t − 2 4 16
d x = 9 cos t + 1 y = 6 sin t − 3 2 y = 3x + 2, y = −3x + 2
9 a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 2 (x − 4)2
3 + (y + 6)2 = 1
10 x = 4 cos t, y = 3 sin t 9
4 x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
11 a x = 2 cos t, y = 6 sin t
x 2 y2 5 a = 1, c = 2, b = d = 3
b + =1 6 Centre (−4, 6), radius 7
4 36
t t 7 (±9, 0), (0, ±3)
12 a x = −2 cos , y = 2 + 3 sin
2 2 Multiple-choice questions
x2 (y − 2)2 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 E 5B
b + =1
4 9 6 B 7B
13 a dom = [2, 5], ran = [4, 6]
Extended-response questions
y √ √ √ √
1 a i [− 2, 2] ii [−3 − 5, −3 + 5]
(2, 6) iii (0, −3) 37 11 48
b 2, 3, 1, 2 c , d 0,
13 13 13
(5, 4) 1 2 35 2 3890
e x− + y− =
2 26 676
2 d Centre (2, 2) and radius 2; centre (10, 10)
and radius 10
x 3
O e Gradient undeﬁned; gradient
4
−4 20
b dom = [2, 5], ran = [2, 6] f y = 4; y = x+
3 3
y
3 a y = (tan t)x
b (−a cos t, −a sin t)
(2, 6)
cos t
c y − a sin t = − (x − a cos t)
sin t
a a
(5, 4)
d A , 0 , B 0,
cos t sin t
a2 a2
(2, 2) e Area = = ;
2 sin t cos t sin(2t)
x π
O Minimum when t =
4

Chapter 3
See worked solutions in the Interactive Textbook

Chapter 4
4A → 4B

Exercise 4B
1 a i 3i + j ii −2i + 3 j iii −3i − 2 j
Exercise 4A iv 4i − 3 j
√ −5i + 2 j ii 7i
1 Magnitude = 5 b i√ √−j iii −i
√ + 4j
c i 10 ii 29 iii 17
2 a i + 4j b√ 4i + 4 j + 2k c 6 j − 3k
d −8i − 8 j + 8k e 6 f 4
2 a = 3, b = 2 3 a i −5i ii 3k iii 2 j iv 5i + 3k
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Answers

⎢⎢⎢⎢6⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−14⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥⎥ v 5i + 2 j + 3k vi 5i + 2 j

⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥⎥ c ⎢⎢⎢ 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢−4⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ vii −5i − 3k viii 2 j − 3k
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2 −2 −4 −8 ix −5i + 2 j − 3k x −5i − 2 j + 3k
e3 f 4 xi √ 5i + 2 j − 3k √ √ − 2 j − 3k
xii 5i
3 b i 34 ii 38 iii 29
4 a i 2b ii 4a iii 2a + b 5 5 −5
2 c i i ii i + 2 j iii i + 2 j − 3k
1 3 2 2 2
iv b − 2a v 2a − b
2 2 √ −4 2 2
b i 4 ii 4 iii 13 d i j ii j iii j + 3k
3 3 3
5 a (3 cm b (4 cm 2 5 4
long) long) iv 5i − j − 3k v i + j − 3k
√ 3 √ √ 3
2
613 77 310
e i ii iii
6 2 3
1 2
4 a x = 3, y = − b x = 4, y =
9 3 3 5
6 a6 b c 3
2 2 c x=− ,y=7
1 1 1 2
7 a i a ii b iii (b − a) 5 a i −2i + 4 j ii 3i + 2 j
4 4 4
iii −2i − 12 j
iv b − a
1 1 1 b −i + 2 j c −8i − 32 j
b i a ii b iii (b − a) 6 a i 4i − 2 j − 4k ii −5i + 4 j + 9k
2 2 2
8 a a+b b −(a + b + c + d) c −(b + c) iii √ 2i − j − 2k√ iv −i − j − 3k
1 1 b i 30 ii 67
9 a b−a b (b − a) c (a + b) −−→ −−→
2 2 c AB, CD
1 4
10 a (a + b) 7 a i 2i − 3 j + 4k ii (2i − 3 j + 4k)
2 5
1
11 a a + c − b b a + c − 2b iii (13i − 7 j − 9k)
1 5
12 a −c b c c − a 13 −7 −9
2 b , ,
1 1 5 5 5
d c+ g+ a e c+ g− a −−→ −−→
2 2 8 a i OA = 2i + j ii AB = −i − 4 j
13 a i b − a ii c − d iii b − a = c − d −−→ −−→
1 iii BC = −6i + 5 j iv BD = 2i + 8 j
b i c−b ii − a + b − c −−→ −−→
2 b BD = −2AB
1 55 c Points A, B and D are collinear
14 a k = 3, = b k= , = −10 −−→
2 2 9 a i OB = 2i + 3 j + k
15 a i k(2a − b) ii (2m + 1)a + (4 − 3m)b −−→
ii AC = −i − 5 j + 8k
11 9 −−→
b k= ,m= iii BD = 2i + 2 j + 5k
4 4 −−→
iv CD = 4i + 6 j + 2k
1
16 a i (a + b)
4
ii (a + b) −−→ −−→
2 5 b CD = 2(2i + 3 j + k) = 2OB
−−→
1 4 10 a i AB = 2i − j + 2k
iii (4b − a) iv (4b − a) −−→
−−→
5
−−→
5 ii BC = −i + 2 j + 3k
b RP = 4AR, 1 : 4 c4 −−→
iii CD = −2i + j − 2k
7 −−→
17 a x = 0, y = 1 b x = −1, y = iv DA = i − 2 j − 3k
3
5 b Parallelogram
c x=− ,y=0 3 −3
2 11 a (−6, 3) b (6, 5) c ,
2 2

−−→

Answers
12 a i BC = 6i + 3 j Exercise 4C
−−→ √ √
ii AD = (x − 2)i + (y − 1) j 1 a 3i + j b 2 3i − 2 j
b (8, 4)
j j
13 a (1.5, 1.5, 4) 2 i
x + x y +y z +z 30°
1 2 1 2 1 2 −30°
b , ,
17 8 2 2 2
17
i 4
14 , , −3 15 ,3 √ √ √
5 5−11 2 c − 2i + 2 j d −2i − 2 3 j
16 −11, j

4C
3 j i
18 a i i + j ii −i − 6 j iii −i − 15 j 135°
2
19 −1 4
b k= ,= i −120°
8 4
19 a i 2i + 4 j − 9k ii 14i − 8 j + 3k
iii 5.7i − 0.3 j − 1.6k √
b There are no values for k and such that e −2 3i + 2 j
ka + b = c
√ √ √ √ 150°
20 a i 29 ii 13 iii 97 iv 19
j
b i 21.80◦ anticlockwise 4
ii 23.96◦ clockwise iii 46.51◦ clockwise i
21 a −3.42i + 9.40 j b −2.91i − 7.99 j √ √
2 a 4i +√4 3 j b 5√3i + 5√ j
c 4.60i + 3.86 j d 2.50i − 4.33 j
c −3√3i + 3 j d 4 2i − 4 2 j
22 a −6.43i + 1.74 j + 7.46k e −6 3i − 6 j
b 5.14i + 4.64 j − 4k √ √
3 a [4 2, −45◦ ] b [3 2, 135◦ ]
c 6.13i − 2.39 j − 2.39k
c [4, 150◦ ] d [5, 53.13◦ ]
d −6.26i + 9.77 j + 3.07k
−−→ −−→ −−→ e [13, −112.62◦ ]
√
24 a |AB| = |AC| = 3 b OM = −i + 3 j + 4k 4 a [2, ◦
b [ 5, 63.43◦ ]
−−→ √ √ 30 ] ◦
c AM = i + 2 j − k d3 2 c [√2, −135 ] d [2, −30◦ ]
1 e [ 2, 135◦ ]
25 a 5i + 5 j b (5i + 5 j)
2 5 a 5.36i + 4.50 j b 8.19i + 5.74 j
5 5 −5 5
c i + j + 3k d i − j + 3k c −9.97i + 4.65 j d 7.37i − 5.16 j
2
√ 2 2 2
e −6.88i − 9.83 j
86
e 6 a [20, 60◦ ] b [1, −165◦ ]
2 c ◦
[18, 160 ]
−−−→ 1 1 √ √
26 a MN = b − a 7 a (6√+ 4 3)i√+ (4 + 6 3) j
2 2
−−−→ −−→ 1 b 5 2i + (5 2 − 10) j c 4.80i + 7.28 j
b MN AB, MN = AB √ √ √
√ 2 √ 8 a 3 3i + 3 j + 6 3k √ b 15i + 15 j + 15 2k
3 1 3 3 3 c −12i√+ 12 j − 12 2k
27 a i− j b i− j
2√ 2 2 2 d −15 3i − 45 √ j + 30k
3 3 7 √ e 100 j − 100 3k f −200k
c i+ j d 19 km √ π 1 √
−−→
2 2 9 a 5, , sin−1 √ ≈ [ 5, 30◦ , 26.57◦ ]
28 a OA = 50k 6 5
√ √ 2 2
b i −80i + 20 j − 10k ii 10 69 m b 11, tan−1 √ , sin−1 √ ≈
c −80i + 620 j + 100k √ 3 11
◦ ◦
29 a 2.66 km [ 11, 49.11 , 37.10 ]
√ π 1 √
b i −0.5i − j + 0.1k ii 1.12 km c 3, , sin−1 √ ≈ [ 3, 45◦ , 35.25◦ ]
c −0.6i − 0.8 j 4 3
√ √ √
30 a −100√2i + 100 2 j √ b 50 j 10 a [√33, −45◦ , 10.02◦ ]
c −100√2i + (50 + 100√2) j d 30k b [ √19, 135◦ , −13.26◦ ]
◦ ◦
e −100 2i + (50 + 100 2) j + 30k c √ 5, 150 , ◦−26.57 ] ◦
[2
−−→ √ √ d [√41, 53.13 , −38.66 ]
31 a OP =√50 2i + 50 2 j√
b i (50 2 − 100)i + 50 2 j ii 337.5◦ e [ √173, −112.62◦ , 8.75◦ ]
f [2 13, −90◦ , 33.69◦ ]
32 a (3m + 1)i − j + (1 − 3m)k b −5

1
4D → 4G

Exercise 4D 7 a j+ k b (i + 2 j − 2k)
3 √
1 a 66 b 22 c 6 d 11 e 25 8 a i− j− k b 3i + 2 j + k c 14
f 86 g −43
9 a i i − j − 2k ii i − 5 j
2 a 14 b 13 c 0 d −8 e 14 3 2√ √
b (i − 5 j) c 195 d 30
3 a 21 b −21 13 13
4 a a · a + 4a · b + 4b · b b 4a · b 2 1
10 b i (i − 3 j − 2k) ii (5i + j + k)
c a·a−b·b d |a| 7 3
1
5 a −4 b5 c 5 d −6 or 1 c (i + 11 j − 16k)
Answers

−−→ −−→ 21
6 a AB = −2i − j − 2k b |AB| = 3
c 105.8◦ Exercise 4F
√
7 66 1 2 2 3
8 a i c ii a + c iii c − a 1 a a+ b b a+ b
3 3 5 5
9 d and f ; a and e; b and c 5 5 5 8
−−→ 13 2 a i− j+ k b i− j
10 a AP = −a + qb b q= 2 2 3 3
26 13 −13 15 10 2
c i + j + 5k
c , , 3 3
15 3 15
3 b 2:1
11 x = 1, y = −3
a+x y
12 a 2.45 b 1.11 c 0.580 d 2.01 4 a i+ j b x2 + y2 = a2
−−→ 3 2 2
14 a OM = i + j b 36.81◦ c 111.85◦ 5 b 1:5
2 −−→ −−→ 17
15 a i −i + 3 j ii 3 j − 2k 6 a OB = −i + 7 j b OD = −2i + j
3
b 37.87◦ c 31.00◦ 2
−−→ 1 −−→ 1 c λ=
16 a i OM = (4i + 5 j) ii ON = (2i + 7k) 5
2 2 −−→
7 b i OP = 2i + j + k
b 80.12◦ c 99.88◦
−−→ 18 15 1
17 69.71◦ ii OP = i+ j− k
11 11 11
Exercise 4E −−→ 7 5 1
√ iii OP = i + j + k
4 4 4
11 1
1 a (i + 3 j − k) b (i + 2 j + 2k)
√11 3 Exercise 4G
10 1 1
c (− j + 3k) 12 a i (b − a) ii (a + b)
10√ 2 2
26 √ 1
b (a · a + b · b)
2 a i (3i + 4 j − k) ii 3(i − j − k) 2
√ 26
13 c 3 : 1
78 1
b (3i + 4 j − k) 14 a i (a + 2b) ii a + 2b iii 2b
26 3
1 1 15 a s = r + t
3 a i (2i − 2 j − k) ii (3i + 4k)
3 5 1 1
√ b u = (r + s), v = (s + t)
510 2 2
b (19i − 10 j + 7k) −−→ −−→
510 16 b AB = i − 3 j, DC = i − j c 4i + 2 j
−11 −1 e 4j
4 a (i − 4 j + k) b (i − 4 j + k) 2 5
18 9 18 b − a
13 3 12
c (4i − k)
17 √ √ √ √ k+2 k+2
19 b λ = ,μ=
5 2 21 −(1 + 4 5) 17 2 2
5 a 2 b c d 3 3
5 7 17 c λ= ,μ=
9 1 2 2
6 a (5i − k), (7i + 26 j + 35k)
26 26 20 b 12r2
3 3 3 −−→ c2
b (i + k), i+ j− k 22 a OX = 2 (a + c + d)
2 2 2 a + c2 + d 2
1 −7 11 8 −−→ a +c
2 2
c − (2i + 2 j − k), i+ j+ k b OY = 2 (a + c + d)
9 9 9 9 a + c2 + d 2

−−→ 1 −−→ 2

Answers
c i OX = (a + c + d), OY = (a + c + d) 20 a c − a
3 3 1 2 1 2 1 1
ii 120◦ iii 120◦ 21 a i c ii a + b iii a + b − c
3 3 3 3 3 3
−−→ 1 1 3
25 a OG = (a + b) 22 a a + b
3 4 4
1 λ 3λ 4
29 a λ =
1
c arccos b i a+ − 1 b ii
2 3 4 4 3
−−→ −−→ Multiple-choice questions
30 a OG = b + d + e, DF = b − d + e,
−−→ −−→ 1 C 2 D 3 B 4 B 5C
BH = −b + d + e, CE = −b − d + e
−−→ 2 6 C 7E 8 E 9 D 10 B

4 review
b |OG| = |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2
+ 2(b · d + b · e + d · e) Extended-response questions
√
−−→ 2 1 a i i + j + k ii 3
|DF| = |b| + |d|2 + |e|2
2

+ 2(−b · d + b · e − d · e) b i (λ − 0.5)i + (λ − 1) j + (λ − 0.5)k

−−→ 2 −−→ 1
| BH|2 = |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 ii λ = , OQ = (8i + 11 j + 5k)
3 3
+ 2(−b · d − b · e + d · e) c 5i + 6 j + 4k
−−→ 2 −−→ √ −−→ √
|CE| = |b| + |d|2 + |e|2
2
2 a i |OA| = 14, |OB| = 14 ii i − 5 j
+ 2(b · d − b · e − d · e) 1
b i (5i + j + 2k)
2
Chapter 4 review c 5i + j + 2k
e i 5i + j − 13k or −5i − j + 13k
Technology-free questions
√ iii The vector is perpendicular to the plane
2 containing OACB
1 a 2i − j + k b
3 −−→ −−→
3 a OX = 7i + 4 j + 3k, OY = 2i + 4 j + 3k,
2
3 1
a i (−3i + 2 j + 6k) ii (6i − 11 j − 12k) −−→ −−→ −−→ √
7 7 OZ = 6i + 4 j, OD = 6i + 3k, |OD| = 3 5,
−−→ √
3 a x=5 b y = 2.8, z = −4.4 |OY| = 29
1 b 48.27◦
4 a cos θ = b6 5λ 1
3 c i + 1 i + 4 j ii −
1 485 λ+1 6
5 a (43i − 46 j + 20k) b (3i − 6 j + 4k)
9 549 4 a i b−a ii c − b iii a − c
6 a i (2 − 3t) j + (−3 − 2t)k 1 1 1
iv (b + c) v (a + c) vi (a + b)
ii (−2 − 3t) j + (3 − 2t)k 2 2 2
b ±1 1 2
√ √ 5 a b+ c
7 a i 2 17 √ ii 4 3 iii −40 3 3
5 51 c ii 5 : 1
b cos−1 d 1:3
√
51
1 1 1
8 5 3i − 15 j + 10k 6 a i (a + b) ii − a + λ − b
2 2 2
9 [20, 30◦ , 60◦ ] 7 a i 12(1 − a) ii 1
√
3 1 8 5 b i x − 4y + 2 = 0 ii x = −2, y = 0
10 a 3i − j + k b i − j + 4k c
2 2 21 c i j + 4k ii i − 12 j + 5k
11 a 34 − 4p b 8.5 c
5 iii 3i − 11 j + 7k
13 d X has height 5 units; Y has height 7 units
12 −6.5 3 2 3 3
3 3 8 a i c ii a + c iii −a + c
13 λ= ,μ=− 4 5 5 4
2 2 5 2
14 AB DC, AB : CD = 1 : 2 b μ= ,λ=
√ 6 3
19 9 a b = qi − p j, c = −qi + p j
15 −−→ −−→
5 b i AB = −(x + 1)i − y j, AC = (1 − x)i − y j
16 a (−1, 10) b h = 3, k = −2 −−→ −−→
ii AE = yi + (1 − x) j, AF = −yi + (x + 1) j
17 a 2c, 2c − a b a + c
1
c 1.5 −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
10 a i BC = mv, BE = nv, CA = mw, CF = nw
2 −−→ √ 2
2 3 ii |AE| = m − mn + n2 ,
18 h= ,k= −−→ √
3 4 |FB| = m2 − mn + n2
19 3(i + j)

−−→ 1 −−→ 1 x 2 y2
5A

11 a CF = a − c, OE = (a + c) 2 a + =1 y
2 2 4 9
b ii 60◦ dom = [−2, 2]
c ii HX is parallel to EX; KX is parallel ran = [−3, 3] 3
Answers

to FX; HK is parallel to EF
−−→ −−→
12 a OA = −2(i + j), OB = 2(i − j),
−−→ −−→
OC = 2(i + j), OD = −2(i − j) x
−−→ −−→ −2 O 2
b PM = i + 3 j + hk, QN = −3i − j + hk
−−→ 1 1 h
c OX = i − j + k
√ 2 2 2
−3
d i √2 ii 71◦
e ii 6
−−→ a −−→ a b 3x + 2y = 6 y
13 a i OM = j ii MC = ai + j dom = [0, 2]
2 2
−−→ aλ ran = [0, 3]
b MP = aλi + j,
2
−−→ a 3
BP = a(λ − 1)i + (λ + 1) j,
2
−−→ a
OP = aλi + (λ + 1) j
2 √
3 −−→ 2 5a −−→ −−→
c i λ = , | BP| = , |OP| = a, |OB| = a
√ 5 5 x
5 0 2
ii
5 c y = 3x2 y
3
d λ = −1 and λ = dom = [0, ∞)
5
A O ran = [0, ∞)
A C
P
M M

P B C (5, 75)
O B
−−→ 14 29 1
e OY = ai + a j + ak
15 30 6
x
O

Chapter 5 d y = 3x 3
2
y
dom = [0, ∞)
Exercise 5A ran = [0, ∞)
1 a y = 2x; dom = R; ran = R
b x = 2; dom = {2}; ran = R
c y = 7; dom = R; ran = {7}
d y = 9 − x; dom = R; ran = R
1
e x = (2 − y)2 ; dom = [0, ∞); ran = R (1, 3)
9
+ 1; dom = R; ran = R
f y = (x + 3)3
O
x
x−1
g y=3 2 ; dom = R; ran = (0, ∞)
h y = cos(2x + π) = − cos(2x); e x 2 + y2 = 1 y

dom = R; ran = [−1, 1] dom = [0, 1]

1 2 ran = [0, 1]
i y= − 4 + 1;
x
1
dom = R \ {0}; ran = [1, ∞)
x
j y= ;
1+x
dom = R \ {−1, 0}; ran = R \ {0, 1}
x
O 1

x 2 y2

Answers
f − = 1; dom = (3, ∞); ran = (0, ∞) Exercise 5B
9 4
y 1 a x 2 + y2 = 1
b y

1
y = 2x
3

x
−1 O 1

5B
x
O 3
g x2 + y2 = 16; dom = [−4, 4]; ran = [0, 4] −1
y
π 3π 5π
c t= , , ,...
2 2 2
4 (2n − 1)π
i.e. t = , n∈N
2
2
y
2 a i x= −9
x 64
−4 O 4 ii y

h 3y = 2x − 6; dom = [3, ∞); ran = [0, ∞)

x
−9 O

−24
(6, 2)
x iii t = 3
0 3 1
b i y= , x > −1
i y = 5x2 − 36x + 63; 1+x
dom = R; ran = [− 95 , ∞) ii y

1
63 18 9
,− −1
5 5 x
O

iii t = −1
x
0 3 21 c i y = 1 − x, x < 1
5 ii y

3 a r(t) = t i + (3 − 2t) j, t ∈ R
b r(t) = 2 cos t i + 2 sin t j, t ∈ R
c r(t) = (2 cos t + 1)i + 2 sin t j, t ∈ R
π π 1
d r(t) = 2 sec t i + 2 tan t j, t ∈ − ,
2 2
e r(t) = √
t i + (t − 3)2 + 2(t − 3) j, t ∈ R x
O 1
f r(t) = 6 cos t i + 2 sin t j, t ∈ R
4 a r(θ) = (2 + 5 cos θ)i + (6 + 5 sin θ) j
b (x − 2)2 + (y − 6)2 = 25 iii t = 1

3 a Position vector i + 4 j; Coordinates

√ (1, 4) 16 Particle is moving along a circular path, with
b (1, 4) and (7, −8) c 65 centre (0, 0, 1) and radius 3, starting at (3, 0, 1)
9 3 9 −3 and moving anticlockwise; always a distance
4 a i − j, , of 1 above the x–y plane. It takes 2π units of
Answers

2 2 2 2
9 −3 time to complete one circle.
b (6, −1) and , z
√ 2 2
c 5 2
5 a t=9 b 22i + 4 j + 15k
1 (0, 0, 1)
6 a t = , −i + 5k b t = 2, 4i + 5 j + 3k (−3, 0, 1)
2
c t = 2, 4i − 2 j + 3k (0, −3, 1) (0, 3, 1)
√ −2 y
7 a 137 b t= and t = −1 (3, 0, 1) O
5 √
8 a 3i + 6 j − 3k b3 6
c 4i + 8 j − 3k d i + 2j x
√
9 a 3i + j + 4k b 14
2 17 Particle is moving along a straight line,
10 a = , b = 7 starting at (0, 0, 0), and moving ‘forward 1’,
3
x 2 y2 ‘across 3’ and ‘up 1’ at each step.
11 a + =1 z
9 4
b 3i
c i 303.69◦ ii 285.44◦
1
12 a y = , for x ≥ 1 b i+ j 3
x 2
c y 1
y
1 0 3 6 9
2
3

x
(1, 1)
(x − 1)2 (y − 3)2
18 a + =1
x 4 25
O b i (−1, 3) ii (1, −2) iii (3, 3)
5 3 c π units of time
13 a r(0) = 2i b i+ j d Anticlockwise
2 2
c x 2 − y2 = 4 19 a i y = 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
√ √
14 a r(0) = 0, r(20 3) = 2000 3i ii y
√ x 2 √
b y = 3x − , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2000 3
2000
2
c y

x
0 1

iii Particle starts at (1, 2) and moves along

x a linear path towards the origin. When
O (2000 √3, 0)
3 it reaches (0, 0), it reverses direction
3 27 81
15 Collide when t = ; r = i− j and heads towards (1, 2). It continues
2 2 2 4 in this pattern, taking 13 units of time to
complete each cycle.

Answers
b i y = 2x2 − 1, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 5 a r = 2i + j + t(−3i + j)
ii y b r = 2i + j + t(i + 3 j)
6 a r = t(2 j − k) b r = t( j + 2k)
(−1, 1) (1, 1) 7 a r = 2i + j + t(−3i + 2 j)
b i No ii No iii Yes
8 a r = j + k + t(3i + j − k)
5 4
x c m=− , n=−
−1 0 1 3 3
√2 √2 9 a 4i + 3 j b r = −i + j + t(4i + 3 j)
7 7

5C → 5D
c − , 0 , 0,
3 4
10 a x = 2 − 3t, y = 5 + t, z = 4 − 2t;
iii Particle is moving along a parabolic 2−x 4−z
=y−5=
path, starting at (1, 1) and reversing 3 2
direction at (−1, 1). It takes 1 unit of b x = 2t, y = 2 + t, z = −1 + 4t;
time for each cycle. x z+1
1 =y−2=
c i y = 2, x ≥ 1 2 4
x √ √
11 114 23 123
ii y 11 a b
38 19
12 c t ∈ [−3, 2]
13 23
1
13 , ,0
5 5
√
14 r = −i − 3 j − 3k + t(2i + j + 3k); 5
√
15 17 16 3
x
7 2 8
0 1 17 , , 18 r = (t − 2)i + 2 j + k
iii Particle is moving along a ‘truncus’ √3 3 3
165
path, starting at (1, 1) and moving to the 19
‘right’ indeﬁnitely. 3
20 (−1, −1, 3), (−5, 1, 7) 21 (2, 6, −4), (5, 0, 2)
20 a y = x2 − 4x, y = 4x − 7
7 22 a (1 + t)i + (−4 + 2t) j + (1√− t)k √
b (1, −3), (7, 21) c t = , (7, 21) √ 66 786
2 b 18 − 16t + 6t 2 c d
3 6
Exercise 5C
Exercise 5D
1 a Yes b Yes c No
17 9
2 a r = i + (1 + 2t) j 1 i+ j
2 4
b r = i − 3k + t(i + j + 2k)
2 (−1, 2, 3)
c r = 2i − j + 2k + t(−i + 2 j − k)
d r = 2i − 2 j + k + t(−4i + 3 j) 4 a i No ii No iii No iv (−7, −6)
b i No ii Yes iii No iv (−1, 1)
3 a r = 3i + j + t(−5i + j)
c i Yes ii No iii Yes
b r = −i + 5 j + t(3i − 6 j)
d i Yes ii No iii No iv None
c r = i + 2 j + 3k + t(i − 2 j − 4k)
e i No ii Yes iii No iv (3, 1, −2)
d r = i − 4 j + t(i + 7 j + k)
f i No ii No iii No iv None
4 a i x = 3 − 5t, y = 1 + t g i No ii No iii No iv (3, 0, −1)
1 h i Yes ii No iii Yes
ii y = (8 − x)
5 i i No ii No iii No iv (0, 1, −2)
b i x = −1 + 3t, y = 5 − 6t j i Yes ii No iii Yes
ii y = −2x + 3
5 a (1, 2, −1) b None c None d None
c i x = 1 + t, y = 2 − 2t, z = 3 − 4t
2−y 3−z 6 a 25.21◦ b 0◦
ii x − 1 = = 7 a 30◦
2 4
d i x = 1 + t, y = −4 + 7t, z = t 1
8 a (3, 3, 1) b √
y+4 15
ii x − 1 = =z
7

9 Lines 1 and 2 do not intersect 10 a (5, −1, −1) b 25.7◦

√
Lines 1 and 3 intersect at (2, 3, −1) 11 a x + y + z = 4 b 2 3
Lines 2 and 3 intersect at (4, −5, −1) 4
c (i + j + k)
3
Exercise 5E
12 a 88.18◦
1 a −3i + 4 j + 19k b i − 7 j − 4k 5 19
b r = − j − 9k + t i + j + 30k
c i− j d i + 2k 2 2
2 a −9i − 26 j − 12k b 2j + k 13 a i − 5 j − 3k b 2i + 3 j + 7k c 43.12◦
c 2j + k d i − 2k 14 a −6i − 4 j + k
3 a a×b b0 c 2(a × b) b r = 2i + j − 2k + t(−6i − 4 j + k)
d (a × c) · b e0 f 0
Answers

√ Exercise 5H
10
4 (4i − 5 j − 7k) 1 a (x + 1)2 + (y − 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 4
6
6 1√ b |r − (−i + 3 j + 2k)| = 2
374 2 a (x + 1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z − 1)2 = 16
7 b |r − (−i − 3 j + k)| = 4
2 8 12 8
3 √ , √ ,−√
Exercise 5F 17 17 17
√ √
1 a r · (i + j + k) = 3, x + y + z = 3 22 22 √
4 1+ ,1 + , 1 − 22 ,
b r · (i − 2k) = 3, x − 2z = 3 2 2
√ √
c r · (2i + 3 j − k) = 0, 2x + 3y − z = 0 22 22 √
d r · (i + 3 j − k) = −8, x + 3y − z = −8 1− ,1 − , 1 + 22
2 2
1 √ √ √ √
2 √ (−12i + 5 j − k), r · (−12i + 5 j − k) = 2 5 (2 + 3 2, 3 + 3 2, 4), (2 − 3 2, 3 − 3 2, 4)
170 √ √
3 r · (i − j − 3k) = −1, x − y − 3z = −1 6 a (0, 0, 3), 3 3 b (3, 0, 0), 3 3
c (0, 0, 0), 6
4 a 5i + 4 j + 13k
b r = −3i + j + k + t(5i + 4 j + 13k) 7 (1, 2, −4), 2
1 8 a (x − 1)2 + y2 + (z + 1)2 = 16
5 √ (−6i + 5 j + 4k), r · (−6i + 5 j + 4k) = 11 b (x − 1)2 + (y + 3)2 + (z − 2)2 = 14
77
8 a x=0 b x=6 c x=3 d x=4 c (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 + (z − 4)2 = 33
d x 2 + y 2 + z2 = 9
9 6x + 2y + z = 10 10 x − 2y + 8z = 7
11 5x − 3y + 2z = 27 12 13x + 7y + 9z = 61 9 a (0, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0), (0, 6, 0), (0, 0, 8)
13 −3x + 8y + 7z = 41 b r = 2i + 3 j + 4k + t(2i − 3 j − 4k)
c 2x − 3y − 4z = 8
Exercise 5G
22 Chapter 5 review
1 a2 b
9 Technology-free questions
8
2 1 a 7i + j b t = 1
3 61 469 √
3 a (−1, −9, 7) b 7.82◦ 2 a (7, 21) b (7, 21), , c 2 10
4 a ◦
80.41 b r = 22 j + 14k + t(i − 5 j − 3k) 3 9
x 2 y2 3x2
5 a 7i + j + 5k b i + 3 j − 5k 3 a + =1 b y= for x ≥ 6
9 16 4
c 72.98◦
2y2
6 a (2, −2, −1), 29.50◦ c x= − 3 for −3 ≤ y ≤ 3
7 3 5 3
b , − , − , 32.98◦ y2
2 2 2 d (x − 5)2 + =1
1 3 7 16
c , , − , 79.98◦ d (−7, 4, −3), 7.45◦ 4 a Domain = [−3, 3]; range = [−4, 4]
2 2 2 b Domain = [6, ∞); range = [27, ∞)
9 c Domain = [−3, 3]; range = [−3, 3]
7 a r · (i − 2 j + 6k) = −9 b √
41 d Domain = [4, 6]; range = [−4, 4]
7 1 4 5 4i − k
8 a b (2i − j − 2k) c 1 d
3 3 3 7 4x + 5y + 6z = 32
5
9 8 r = (t − 2)i + 2 j + k
3

7 2 8 √

Answers
165 3 Their graphs are parallel straight lines that do
9 , , 10
3 3 3 3 not coincide
11 (−1, −1, 4) 12 2i + 7 j + 5k 4 x = 6 + λ, y = λ for λ ∈ R
13 r√= 5i + 6k + t(6i + 3 j + 9k); (1, −2, 0)
5 a m = −5 b m = 3
3
14 15 2x − 8y + 5z = 18 6 m=9
2
16 12x + 8y + 20z = 16 7 a i m = −2 ii m = 4
17 a r · (i + 10 j + 6k) = 19 4 2(m + 4)
b x= , y=
b x + 10y + 6z = 19 m+2 m+2
√ 4 8 3 3

6A → 6C
6 8 a x = 2, y = 0, k − b k=−
18 a x − 2y + z = 0 b c 0, , 2 2
2 3 3
19 (1, −2, 1) or (1, 1, −2) 9 a b 10 b b = 10, c = 8
c b = 10, c 8
Multiple-choice questions
10 a ii Inﬁnitely many solutions for b = 8
1 B 2A 3C 4D 5D 6D
iii No solutions for b 8
7 D 8 C 9 A 10 D 11 E 12 C
iv If b = 8, then the solutions are x = 4 − λ,
Extended-response questions y = λ for λ ∈ R
√
30 b i Unique solution for all b ∈ R
1 a (3, −1, 2) b iv Solution is x = b − 4, y = 8 − b
√ 3
2 c 30 d 47.73◦ e k = 2 or k = 80 c i Unique solution for b 1
iii No solution for b = 1
3 c r = 3i + 2 j + k + √ t(5i − 7 j + k) 4 4b − 8
d (13, −12, 3), 10 3 iv If b 1, then x = ,y=
√ b−1 b−1
5 a i + 4 j − 4k b 19
c 8x − 11y − 9z = 0 d 29.9◦ Exercise 6B
6 a 5i 1 a x = 2, y = 3, z = 1 b x = −3, y = 5, z = 2
b i (5 − 3t1 )i + 2t1 j + t1 k, c x = 5, y = 0, z = 7 d x = 6, y = 5, z = 1
(5 − 3t2 )i + 2t2 j + t2 k
2 a y = 4z − 2
ii −3(t2 − t1 )i + 2(t2 − t1 ) j + (t2 − t1 )k
b x = 8 − 5λ, y = 4λ − 2, z = λ
c −3i + 2 j + k
d i 36.70◦ ii 13.42 3 a x = λ − 1, y = λ, z = 5
b x = λ + 3, y = 3λ, z = λ
7 a y = 5 − 2x, x ≤ 2
14 − 3λ 10 − 3λ
b i r1 (t) = 2i + j + t(−i + 2 j) c x= , y= , z=λ
ii a = 2i + j is the starting position; 6 6
b = −i + 2 j is the velocity 4 a −y + 5z = 15, −y + 5z = 15
√ b The two equations are the same
c i −13i + 6 j ii 5 10
c y = 5λ − 15 d x = 43 − 13λ
√ + j + 5k
8 a 13i √ λ−2 26 − 3λ −3(λ + 2)
14 6 5 w= ,x= ,y= ,z=λ
b (−3i + j + 2k), (2i + j − k) 2 4 4
14 6
c 40.20 ◦
d 7i + 3 j + 9k for λ ∈ R; w = 6, x = −4, y = −12, z = 14
√
1190 6 a x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
e 13i − j − 8k + t(−5i + 3k) f 5 3λ − 5
34 b x=− , y= , z=λ
3 3
2 − 3λ
Chapter 6 c x=
2
, y = −2(λ − 1), z = λ

Exercise 6A Exercise 6C
3 1
1 a x = 4, y = −3 b x=− , y= 7 11
2 2 1 a x=− , y= , z = −2
5 5
51 31 37 7
c x= , y=− d x= , y= 1 3
38 38 10 5 b x = − , y = 2, z = −
2 2
2 a One solution
115 29 44
b Inﬁnitely many solutions c x= , y=− , z=
13 13 13
c No solution

⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 10 a x = −λ, y = λ, z = 0, w = λ
2 a ⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 −3 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 11λ 4λ 5λ
⎣ ⎦ b x=− , y=− , z=− , w=λ
0 0 0 0 39 39 39
x = 3 − λ, y = 2 + 3λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R λ
⎡ ⎤ c x = − , y = λ, z = 0, w = 0
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 −2 4 ⎥⎥⎥ 5
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
b ⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 11 9x + y − 5z − 16 = 0 12 x + 9y − 5z − 26 = 0
⎣ ⎦
0 0 0 0
Answers

x = 4 + 2λ, y = 3 − λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R Chapter 6 review

⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 32 1 ⎥⎥⎥ Technology-free questions
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
c ⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ 1 k ∈ R \ − 32 2 a ∈ R \ {6}
0 0 0 0
3 a a = −1 b a = 2 c a ∈ R \ {−1, 2}
x = 1 − 2 λ, y = 2 − 2λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R
3
⎡ ⎤ 4 y = 3x2 − 8x + 12
⎢⎢⎢ 1 0 − 12 0 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 1 ⎥ 6 a a ∈ R \ {−2, 2, 3} b a = −2 or a = 2
3 ⎢⎢⎣
1
0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ c a=3
2
⎦
0 0 0 1
7 a r = 2i + j + λ( j + k)
No solutions, as row 3 represents the equation
b (2, −1, −2), (2, 1, 1)
0x + 0y + 0z = 1
4 a x = 1, y = 2, z = 4 Multiple-choice questions
b x = 3, y = 0, z = −2 1 D 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D
100 248 335 6 A 7 E 8 A 9 A 10 D
c x=− , y=− , z=
317 317 317 Extended-response questions
d No solutions
1 a 5x + 6y + 10z = 310
5 a Unique solution for a ∈ R \ {−4, 4}
Infinitely many solutions for a = 4 3x + 4y + 5z = 175
No solutions for a = −4 2x + 6y + 5z = 175
b If a ∈ R \ {−4, 4}, then the solution is ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 5 6 10 310 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
x=
25 + 8a
,y=
2(27 + 5a)
,z=
1 b ⎢⎢⎢ 3 4 5 175 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
28 + 7a 7(4 + a) 4+a ⎣ ⎦
2 6 5 175
If a = 4, then the solutions are
c Brad 20; Flynn 10; Lina 15
8 − 7λ 10 + 14λ
x= ,y= , z = λ, λ ∈ R 2 a 4a + 2b + c = 0, a + b + c = 1
7 7
c−2 4 − 3c
6 a Unique solution for a ∈ R \ {−2, 2} b a= , b=
Infinitely many solutions for a = 2 2 2
1 3 7
No solutions for a = −2 c a= , b=− , c=
6 2 3
b If a ∈ R \ {−2, 2}, then the solution is
3 + 2a 1 3 a a + b + c + d = 1, a − b + c − d = 4,
x = 2, y = , z= 4a + 3b + 2c + d = 0
2+a 2+a
4d − 1 −2d − 3 11 − 4d
If a = 2, then the solutions are b a= , b= , c=
x = 2, y = 2 − λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R 4 2 4
9 3 9 38
1 c a= , b=− , c= , d=
7 a r = (6 − λ)i − (2 + λ) j + λk 40 2 5 67
3 4 a x = −λ, y = λ + 1, z = λ for λ ∈ R
1 1
b r= (26 − 2λ)i + (17 − 3λ) j + λk b i p = 2 or p = −2 ii p ∈ R \ {−2, 2}
11 11
8 a Infinitely many solutions for a = 6 iii No value of p
b The three planes intersect along a line 1 1
5 a r = (3 + λ)i + (1 − λ) j + λk
2 2
p − 1
c The first two planes intersect along a line in
2p + 1 1
the plane 3x − 2y + 2z = 6. (Add the first b i p ∈ R \ {−1, 1}; , ,
two equations.) The third plane is parallel to p+1 p+1 p+1
this plane, and coincides only if a = 6. ii p = 1 iii p = 0
⎡ ⎤ c (0, 0, √ 0), (2, 0,√0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 0, −2)
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 −3 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 2 2 √
9 ⎢⎢⎢ 0 0 1 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d 1− ,1 + , −1 − 2 ,
⎢⎢⎣ ⎦
√2 √2
√
0 0 0 1
2 2
No solutions, as row 3 represents the equation 1+ ,1 − , −1 + 2
0x + 0y + 0z = 1 2 2

Answers
29
11 a , John took 29 minutes to eat food
8.50
costing
$8.50
Exercise 7A
⎡ ⎤ 29 22 12
150⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢220 ⎡ ⎤ b ,
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢21 5 5⎥⎥ 8.50 8.00 3.00
125⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢180 ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 8 2 3⎥⎥⎥⎥ John’s friends took 22 and 12 minutes to eat
102⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢135 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢⎢⎢ 4 1 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ food costing $8.00 and $3.00 respectively
91⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢112 ⎢⎢⎢14 8 60⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢
⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢
83⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎣ 86 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ Exercise 7B
⎦ 0 1 2
53 48 2 −1 1 2 2

7A → 7B
3 x = 0, y=2 1 a 1 b c 2 d
−3 2 2 −3 −2
4 2 13 ⎡ ⎤
4 X+Y= 2X = 4Y + X = ⎢⎢⎢ 2 −1 ⎥⎥⎥
−2 −4 −2 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
−1 1 ⎢7 14 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 −3 2 a b ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
X−Y= −3A =
3 −4 3 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 −6 −9 ⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
7 14
1 3 ⎢⎢⎢1 0⎥⎥⎥
−3A + B = ⎢ ⎥ cos θ sin θ
−7 −7 c ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ d
⎡ ⎤ ⎣0 ⎦ − sin θ cos θ
⎢⎢⎢ −9 −23 ⎥⎥⎥ k
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎡1 ⎤
, Y = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
1
5 X= ⎥⎥⎥ 2⎥ 1 0
0 −3 ⎢⎢⎢ −1 ⎥ 4 a A−1 = ⎢⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦, B−1 =
⎣ 11 ⎥⎦ 0 −1 −3 1
2 ⎡ 1 ⎤
5 1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 1⎥
2⎥⎥⎥⎥
310 180 220 90 b AB = , (AB) = ⎢⎣ 3 −1 ⎢ ⎦
6 X+Y= −3 −1 − 2 − 52
200 0 125 0 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢−1 1
2⎥
⎥⎥
represents the total production at two factories c A−1 B−1 = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎦,
in two successive
weeks
3 −1
⎡ 1 ⎤
4 4 −5 ⎢⎢ 1⎥
2⎥
7 AX =
−5
BX =
1
AY =
8 B−1 A−1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ 23 ⎥⎥⎥, (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1
⎦
− 2 − 52
2 0 −1 ⎡ ⎤
IX = AC = ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥
−1 1 2 ⎢− ⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2
0 7
⎡ ⎤ 5 2 ⎥⎥⎥ b
1 −1 ⎢⎢ 1⎥⎥ ⎣ ⎦ 1 −8
CA = (AC)X = ⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ 1 −2
0 1 0 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 5 7⎥
9 1 −2 ⎢⎢⎢ − ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
C(BX) = AI = ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥
−1 c ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥

5

3 ⎢⎢⎢ 11 21 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 2 1 0 ⎣ − ⎦
IB = AB = 2 2
1 1 0 1 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢ −3 11 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢ −11 17 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 −8 ⎢⎢⎢ 8 8 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 16 16 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
1 0
BA = A2 = a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢
−4 11 6 ⎥ ⎥

0 1
⎢⎢⎢ 1 7 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ −1 3 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
11 8 1 −3 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
B2 = A(CA) = 16 16 4 4
4 3 −1 4 7 m ∈ R \ {−4, 2}

−2 −5
A2 C = 3
3 7 8 m = 0, m = or m = 2
2
⎡ ⎤
1 0 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 ⎥
8 b
0 1 ⎢⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ a11 ⎥⎥⎥
9 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
9 One possible answer is ⎢⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
0 ⎦
1 2 0 1 −1 2 a22
A= , B= , C= ,
4 3 2 3 −2 1 1 0 −1
11 ,
0
,
−1 11 −1 11 0 1 0 −1
A(B + C) = , AB + AC = ,
−4 24 −4 24 0 −1 0 1 k −1 k
1
, , , , k ∈ R,
11 7 k −1 k 1 0 −1 0 1
(B + C)A = ⎡ ⎤
16 12
⎢⎢⎢⎢ a b ⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎥⎥, b 0
1 1 2 3 ⎢⎢⎢ 1 − a2 ⎥
10 For example: A = and B = ⎣ −a⎦
−1 −1 4 5 b

2 3 1 2 Exercise 7D
12 a b
3 −1 1 2 1
⎡ √ ⎤ 2 AB = 7I, A−1 = B
⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥ ⎥ 7
⎢⎢⎢⎢− − ⎥⎥⎥⎥ 1
⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ 3 A2 = 9I, A−1 = A
13 a M = ⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥⎥ 9
⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥
− ⎥⎥⎦
⎢⎣ −1 1
4 A = 4I, A = A
2
2 2 4
⎡ √ ⎤ ⎡ √ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 20 10 −10⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢− ⎥⎥ ⎢−10 23⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
Answers

⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ −1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ 5 a

90 ⎢⎢⎣
4
⎦
b M2 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥⎥, M = ⎢⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥⎥⎥ −10 −14 32
⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎣− ⎦ ⎢⎣ − − ⎥⎥⎦ ⎢−16 −19 14⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
−4 11⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
2 2 2 2
−1 − √3 1 − √3 1 + √3 1 − √3 b
51 ⎢⎣⎢
⎢ 2
⎦
c , , , , 15 21 6
2 2 2 2 ⎡ ⎤
1 − √3 −1 − √3 ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 6 6 −9 −21⎥⎥⎥
⎥
, 1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢−13 −30 62 54⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
42 −46 −45⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
2 2 c
⎡ √ ⎤ 51 ⎢⎢⎢ 8
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ −4 −21 23 48
⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎡
−5 −4⎥⎥⎥
⎤
14 a M = ⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥ b M2 = I, M−1 = M ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 2 4
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 7 −18
⎢ 15 −15⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥
⎣ − ⎦ d ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢⎢⎢ −8 21 −17 17⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
√3 + 1 √3 − 1 √ 3 + 1 √3 − 1 ⎣
−17 43 −35 36
⎦
c , , (1, 1), ,
2 2 2 2 6 a i −2 ii −2
⎡ √ ⎤ b i −4 ii −16
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ Exercise 7E
15 a BA = ⎢⎢ √ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎢ 3 1 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 13 16 7
⎣ − ⎦ 1 a x= , y= , z=
2 2 2 3 6
c The transformation defined by BA is the b x = −3, y = 5, z = 2
1 c x = −15, y = 16, z = 11
reflection in the line y = √ x d x = 6, y = 5, z = 1
3
16 a Dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis e x = 5, y = 2, z = 4, w = −1
⎡ ⎤ f x = 2, y = −3, z = 1, w = −1
⎢⎢⎢⎢ cos θ 2 sin θ⎥⎥⎥⎥
1
cos θ − sin θ 1
b c ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 2 a AB = 24I, A−1 = B
2 sin θ 2 cos θ − sin θ 12 cos θ 24
37 16 29
b x=− , y= , z=
Exercise 7C 6 3 6
−1 1
3 5 3 a AB = 3I, A = B
1 a b 3
10 17 b x = 18, y = 44, z = −49
1 10 4
2 a x=− , y= b x = 4, y = 1.5 Spray P Q R
7 7
11 8 46 12
c x = 3, y = 4 d x= , y=2 Barrels
2 13 39 13
3 (2, −1)
√ Exercise 7F
3 √−1 a 8
4 a =
1 3 b 12 1 a 10
√
1 3 1 b Ash defeats Carl and Dot
b √
4 −1 3 Ben defeats Ash, Carl and Dot
√ √ Carl defeats Dot
c a = 2 3 + 3, b = 3 3 − 2
Dot defeats Elle
5 Book $12, DVD $18
Elle defeats Ash, Ben and Carl
6 m= −2 orm = 4 c Ben = Elle, Ash, Carl = Dot
2 −3 x 3 ⎡ ⎤
7 a = ⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥
4 −6 y ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢0 0 1 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
6
b Non-invertible 2 a ⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b E, B, A = C, D
⎢
⎢
c System has solutions (not a unique solution) ⎢⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
d Solution set contains infinitely many pairs ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
1 0 1 1 0

Answers
2 2 7 a i Every 3 years, the population returns to
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 1000 newborns
0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 b A
⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 ii Every 3 years, the population increases
⎣ ⎦
0 1 2 0 by 50% and returns to only newborns
⎡ ⎤ iii Every 3 years, the population decreases
⎢⎢⎢0 1 1 0⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 1⎥⎥⎥⎥ by 40% and returns to only newborns
a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
4 b A, B, D, C b Long-term growth rate 1.37; long-term ratio
⎢⎢⎢⎣0 0 0
⎦
1 0 0 0 of age groups 818 : 130 : 52
5 A, B, D, C 1 1 1
8 a a= , b= , c=

7G → 7 review
A = C, D 2 4 8
6 E, B, ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢6250 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢7812.5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢3125 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Exercise 7G b P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥, P = ⎢⎢⎢⎢3906.25 ⎥⎥⎥⎥;
⎡
⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥
⎤ ⎡
⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥
⎤ ⎡
⎢⎢⎢1200⎥⎥⎥
⎤ ⎢⎢⎢1562.5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 2 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1953.125 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 a i ⎢⎢⎢300⎥⎥⎥ ii ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 781.25 976.5625
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ growth rate 1.25
0 100 0 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
b Population cycles through three states ⎢⎢⎢0.2 0.5 0.6 0.4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1150⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢0.7 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢ 808⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
c i Population decreases by 50% every three 9 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢
time periods ⎢⎢⎢0 0.7 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 570⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ii Population increases by 25% every three 0 0 0.7 0 402
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
time periods ⎢⎢⎢1140⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢8720⎥⎥⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢5200⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢9.77 × 1014 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3.04 × 1015 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ 801⎥⎥⎥ ⎢5560⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
c ⎢⎢⎢⎢ d ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 14 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢3550⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥ , 0.991
2 a i ⎢⎢⎢ 500⎥⎥⎥ ii ⎢⎢⎢1.57 × 10 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢⎢4.89 × 10 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 14 ⎢⎢⎢ 565⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 13 ⎦ ⎣ 14 ⎦
150 3.79 × 10 1.18 × 10 399 2260
b Long-term growth rate approx 3.11; e Day 49
long-term ratio of age groups approx
833 : 134 : 32 Chapter 7 review
c i Long-term growth rate approx 2.13;
Technology-free questions
long-term ratio of age groups approx
1000 : 23 : 3 0 0 1 0
1 a b
ii Long-term growth rate approx 2.16; 3 3 9 3

long-term ratio of age groups approx m 4 x a
2 a =
⎡1000 ⎤: 23 : ⎡3 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ 2 m+2 y −1
⎢⎢⎢1400⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢700⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢2160⎥⎥⎥ b m ∈ R \ {−4, 2}
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
3 a i ⎢⎢⎢ 240⎥⎥⎥ ii ⎢⎢⎢840⎥⎥⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢ 420⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ c m = −4 and a = 2; m = 2 and a = −1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
100 60 210 3 a m = −4 b m ∈ R \ {−4, −3}
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢767⎥⎥⎥ −1 2
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
b ⎢⎢⎢362⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ c 1.27 4 A=
−3 5
⎣ ⎦
71 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ 5 A2 = 25I, A−1 = A
⎢⎢⎢2800⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1080⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢4440⎥⎥⎥ 25
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 200⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢1400⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 540⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ 2 − 13 ⎥⎥⎥
4 a i ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ii ⎢ ⎥ iii ⎢⎢⎢ 700⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢ 6 a det(A) = 6, A−1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎣ 1 ⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢⎣ 200⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎢ 100⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ −2 2⎦
40 20 10 3
⎡ ⎤ b x = −2, y = 6
⎢⎢⎢1063⎥⎥⎥ 1
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ 386⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 7 a AB = 8I, A−1 = B
8
b ⎢⎢⎢ 141⎥⎥⎥ c 1.37
⎢⎢⎣ ⎥⎥⎦ b x = −20, y = 45, z = 7
10
2 5 x 4
⎡ ⎤ 8 a i =
⎢⎢⎢1000⎥⎥⎥ 3 2 y 8
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
5 a a = 1, b = 1 b ⎢⎢⎢1000⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ 1 2 −5
⎣ ⎦ ii det(A) = −11, A−1 = −
1000 11 −3 2
⎡ ⎤ 32 4
⎢⎢⎢6000⎥⎥⎥ iii x = , y=−
1 1 ⎢⎢ ⎥
6 a a= , b= b ⎢⎢⎢3000⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ 11 11 32 4
2 4 ⎣ ⎦ iv Lines intersect at the point ,−
1500
11 11

3 2 x 3 d μ=
bi = ii det(A) = 0
9 6 y 8 λ+1
⎡ ⎤
c Distinct parallel lines ⎢⎢⎢ 7 −6 −12⎥⎥⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢100⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥ e E = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢−3 10 12⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥,
⎣ ⎦
Answers

⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ 3 −6 −8
9 a P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢ 100 ⎥⎥⎥⎥, P2 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢100⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥ ⎢−2 12⎥⎥⎥
1 ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 6
⎣ ⎦ ⎥
100 50 F = ⎢⎢⎢ 3 −5 −12⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
4⎣ ⎦
b 50% −3 6 13
c 4 time periods 11 15
f x = 9, y = − , z =
10 a A defeats B and C 2 2
B defeats C, D and E 5 a Preferences:
C defeats E DogDelite over Doggy+ and EasyFeed
D defeats A, C and E CanineCandy over DogDelite, Doggy+
E defeats A and SuperDog
b B, D, A, E, C Doggy+ over SuperDog and EasyFeed
1 SuperDog over DogDelite and EasyFeed
11 a AB = 6I, A−1 = B EasyFeed over CanineCandy
6
b a = 1, b = 2, c = −1 b 1st: CanineCandy; Equal 2nd: DogDelite,
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢0 0 1 1 1⎥⎥⎥ Doggy+, SuperDog; 5th: EasyFeed
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 0.1 0.9 0.2 0 0 0 0⎥⎥
⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢
12 a ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢0.98 0 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢0 0.95 0 0 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
0 1 1 0 0 ⎢⎢⎢0 0 0.95 0 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
A, B = E, C, D 6 a
b ⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
Multiple-choice questions ⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎣0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥
1 A 2E 3A 4A 5E ⎦
6E 7D 8A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢104.5 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 28.83 ⎥⎥⎥
Extended-response questions ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢107.8 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢102.41 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
1 a AB = 20I, A−1 =
1
B ⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢102.41 ⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
20 ⎢⎢⎢ 90.25⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥⎥⎥
b P2 = ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥, P3 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎢⎢⎢ 81.225⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
Product P Q R b
⎢⎢⎢ 85.5 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
Number per day 13.5 0.5 13 ⎢⎢⎢ 31.5 ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 59.85 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
a2 ab ⎢⎣⎢ 0 ⎥⎦⎥ ⎢⎣⎢ 15.75 ⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥
3 a c= , d= 2
mb m ⎡ ⎤ 0 0
⎢⎢⎢4000⎥⎥⎥ c 1.035
1 ⎢⎢ ⎥
b i ii P0 = ⎢⎢⎢2000⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢
7b i A2 = (a + d)A
4 ⎣ ⎦
1000 ii A3 = (a + d)2 A
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢1000⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 250⎥⎥⎥ iii An = (a + d)
n−1
A
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥
iii P1 = ⎢⎢⎢ 500⎥⎥⎥, P2 = ⎢⎢⎢ 125⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
c For example:
4 −2 6 −4
,
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 8 −4 9 −6
250 62.5
iv After 5 months⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢6400⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎥
c i1 ii P0 = ⎢⎢⎢ 800⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢
⎣ ⎦
Chapter 8
100
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢6400⎥⎥⎥ Exercise 8A
iii P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 800⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ √ cos x
⎣ ⎦ 1 a x4 (5 sin x + x cos x) b x − sin x
100 2x
d Long-term growth rate 2 (i.e. after a certain c e x (cos x − sin x) d x2 e x (3 + x)
stage, the population doubles each month) e cos2 x − sin2 x = cos(2x)
⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢⎢2λ + 1 −2λ −4λ ⎥⎥⎥ 2 a e x (tan x + sec2 x) b x3 (4 tan x + x sec2 x)
⎥ x
4 c E = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ −λ 4λ ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
tan
3λ + 1 c sec2 x ln x + d sin x (1 + sec2 x)
⎣ ⎦ x
λ −2λ −3λ + 1 √ tan x
e x + sec2 x
2x

Answers
3 a 8 a − cos 2x + b sin(πx)
(ln x)2 2 4 π
√ cot x 3 2πx 1 3x+1
b x − cosec2 x c − cos d e
2x 2π 3 3
sec2 x tan x 1 3
c e x (cot x − cosec2 x) d − e e5(x+4) f −
ln x x(ln x)2 5 2x
3 2
cos x 2 sin x g x4 − x3 + 2x2 + x
e − 2 3
x2 x3
f sec x (sec2 x + tan2 x) 2 3x
h sin
−(sin x + cos x) 3 2

8B
g h − cosec2 x (3x + 2)6 1
ex 9 a b ln(3x − 2)
4 a 2x sec2 (x2 + 1) b sin(2x) 18 3
2 3 1
c etan x sec2 x d 5 tan4 x sec2 x c (3x + 2) 2 d −
9 3(3x + 2)
√ √
x cos( x) 1 √ 3 4
e f sec2 x cot x e (5x − 1) 3 f 3x − 2 ln(x + 1)
2x 2 20
1
g 2x − 5 ln(x + 3)
g x−2 sin h 2 tan x sec2 x
x x3
10 a +6 b 3 − cos x
1 2 x 3
i sec j − cosec2 x
4 4 x 3
17
2
5 a k sec (kx) b 2 sec2 (2x) etan(2x) c + x2 − 3x +
3 3
1
x3 2
c 6 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) d esin x + ln x cos x 11 a −4.9x2 + 20 b + 4x +
x 3 3
e 6x sin2 (x2 ) cos(x2 ) c 3x − cos(x) + 1
f e3x+1 sec2 x (3 cos x + sin x) Exercise 8B
g e3x (3 tan(2x) + 2 sec2 (2x))
√ √ √ 1 a i x2 + y2 = 9,
x tan( x) sec2 ( x)
h + dom = [−3, 3], ran = [−3, 3]
2x 2
y
2(x + 1) tan x sec2 x − 3 tan2 x
i
(x + 1)4
3
j 20x sec3 (5x2 ) sin(5x2 )
1
6 a 5(x − 1)4 b
x x
c e x (3 sec2 (3x) + tan(3x)) –3 O 3
d − sin x ecos x e −12 cos2 (4x) sin(4x)
f 4 cos x (sin x + 1)3
1
g − sin x sin(2x) + 2 cos(2x) cos x h 1 − 2 –3
x
x2 (3 sin x − x cos x) −(1 + ln x) ii Particle starts at (3, 0) and moves
i j
sin2 x (x ln x)2 clockwise with period 6
7 a 224(2x + 5) 6
b −4 sin(2x)
x x 2 y2
1 b i + = 1,
c − cos d 2 sin x sec3 x 16 9
9 3 dom = [−4, 4], ran = [−3, 3]
−1
e 16e−4x f 2 g − cosec2 x y
x
h 18 sin(1 − 3x) sec3 (1 − 3x) 3
1 x x
i sec 2 tan2 +1
9 3 3 x
x −4 O 4
1 + cos2
4 −3
j
3 x
16 sin ii Particle starts at (−4, 0) and moves
4
anticlockwise with period 6

y2 x2
8C

c i − = 1, dom = R, ran = [12, ∞) Exercise 8C

144 25
1 a ṙ(t) = et i − e−t j, r̈(t) = et i + e−t j
y
b ṙ(t) = i + 2t j, r̈(t) = 2 j
ṙ(t) = 12 i + 2t j, r̈(t) = 2 j
Answers

c
d ṙ(t) = 16i − 32(4t − 1) j, r̈(t) = −128 j
12 e ṙ(t) = cos t i − sin t j,
r̈(t) = − sin t i − cos t j
x
f ṙ(t) = 2i + 5 j, r̈(t)
√ =0
O g ṙ(t) = 100i + (100 3 − 9.8t) j, r̈(t) = −9.8 j
ii Particle moves from right to left h ṙ(t) = sec2 t i − sin(2t) j,
2 a i (x − 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 9, r̈(t) = (2 sec2 t tan t)i − 2 cos(2t) j
dom = [−1, 5], ran = [−7, −1] 2 a r(t) = et i + e−t j
y
y

(1, 1)
x
−1 O 2 5 1
y= x
−1

−4 x
O

−7
r(0) = i + j, ṙ(0) = i − j, r̈(0) = i + j
ii Particle starts at (−1, −4) and moves b r(t) = t i + t j
2
anticlockwise with period 2π y

(x − 2) 2
(y + 4) 2
b i + = 1, y = x2
25 144
dom = [−3, 7], ran = [−16, 8]
y

8
−3 2 7 x
x
O O
−4

−16
r(1) = i + j, ṙ(1) = i + 2 j, r̈(1) = 2 j
ii Particle starts at (−3, −4) and moves c r(t) = sin t i + cos t j
anticlockwise with period 2π y

(x − 2)2 (y + 4)2
c i − = 1,
16 144 1
dom = [6, ∞), ran = R
y −1 1
x
O

−1
x
O (6, −4)

π √ π √3
1 3 1
ii Particle moves downwards r = i+ j, ṙ = i − j,
6 2 2√ 6 2 2
π 1 3
r̈ =− i− j
6 2 2

Answers
d r(t) = 16t i − 4(4t − 1)2 j 8 a y
y

x2
4 y= −4
x 4
0
t>0
−4
x
O (4, 0)

(0, −4)

8D
r(1) = 16i − 36 j, ṙ(1) = 16i − 96 j,
√
r̈(1) = −128 j b 45◦ c t= 3
√
1 9 a ṙ = 3i + t2 j + 3t2 k b |ṙ| = √ 9 + 10t4
e r(t) = i + (t + 1)2 j
t+1 c r̈ = 2t√j + 6tk d |r̈| = 2 10 t
y 4 10
e t=
5
(1, 1) 10 a ṙ = V cos α i + (V sin α − gt) j b r̈ = −g j
V sin α
c t=
g
V 2 sin(2α) V 2 sin2 α
d r= i+ j
x 2g 2g
O

1 1 Exercise 8D
r(1) = i + 4 j, ṙ(1) = − i + 4 j,
2 4 1 a 2t i − 2 j b 2i c 2i − 2 j
1 2 a 2i + (6 − 9.8t) j
r̈(1) = i + 2 j
4 b 2t i + (6t − 4.9t2 + 6) j
−3
3 a −1 b Undeﬁned c −2e √
1 3 a 2 j − 4k
d e4 f2 2
√ i + (t + 1) j + (t − 2t + 1)k
2 2
2 b 3t
4 a r(t) = (4t + 1)i + (3t − 1) j c 20t − 8t + 10
2
b r(t) = (t2 + 1)i + (2t − 1) j − t3 k 1 1√
1 d i seconds ii 230 m/s
c r(t) = e2t i + 4(e0.5t − 1) j 5 5
2 4 a (10t + 20)i − 20 j + (40 − 9.8t)k
t2 + 2t
d r(t) =
1
i + t3 j b (5t2 + 20t)i − 20t j + (40t − 4.9t2 )k
2 3 5 Speed = 10t
1 1
e r(t) = − sin(2t) i + 4 cos t j 6 45◦
4 2 √
6 a t = 0, 2 7 Min speed 3 2 m/s; position 24i + 8 j
b ṙ(0) = 2i and r̈(0) = 96 j; 225 000
8 a t = 61 11
49
s b 500 m/s c m
ṙ(2) = 2i and r̈(2) = −96 j ◦
49
d 500 m/s e θ = 36.87
7 a y
9 a r(t) = 13 sin(3t) − 3 i + 13 cos(3t) + 83 j
2
1 x2 ; t > 0 b (x + 3)2 + y − 83 = 19 ; centre −3, 83
y= √ √
4
10 Max speed 2 5 m/s; min speed 2 2 m/s
√
11 667
11 a Magnitude m/s2 ;
9
1 √
direction √ (108i − 3 j)
x 11 667
O √
b r(t) = ( 43 t3 + 2t2 + t)i + ( 2t + 1 − 1) j
2 12 a t = 6 b 7i + 12 j
b t=
a 13 a −16i + 12 j b −80i + 60 j
14 a 8 cos(2t) i − 8 sin(2t) j, t ≥ 0
b 8 c −4r
33
15 a (t2 − 5t − 2)i + 2 j b − i + 2 j
4
c y = 2 for x ≥ −8.25

x2 y2
8E → 8G

16 a − =1 Exercise 8F
36 16 √
b 6 tan t sec t i + 4 sec2 t j, t ≥ 0 1 a ṙ(0) = 49√ 3 i + 49 j
b ṙ(t) = 49√3 i + (49 − 9.8t) j
x 2 y2
17 a + =1 c r(t) = √ 49 3t i + (49t − 4.9t ) j
2
16 9
y 3 1 2
d y= x− x
3 1470√
3 1 2 3
2 a y=− x + x + 50
150g 3
Answers

√
−4 O 4
x b 25 3 g2 + 2g + g
25g
−3 3 m
8
gt2
π 3π 4 a r(t) = 40 cos(20◦ )t i − 40 sin(20◦ )t + j
b i t = 0, , π, , 2π 2
2 2
π b 31.7 m c 25.4◦
ii r(0) = 4i, r = 3 j, r(π) = −4i, ◦ ◦
3π 2 5 16.3 or 87.8
r = −3 j, r(2π) = 4i 6 a ṙ = u cos α i + (u sin α − gt) j
2 u
√ b T=
c i 9 + 7 sin2 t ii 16 − 7 cos2 t g sin α
◦
iii Max speed 4 m/s; min speed 3 m/s 7 23.33

g
8 13 m/s
Exercise 8E 5
1 a r(0) = 0, r(1) = 2i, r(2) = 2i, 9 a 4.9 m b 37.5 m/s
gt2
r(3) = 0, r(4) = −4i 10 a r = 16t i + 30t − j
2
25g
x b t = 2.5; r(2.5) = 40i + 75 − j
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 8
1
b −6i cm c −i cm/s 11 a v = u + t g b r = tu + t2 g
d ṙ(t) = (3 − 2t)i e −2i cm/s 2
3 3 9 17 Exercise 8G
f t= ; r = i g cm
2 2 4 2
2 a ṙ(t) = (−6t + 10)i b r̈(t) = −6i 1 a 2 radians per second b 2.5i
c 5j d −10i
c t = 6, x = −40
2 a 1 radian per second b 2j
t = 0, x = 8 t = 5, x = 49 c 2i d −2 j
3 3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 35π 7π
3 a radians per second b m/s
3 6
41 2t 2t
d −5i cm e cm
3 4 a r = 25 cos i + sin j
5 5
3 a t = 2, 4 b 12i cm/s2 2t 2t
c 10i cm/s b ṙ = 10 − sin i + cos j
5 5
2t 2t
4 a ṙ(t) = (−gt + 20) j
c r̈ = 4 − cos i − sin j
b r(t) = (− 12 gt2 + 20t + 10) j 5 5
c Approx 30.41 m d t ≈ 4.53 100
√ √ 5 radians per second
5 a |ṙA | = 13 m/s, |ṙB | = 157 m/s 3
√ 1 5 6 a 3π radians per second b 6π m/s
b 2 5 |2t − 1| m c t = , 5i + j 2
√ √ 2 2 2
c 18π m/s 2
d s
6 a |ṙ√
A | = 30 m/s, |ṙ B | = 26 m/s 3
b 2 2 |t − 3| m c t = 3, 10i − j + 15k 7 a 12π m/s b 48π2 m/s2
1 c r( 2 ) = −3 j; ṙ( 2 ) = 12πi; r̈( 12 ) = 48π2 j
1 1

7 a 3 m/s b r(t) = sin(2t) i + 2 j + 2k d 4π radians per second

2
c a(t) = −2 sin(2t) i + 2 j + 2k 8 a 4π radians per second
1 b 1.4π m/s c 1583.36 m
d ± i + 2 j + 2k e 6 m/s2 f 0
2 9 34.29 radians per second

Answers
10 a Circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 4 Multiple-choice questions
b ṙ = −8t sin(t2 ) i + 8t cos(t2 ) j 1 E 2 E 3B 4 E 5 C
1 6 C 7 C 8 E 9 C 10 E
c r̈ = −4t2 r + ṙ
t 11 E 12 E 13 D 14 A
11 a 12π m/s
b 48π2 m/s2 Extended-response questions
c r(1) = 7i + 2 j; ṙ(1) = −12π j; −−→
1 a BF = −3i + 6 j − 6k b 9m
r̈(1) = −48π2 i c 3 m/s √d (−i + 2 j − 2k) m/s
d 4π radians per second e 2 seconds, 2 26 metres
e (x − 4)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9 √

8 review
2 a Speed of P is √ 3 13 m/s;
speed of Q is 41 m/s
Chapter 8 review b i Position of P is 60i + 20 j;
Technology-free questions position of Q is 80i + 80 j
−−→
ii PQ = (20 −√4t)i + (60 − 2t) j
1 a 2i + 4 j, 2 j b 4y = x2 − 16
c 10 seconds, 20 5 metres
2 a ṙ(t) = 4t i + 4 j, r̈(t) = 4i −−→
b ṙ(t) = 4 cos t i − 4 sin t j + 2tk, 3 a AB = (v + 3)t − 56 i + (7v − 29)t + 8 j
r̈(t) = −4 sin t i − 4 cos t j + 2k b 4
−−→
c i AB = (6t − 56)i + (8 − 8t) j
3 0.6i + 0.8 j
√ ii 4 seconds
√ 5 2 7 1
4 a 5 3i + j b 4 a i 200 s ii iii 5 m/s iv (1200, 0)
2 7 2
5 cos t i + sin t j b 8 seconds, 720 metres
6 a 5(− sin t i + cos t j) b 5 −−→
5 a i OA = (6t − 1)i + (3t + 2) j
c −5(cos t i + sin t j) −−→
ii BA = (6t − 3)i + (3t + 1) j
d 0, acceleration perpendicular to velocity
b 1 second
3π 1 1
7 c i c = (3i + 4 j) ii d = (4i − 3 j)
4 5 5
8 a |ṙ| = 1, |r̈| = 1
3π iii 6c + 3d
b (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 c 6 a y
4
9 −2i + 20 j
t2
10 a r = + 1 i + (t − 2) j b (13.5, 3) O 1
2 x
c 12.5 s
11 a ṙ = t i + (2t − 5) j
t2
b r= − 1 i + (t2 − 5t + 6) j −1
2
c −i + 6 j, −5 j b i a = 16 ii b = −16 iii n = 2
12 a i ṙ2 (t) = (2t − 4)i + t j iv v(t) = −32 sin(2t) i − 32 cos(2t) j
ii ṙ1 (t) = t i + (k − t) j a(t) = −64 cos(2t) i + 64 sin(2t) j
b i 4 ii 8 iii 4(i + j) −−→
c i PQ = 8 (sin t − 2 cos(2t))i
13 b i ṙ(t) = et i + 8e2t j ii i + 8 j iii ln 1.5
+ (cos t + 2 sin(2t)) j
14 b i x = 2 for y ≥ −3.5 ii (2, −3.5) −−→
ii |PQ|2 = 64(5 + 4 sin t)
15 a 6π m/s b 12π2 m/s2
d 8 cm
c r(1) = 3 j; ṙ(1) = 6πi; r̈(1) = −12π2 j
d 2π radians per second 7 a 2 sin t i + cos(2t) + 2 j, t ≥ 0
√ b 2i + j
16 a = 20 3 x2
17 a 12π radians per second b 6π m/s c i y = 3 − , −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
8π 16π ii y
18 a a = 2, n = b m/s
3 3
2
128π 3
c m/s2
9
g 2
19 a2 + b + 1
2
x
−2 0 2

d |v|2 = −16 cos4 t + 20 cos2 t, d (0, 0), ,

5 5 5
max speed is e 1.76
2
3π 13 a i −9.8
√ j ii 2i − 9.8t j√ iii 2t i − 4.9t j
2
Answers

e 2 2 4 2
2 bi seconds ii metres
(2k − 1)π 7 7
f ii t = , k∈N √
2 5
8 a −5.25 j b 5.25i c 5.25 j d −5.25i 14 a i 6i − 3 j ii (2i − j)
5
e −3i − 3 j f −3i + 3 j b 4i − 2 j, (4, −2)
−→
9 a a i + (b + 2t) j + (20 − 10t)k c i LP = (1 − 72 t)i + (7 − 2t) j ii 1:05 p.m.
√
b at i + (bt + t2 ) j + (20t − 5t2 )k c 4s 9 65
iii km
d a = 25, b = −4 e 38.3◦ 13
10 a i Particle P is moving on a circular path,
with centre (0, 0, −1) and radius 1,
starting at (1, 0, −1) and moving
Chapter 9
‘anticlockwise’ a distance of 1 ‘below’
the x–y plane. The particle ﬁnishes at Exercise 9A
(1, 0, −1) after one revolution. 1 a 6 b −7 c 13
z
√
2 a 5i b 3√3i c −5i√
d 13i e 5 2i f −2 3
g −1 + 2i h 4 i 0
O
y 3 a x = 5, y = 0 b x = 0, y = 2
c x = 0, y = 0 d x = 9, y = −4
e x = −2, y = −2 f x = 13, y = 6
(0, 0, −1) 4 a 5+i b 4 + 4i c 5 − 5i
x
d 4 − 3i e −1 + i f2
(1, 0, −1) g 2 h 1 i 3 − 2i
√ 5 Im(z)
ii 2
iii ṗ(t) = − sin t i + cos t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
v p̈(t) = − cos t i − sin t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π −2 + 3i 3
−−→ 2 2(1 + i)
b i PQ = cos(2t) − cos t i
1
+ − sin t − sin(2t) j + 32 k 0
Re(z)
5 π 5π 3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
iii iv , π, v −1
2 3 3 2 3−i
−2
2π 4π −(3 + 2i)
vi 0, , , 2π −3
√ 3 3 (−4i) −4
10 1
c ii cos(3t) − iii 162◦
5 2 6 Im(z)
11 a r(t) = 35t i + 5t j + (24.5t − 4.9t2 )k
b 5s c 35 m d 43.0 m/s 4 2z1 + z2
12 a 4α z1 − z2 3
x 2 z1
b A: y = , x ≥ 0; 1
2 0
Re(z)
B: (x − 4)2 + y2 = 16 −4 −3 −2 −1 −1
1 2 3 4
c y B’s starting −2 z2
point path of A −3
−4
A’s 4 (8, 4)
starting
point 7 a 11 + 3i b −23 + 41i c 13
0 x d −8 + 6i e 3 − 4i f −2 + 2i
4 8 g 1 h 5 − 6i i −1
path of B 8 a x = 4, y = −3 b x = −2, y = 5
−4 c x = −3 d x = 3, y = −3 or x = −3, y = 3
e x = 3, y = 2

Answers
9 a Im(z) 8 a 2 cis − b 7 cis
4 3
π π
(1 + i)3
c 3 cis d 5 cis
3 4
2 (1 + i)2
(1 + i)4 1 1+i
0 Exercise 9D
Re(z)
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 √ √
−1 1 (2 3 − 3) + (3 3 + 2)i
−2 7π 1 π
−3 2 a 12 cis − b cis −
−4 12 2 3
π 7 π 19π

9B → 9D
1
b Anticlockwise turn by about the origin; c cis − d 8 cis − e −
4 √ 6 15 20 8
distance from origin increases by factor 2 π 8 π
3 a 8 cis b cis
−−→ −3 −−→ −−→ √ 35π 27 8
10 a PQ = = OR b |PQ| = 10
−1 c 27 cis d −32i e −216
6
π 27 π
Exercise 9B f 1024 cis − g cis −
√ 12 4 20
1 a 3 b −8i c 4 + 3i 7π 7π
d −1 + 2i e 4 − 2i f −3 + 2i 4 a Arg(z1 z2 ) = ; Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = ;
12 12
2 a i b
3
− i
1
c −3 + 4i Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 )
10 √ 10 √ 7π −17π
b Arg(z1 z2 ) = ; Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = ;
17 1 −1 − 3 3−1 12 12
d + i e + i
5 5 2 2 Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) + 2π
f 4+i −5π 7π
c Arg(z1 z2 ) = ; Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = ;
4 a 5 − 5i b 6+i c 2 + 3i 6 6
2−i Arg(z1 z2 ) = Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) − 2π
d e −8i f 8 + 6i π −3π −π
5 6 a b c
a b 4 4 4
5 a a 2 + b2 b + i 3π
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 7 b i cis − 7θ ii i
a2 − b 2 2ab 2
c 2a d 2bi e 2 + i iii cis(4θ) iv cis(π − θ − ϕ)
a + b2 a2 + b2
a 2 − b2 2ab 8 b i cis(−5θ) ii cis(3θ) iii 1
f − i π
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 iv cis − 2θ
2
Exercise 9C 9 b i cis(6θ − 3π) ii cis(π − 2θ)
π √ 3π iii cis(θ − π) iv −i
1 a 3; π b 5; c 2;
2 4 10 a i sec θ cis θ
π π 2π π
d 2; e 4; − f 16; − ii cosec θ cis − θ
6 3 3 2
2 a b c −2.50 1
1.18 2.06 iii cis θ = cosec θ sec θ cis θ
d −0.96 e 0.89 f −1.98 sin θ cos θ
5π 3π 5π b i sec θ cis(2θ)
2

3 a b c 3π
3 2 6 ii sin3 θ cis 3θ −
π 11π 3π 2
d e − f− iii cosec θ sec θ cis(−θ)
4 6 2 √
3π 5π π π 2 −3π
4 a − b c d− 11 a 64 cis 0 = 64 b cis
4
3π
6 8
π
2
−2π √8 4 √
5 a
√
2 cis − b cis − 3 −π 3
4 3 c 128 cis d cis =− i
π 3 72√ 2 72
√ 2 π √ −π 64 3 3π
c 6 cis − d cis e 2 cis f cis
4 3 6
√ π 5π √ 4 √ 3 4
π 2π
e 2 2 cis − f 4 cis 2 2 1
6 6 g cis = i h cis −
√ 2 2 2 4 15
√ √ 5 5 3
6 a − 2 + 2i b − i c 2 + 2i √ 11π
√ 2 2 i 8 2 cis
3 3 3 12
d − − i e 6i f −4
2 2

1 √
9E → 9G

Exercise 9E 10 a 1 − 3i, b −2 + i, 2 ± 2i
√ √ 3
1 a (z + 4i)(z − 4i) b (z + 5i)(z − 5i) 11 P(x) = −2x3 + 10x2 − 18x + 10;
c (z + 1 + 2i)(z
√ + 1 − 2i) √ x = 1 or x = 2 ± i
3 7 3 7
d z− + i z− − i 12 a = 6, b = −8
2 2
√ 2 √ 2
13 a z2 − 4z + 5, a = −7, b = 6
2 2 1
e 2 z−2+ i z−2− i b z = 2 ± i or z = −
√2 √ 2 2
3 3 14 a P(1 + i) = (−4a + d − 2) + 2(a − 1)i
Answers

f 3 z+1+ i z+1− i b a = 1, d = 6
3
√ 3√ √
1 5 1 5 c z = 1 ± i or z = −1 ± 2i
g 3 z+ + i z+ − i 15 p = −(5 + 4i), q = 1 + 7i
3 √3 3 3√
1 23 1 23 16 z = 1 + i or z = 2
h 2 z− + i z− − i √
4 4 4 4 17 a 3+i b 2i, ± 6 √
√ √ √
2 a 5i, −5i b 2 2i, −2 2i c 1, ± 6i
1
d 2, − ±
15
i
c 2 + i, 2√− i √ √ √ 2 2
7 11 7 11 2 14 √
d− + i, − − i e ± i f 0, −1 ± 2 2i
6√ 6 6 6 4 4
√
e 1 − 2i, √ 1 + 2i √ Exercise 9G
3 11 3 11
f + i, − i 1 a z = i or z = −i
10 10 10 10
g −i, −1 − i h i, −1 − i Im(z)

Exercise 9F 1 z = cis π
√ √ 2
1 3 1 3
1 a (z − 5) z + + i z+ − i
2 2 2 2
√ √ Re(z)
3 11 3 11 −1 0 1
b (z + 2) z − + i z− − i
2 2 2 2
√ √
1 11 1 11 −1 z = cis
−π
c 3(z − 4) z − + i z− − i 2
6 6 6 6
√ √ √3
1 −√ 3 1
3 31 3 31
d 2(z + 3) z − + i z− − i b z=3 + i ,z=3 + i or
4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
e (z + i)(z − i)(z − 2 + i) z = −3i
Im(z)
2 b z−1+i c (z + 6)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i)
3 b z+2+i c (2z + 1)(z + 2 + i)(z + 2 − i)
3
4 b z − 1 − 3i 5π
z = 3 cis π
c (z − 1 + 3i)(z − 1 − 3i)(z + 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) z = 3 cis
6 6
5 a (z + 3)(z − 3)(z + 3i)(z√− 3i) √ Re(z)
−3 0 3
b (z + 2)(z √− 2)(z − 1 + √ 3i)(z − 1 − 3i)
(z + 1 + 3i)(z + 1 − 3i)
√ √ −3 z = 3 cis
−π
1 3 1 3 2
6 a (z − i) z + + i z+ − i √ √
2 √2 2√ 2 √ 3 1 √ 3 1
b (z + i)(z − 1 + 2)(z − 1 − 2) c z= 2 + i or z = 2 − − i
2 2 2 2
c (z − 2i)(z − 3)(z +√1) √ Im(z)
1 41 1 41
d 2(z − i) z + + z+ −
4 4 4 4
√2
7 a 8 b −4 c −6 √ π
√ 1 ± 23i z = √2 cis
8 a 3, −2 ± 2i b 5, 6
√ 2 √ Re(z)
5 ± 7i 1 ± 23i −√2 0 √2
c −1, d −2, 3,
2 2
9 a a = 0, b = 4 b a = −6, b = 13 −√2
−5π
c a = 2, b = 10 z = √2 cis
6

Answers
2 2 2
d z= 2 − i or z = 2 − + i 6 z= + i or z = − i;
2 2 2 2 2 2√ √ 2 √ 2 √
Im(z)
2 2 2 2
z2 − i = z − − i z+ + i
2 2 2 2
√2 π 3π 5π 7π 9π
5π
7 z = cis , cis , cis , cis , cis ,
z = √2 cis 8 8 8 8 8
6 11π 13π 15π
Re(z) cis , cis or cis ;
8 8 8 3π 5π
−√2 0 √2
−π π
z = √2 cis z8 + 1 = z − cis z − cis z − cis
6 8 8 8

9H
−√2
7π 9π 11π
√ √ z − cis z − cis z − cis
3 1 3 1 8 8 8
e z= + i, z = − + i or z = −i 13π 15π
2 2 2 2 z − cis z − cis
Im(z) 8 8

1+ 2 √ √
2−1
1 8 a i± + i
z = cis
5π
π 1 π2 1 −7π 2
6 z = cis
6 ii 2 4 cis , 2 4 cis
8 8
Re(z)
−1 0 1 π (2 + √2) 12 π (2 − √2) 12
b cos = , sin =
8 2 8 2
−1 −π
z = cis
2
√ √ Exercise 9H
3 1 3 1
f z= − i, z = i or z = − − i 1 a Im(z)
2 2 2 2
Im(z)

π 5
1 z = cis
2 Re(z)
0 10

Re(z)
−1 0 1
−π
z = cis
6
−5π −1
z = cis b Im(z)
6
−π 7π −3π
2 a 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
12 12 4
π 11π −5π
b 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis 1
4 12 12
−5π 7π −17π
c 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
18 18 18 Re(z)
−π 11π −13π 0 1
d 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
18 18 18
−π π −5π
e 5 cis , 5 cis , 5 cis c Im(z)
6 2 6
1 π 1 11π 1 −5π
f 2 6 cis , 2 6 cis , 2 6 cis 2 + 3i
4 12 12
3 a a − b = 3, 2ab = 4
2 2

b a = ±2, b = ±1;
Re(z)
square roots of 3 + 4i are ±(2 + i) −1 0 2 5
√
2
4 a ±(1 − 4i) b ± (7 + i)
2 2 − 3i
c ±(1 + 2i) d ±(3 + 4i)
√ π √ −5π √ −π
5 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis ,
6 6 6
√ 5π
2 cis
6

d Im(z) c Im z

5
Answers

Re z
0
−4 + i 4+i
0 Re(z)

−3
5 a Im(z)

e Im(z) 1 + 2i

1 + (√3 + 2)i
S
Re(z)
−1 0 3
−1 + √3i 3 + √3i
1 + √3i
Re(z)
0 1 − 2i
1 + (√3 − 2)i

b Arg z =
3π π
f Im(z) Im(z) Arg z =
4 4

1 + 5i 3

2
Re(z) Re(z)
−5 − i 0 1−i 7−i 0 2 3

1 − 7i
6 a Im(z)

2 Im(z)
4

1 1+i 2 + 2i 2 2 + 2i

Re(z)
1 Re(z)
0 0

b Im(z)
3 The imaginary axis, i.e. { z : Re(z) = 0 }
4 a Im z
Re(z)
0

−2

π
4 c Im(z)
Re z
0

b Im z
2
Re z Re(z)
0 0 5
2

Answers
d Im(z) d Im(z)

√5
2

Re(z) Re(z)
−√5 0 √5 −1 0

−√5

9H
e Im(z)
e Im(z)

π
3 1
1
Re(z) Re(z)
0 0 2

7 a Im(z)

8 Im(z)
2

−1 + i 1 1+i
3

Re(z)
0
Re(z)
0 1

b Im(z)

9 Im(z)
1
Re(z)
0
Re(z)
0 −1
−2 − i −1 2−i

−1 − 2i −2 1 − 2i
−3

c Im(z) −3

10 Im(z)

2
Re(z) Re(z)
0 0 2−i

−3 4 − 3i
2 − 3i

2 − 5i

11 a Im(z) Chapter 9 review

Technology-free questions
1 a 8 − 5i b −i c 29 + 11i
6 4 9 7
Re(z)
d 13 e + i f − i
0 1 13 13 5 5
3 6 43 81
g + i h −8 − 6i i + i
Answers

5 5 10 √10
2 a 2 ± 3i b −6 + 2i c −3 ± 3i
3 3
b Im(z) d √ (1 ± i), √ (−1 ± i)
2 2
3 √ 2π
e 3, (−1 ± 3i) or 3 cis ±
2 3
1 3 3 √ 3 π
f − , (1 ± 3i) or cis ±
2 4 2 3
3 a 2 − i, 2 + i, −2 b 3 − 2i, 3 + 2i, −1
0 1
Re(z) c 1 + i, 1 − i, 2
√ √
3 7 3 7
4 a 2 x+ + i x+ − i
12 x2 + y2 = 1 4 4 4 4
b (x − 1)(x + i)(x − i)
13 |z|2 : 1 c (x + 2)2 (x − 2)
14 a Circle with centre (1, 1) and radius 1 5 2 and −1; −2 and 1
b y = −x
6 a iv b ii c i d iii
c Im(z)
7 −1 and 5; 1 and −5
8 a = 2, b = 5
1 π
9 cis −
2 3
√ √
Re(z) 3 3 1 3 3
0 1 10 a = − ,b= +
2 2 2 2
1 √ π
11 a 2 + 2i b (1 + i) c 8 2 d
d Im(z) 2 4
√ π π
12 a i 2 ii 2 iii iv −
√ 4 3
2 π
b ,−
2 12
1 π √
Re(z) 13 2 cis , −64 3 − 64i
0 6
π 14 ±3, ±3i, 1 ± i
4 15 16 − 16i
−1
16 −2i, i, −2, k = −2 or 1
15 Circle with centre 2 + 4i and radius 6 17 a (z + 2)(z − 1 + i)(z − 1 − i)
√ b 25
16 a z = −1 ± 3i 1
18 −1 + 2i, −1 − i
c Im(z) 2
z + z = −2
−1 + √3i 19 a (x − 1)2 + (y − 1)2 ≤ 1
|z − 1| = √7
b Im(z)

2
0
Re(z)
−2 1− √ 7 1 2 S
1 + √7 1

Re(z)
|z| = 2 0 1
−1 − √ 3i

20 The real axis, i.e. { z : Im(z) = 0 }

Answers
21 a Im(z) Multiple-choice questions
1 E 2 C 3D 4 E 5 D
6 B 7 B 8 C 9 B 10 A
2
Extended-response questions
−π
1 a |z7 | = 16 384; Arg(z7 ) =
Re(z) 6
0 2 b Im(z)
b Im(z)

9 review
π Re(z)
4 0
6

z7
Re(z)
−4 0 4 7π
√
c Im(z) c 2 2 cis
√ 12
d z = −2 3 + 2i, w = 1 + i,
z √ √
= (1 − 3) + (1 + 3)i
1 w √
Re(z)
0 e −2 − 3
1
f √
−1 3
5 −7 2 b 3, 2 − i
22 , d z5 − 9z4 + 36z3 − 84z2 + 115z − 75
6 6 √
23 a 4 − 3i 3 a z= 3±i
b c = 12 + 3i, d = 9 − i or b i Im(z)
c = 4 + 9i, d = 1 + 5i
π π
24 a 2 cis , 2 cis π, 2 cis − 1 z = √3 + i
π3 5π 3
b 2 cis , 2 cis −
6 6 Re(z)
0
25 a x − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1)(x2 − x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
6 √3

b x6 − 1 = (x + 1)(x − 1) −1 z = √3 − i
√ √
1 3 1 3
x− + i x− − i
2 2 2 2
√ √ ii x2 + y2 = 4
1 3 1 3 iii a = 2
x+ + i x+ − i √
2 2 2 2 iv P(z) = z2 + 2 3z + 4
√ √
1 3 1 3 The solutions to the equation z6 + 64 = 0
c −1, 1, ± i, − ± i
2 2 2 2 are equally spaced around the circle
26 a 1 b1 c 0 x2 + y2 = 4, and represent the sixth roots
−π of −64. Three of the solutions are the
27
4 conjugates of the other three solutions.
√
28 a −2 + 2 3i b −3 − 6i Im(z)
29 a Im(z)
2i

− √3 + i √3 + i
centre (−2, 2 √3 ) Re(z)
0
radius 2 − √3 − i √3 − i

−2i
Re(z)

5π
b i 2 ii
6

4 a 8 cis 9 a Im(z)
6
−5π 7π −17π
b 2 cis , 2 cis , 2 cis
18 18 18
N M
c Im(z)
L
Re(z)
7π P −4 −2 0 2 4
2 2 cis
Answers

18 R
Q
−2 2
Re(z)
−17π 0 b |z − 4| = 4
2 cis
18 −5π 2π −2π
2 cis c N is 4 cis ; Q is 4 cis
−2 18 3 3
5π
d New position of N is 4 cis ;
√ √ 12
−11π
d i (z − 3i)3 = −4 3 − 4i
−5π −5π √ new position of Q is 4 cis
12
ii 2 cos + 2 sin + 3 i, √ √ √ π
18 18 10 b z3 = 2 cis(tan−1 (2 − 3)) = 2 cis
7π 7π √ 12
2 cos + 2 sin + 3 i, c Im(z)
18 18
−17π −17π √
2 cos + 2 sin + 3 i 1
z2 z3
18 18 2
−−→ √ −−→ √
√3 − 1
5 a XY = 3i√− j, XZ = 2 3i + 2 j
b z3 = 1 + 3i 2
π √
c z3 = 2 cis ; W corresponds to 6 3 Re(z)
√ 3 0
d (4 3, 0) 1 − √3 √3 1 √3 + 1
z4 2 2
4 1
6 a Im(z) √3 + 1
1 2
−
−2 2 4
0
Re(z)
√3
− z1
2
T −1
−2
11 a ii q = 2k3
b b = −1 − i, c = 2 + 2i
√
b T = { z : Re(z) > −2 } ∩ { z : Im(z) ≥ −2 } 12 a i 6 2 ii 6
−5π −2π
b ii Isosceles
∩ z: < Arg(z) < 13 a i 13 ii 157.38◦ = 2.75c
6 3
−12 5
5 5 5 b i cos α = , sin α =
7 a k>− b k=− c −2 < k < − 13 13
4 4 4 √ −12 5
8 b Im(z) ii r = 13, cos(2θ) = , sin(2θ) =
√ 13 √ 13
5 26 26
Z iii sin θ = ± , cos θ = ±
sin θ P 26 26
√
2
0 θ A
Re(z)
iv w = ± (1 + 5i)
1 1 + cosθ √ 2
1 − cosθ
cosθ

2
d ± (5 + i); a reﬂection of the square roots
−sin θ 2
Q of −12 + 5i in the line Re(z) = Im(z)
3 2 29
θ 14 a x+ + y2 =
c cosec θ + cot θ = cot 2 4
2 3 2 1 2 15
b x+ + y− =
2 2 2

β 2 β2 − αγ
c x+ +y =
2
α α2

a 2 b 2 a2 + b2 − αγ π

Answers
d x+ + y− = , 11
α α α2 12
where β = a + bi 12 z = 1, 2, −2 + i, −2 − i
15 a (cos5 θ − 10 cos3 θ sin2 θ + 5 cos θ sin4 θ) + x2
13 a − 4y2 = 1, x ≥ 2, y ≥ 0
(5 cos4 θ sin θ − 10 cos2 θ sin3 θ + sin5 θ)i 4
√ = 2 tan t sec t i + 0.5 sec t j
2
16 a Im(z) b v(t)
c 2 13 m/s
5 19
y=x+1 14 i+ j− k
2 8
√ g 2
1 15 b y = 3x − x

10 revision
−1 200
Re(z) √
0 1 3
16 a z = 1, ± i
2 2 π
π
b cis(0), cis , cis −
3 3
c Im z
b i Im(z)

1 π
cis
3
2√2 + 2

2√2 S
cis 0
2√2 − 2 Re z
−1 0
Re(z)
0
2√2
2√2 −2

2√2 + 2

−π
cis
−1 3
ii max = 6; min = 2 π π π
5π π 17 z = 2 cis , z2 = 4 cis , z3 = 8 cis = 8i
iii max = 75◦ = ; min = 15◦ = 6 3 2
12 12
2π Im z
17 a 2 cis ±
3 √ √ z3
c z2 + (2 − 2 3i)z
√ − 4 3i√
or z + (2 + 2 3i)z + 4 3i
2

d −4 4 z2
2
z

Chapter 10 −8 −4 −2 0 2 4 8
Re z

Technology-free questions −2

3 3 −4
√ √
4 a 3 b 2
5 a v(t) = cos t i + cos(2t) j −8
b a(t) = − sin t i − 2 sin(2t) j 18 b (z − 1 − i)(z − 2 + 3i)(z − 2 − 3i)
c d(t) = |sin t| 2 − sin2 t 2
19 b λ =
d s(t) = 2 − 5 sin2 t + 4 sin4 t 7 √
e y2 = x2 (1 − x2 ) 20 b i (−1 ± 2)i ii i iii ±1 − i
√
3 −2 x 6 49 9 21 a a = 3, b = 4, c = 2 b − 3 + i
6 = ; x= , y= √
2 5 y 7 19 19 13
1 1 22 a (3i + 2 j)
7 x = − , y = 0, z = 13 √
4 2 10 10 13
b i − (3i + 2 j) ii
8 a det(A) = 2k2 − 4k − 6 13 13
b k ∈ R \ {−1, 3} 23 a r = λ(3i + 4k), λ ∈ R
√
9 z = ±2, z = ± 3i b r = 2 j + k + λ(−i + j + 3k), λ ∈ R
2 1 c r = 3i + 2 j + 4k + λ(−3i + 2 j − 6k), λ ∈ R
10 (2i + j + 2k), (5i + 4 j − 7k)
3 3 24 a r · (i − 2 j + k) = 0 b r · (−2i + 2k) = 6
c r · (4i − 3 j − 3k) = −6

4
10 revision

25 a b3 b i Im(z)
3
26 (3, −1, −3)
27 (0, 1, 0) T2
2
28 3
29 a a = −3 1 S2
1 27 Re(z)
b r= (25 − 14λ)i + (λ − 1) j + λk 0
11 11 1 2
a = −2 √
Answers

30
2 ii Maximum 2 + 1; minimum 1
31 a = , b = −18; 1 2
5 3 a i a + b ii (a − b) iii (a − b)
5(λ − 7) 19 − 7λ −−→ −−→
3 3
x= , y= , z=λ b DA = 2 BD
6 3
32 a = ±b 1
4 a i 151◦ ii (34i + 40 j + 23k)
1 9
33 a AB = 12I, A−1 = B iii x = 3, y = −2, z = 16
12
1 −−→ −−→
b x = 15, y = 3, z = −12 b i b− a ii OA = 2 BQ
2
34 a r(t) = (cos(2t) + 1)i + (sin(2t) − 1) j 5 b 4 : 1 : 3 c 4i + j + 3k e s = 3, t = −2
b (x − 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1
π 5π 7 c 8:1
c t= , 1 1
4 4 √ 8 a i (a + 2b) ii (2b − 5a)
3 6
28 3 g 2
35 a seconds b y= x− x b i 2:3 ii 6 : 1
g 3 1176 1 1
98 9 a i 2c − b ii (a + 2b) iii (a + 4c)
c = 10 metres 3 5
g 10 a Since a × (b − 3c) = 0 and a 0, we must
Multiple-choice questions have b − √ 3c = ka for√some k ∈ R
b i 1 ii 2 3 iii ±2 3
1D 2B 3E 4D 5 C 6 E
1
7 A 8 C 9 C 10 B 11 C 12 C c √
13 C 14 C 15 E 16 B 17 B 18 D 3
19 B 20 B 21 D 22 E 23 D 24 C 11 b i r = λ(i + j + k) + μ(i − j + k) + ν(i + j − k),
25 B 26 A 27 C 28 B 29 A 30 B where λ + μ + ν = 1
31 C 32 D 33 B 34 A 35 E 36 E ii r = λ(i + j + k) + μ(−i − 2 j + 3k) +
37 C 38 C 39 D 40 C 41 B 42 D ν(2i + j − 2k), where λ + μ + ν = 1
43 B 44 B 45 D 46 E 47 D 48 C c r = ti + (4t − 2) j + (6 − 9t)k
49 D 50 C 51 E 52 E 53 D 54 C (k − p · n)n
12 b i p+
55 D 56 B 57 E 58 C 59 E 60 A n · n
61 D 62 C 63 A 64 A 65 66 (k − p · n)n |k − p · n|
C D ii =
n· n |n|
Extended-response questions 13 a c=a+b
3 1 b r = (b − λ)i + (a − b − λ) j + λk, λ ∈ R
1 a i (b − a) ii (3b − a)
2 2
−−→ −−→ 14 a i 3a − b + c = −10, −a − 2b + c = −5,
b i AB = i + 2 j, BC = 2i − j iv 3i − j 4a − 5b + c = −41
c x = 4, y = 5, z = 2 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 −1 1 −10 ⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
2 a i Im(z) ii ⎢⎢⎢ −1 −2 1 −5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦
4 −5 1 −41
3 7 √
34
4 iii Centre , − ; radius
2 2 2
b i 3a − b + c = −10, −a − 2b + c = −5,
2 kb + c = −k2
T1 ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢ 3 −1 1 −10 ⎥⎥⎥
S1 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
0
Re(z) ii ⎢⎢⎢ −1 −2 1 −5 ⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
−2 2 4 ⎣ 2 ⎦
0 k 1 −k
−2 7
iii k −
√ 4
ii 2 2 − 2 3
c k−
2

−−→ √ −−→ √

Answers
15 a 2i − 10 j m/s b ṙ1 (t) = 2i − 2t j 26 a OA = i + λk, CA = 2i − 3 j + λk
c i − 3j d t = 0 e t=5 b 56◦ √
f Yes; t = 2 c 13 + 8 3 since λ > 0
−−→ −−→
16 a 6π s √ 27 a OX = 13 (a + b + c), OY = 13 (a + c + d),
√ 3 3 −−→ 1 −−→
b i −(3 3i + 2.25 j) ii i − j OZ = 3 (a + b + d), OW = 13 (b + c + d)
t
4 −−→ 1
b DX = 3 (a + b + c) − d,
c i 1.5 9 + 7 sin2 −−→ 1 −−→
π 3 BY = 3 (a + c + d) − b, CZ = 13 (a + b + d) − c,
−−→ 1
ii t = 3 + nπ , n ∈ N ∪ {0} AW = 3 (b + c + d) − a
2

10 revision
−−→
1 c OP = 14 (a + b + c + d)
d r̈ = − r, t = 3nπ, n ∈ N ∪ {0} −−→ −−→ −−→
9 d OQ = OR = OS = 14 (a + b + c + d)
17 a z2 − 2z + 4 2π e Q = R = S = P, which is the centre of the
π
b i 2 cis − ii 4 cis − , −8 sphere that circumscribes the tetrahedron
√ 3 3
iii 1√± √3i, −1 28 b i r2 = (0.2t − 1.2)i + (−0.2t + 3.2) j + k
c i 7, 7 ii Isosceles ii t = 16 at 2i + k
18 a (z + 2i)(z − 2i) b (z2 + 2i)(z2 − 2i) 29 a i T 1 √ ii t0
d (z − 1 − i)(z + 1 + i)(z − 1 + i)(z + 1 − i) 2 5
b ii Vt0
e (z2 − 2z + 2)(z2 + 2z + 2) 5
19 a 2 + 11i iii
√ √ O T1
2 5 11 5
b i ii
25 25
20 c i 1 ii −1
d i z2 − 3z + 3 = 0 ii z2 + 2z + 13 = 0 T2
e 0, 3
2π 30 a i h j, for 0i + 0 j at the base of the cliff
21 a z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1 c cis − ii V cos α i + V sin α j
2π 4π 5
b i V cos α i + (V sin α − gt) j
d cis ± , cis ± , 1 gt2
5 5 ii Vt cos α i + h + Vt sin α −
2π 4π j
2
e z − 2 cos
2
z + 1 z2 − 2 cos z+1 V sin α
5 5 c
22 a 4, 9, −4 b5 g
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
23 b cos(5θ) = cos5 θ (1 − 10 tan2 θ + 5 tan4 θ), ⎢⎢⎢0 0.9 0.7⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢ ⎥
sin(5θ) = cos5 θ (5 tan θ − 10 tan3 θ + tan5 θ) 31 a L = ⎢⎢⎢0.9 0 0 ⎥⎥⎥ b P0 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢100⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
24 a cis(±θ) 0 0.8 0 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
25 a Im(z) ⎢⎢⎢⎢90⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢56⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢73⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢91⎥⎥⎥⎥
c P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P2 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢81⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P3 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢50⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P4 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢66⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥;
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
80 0 65 40
3 number of cases is increasing and spreading
through ⎡ the three
⎤ stages ⎡ ⎤
S
⎢⎢⎢5309⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢5957⎥⎥⎥
√2 ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥
3π d P40 = ⎢⎢⎢4258⎥⎥⎥, P41 = ⎢⎢⎢4778⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, 1.122
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
4
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Re(z) 3036 3406
0 e Not sufficient to eradicate disease; growth
b −1 + i, −1 + 2i, −2 + 2i rate after 40 weeks is approximately 1.027
c Im(z) f Sufficient to eradicate disease; growth rate
after 40 weeks is approximately 0.94
2 32 a g(2h + d) m/s

d
√2 b
(−1, 1) 2(2h + d)

Re(z)
0

Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 6 a x2 + y2 = 9; circle with centre (0, 0) and

Simple familiar questions radius 3; particle starts at (0, −3) and moves
√ 17π √ 9π anticlockwise
10 10
1 z1 = 2 cis , z2 = 2 cis , b v = 6 cos(2t)i + 6 sin(2t) j,
20 20
√ π √ 7π a = −12 sin(2t)i + 12 cos(2t) j
10 10
z3 = 2 cis , z4 = 2 cis − , c 6 m/s
20 20
√ 15π 7 c r = 8 j + 5k + t(i − 2 j + 2k)
10
z5 = 2 cis −
20 9 (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 1
Answers

Im(z) 10 a (3, 0), (0, 4), (−3, 0), (0, −4)

x 2 y2
z2 b Anticlockwise c + =1
10 9 16
√2
11 a r = cos(4t) − 1 i + sin(4t) + 1 j
z1 b −i + j c ṙ · r̈ = 0
z3 ◦ ◦
Re(z)
12 a 81.95 b 86.05 √ √
10
−√2 0 10
√2 7 6 5
13 a −i b c
z5 18 2
z4 14 a 9i + 4 j − 5k b (3, 3, 0)
−10√2 √
3 35 √
c − d 6 26
35
1 15 12.58◦
2 a m= 16 93.79 m
7 ⎡ ⎤
19 4 ⎢⎢⎢0 1 1 0⎥⎥⎥
bi ii (2 j − 2k) ⎢⎢⎢⎢0 0 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥
7 7
17 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
3 Day Sat Sun Wed Thu Total ⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦
Calories 1380 2200 1540 940 6060 1 0 0 0
π √ 3π b Amina, Carl, Dylan, Bessie
4 a z1 = 2 cis − , z2 = 2 cis −
6 4 Complex familiar questions
√ 7π √ 7π
1 c 3:1
b 2 cis c 2 cis −
12 12 ak − 2a − k − 2 2(3 − k)
2 a x= , y= ,
d i Im(z) a−5 a−5
−ak + 4a − k − 6
z=
a−5
b k3 c k=3
√
0 2√3 3 a z21 = −2 + 2 3i, z31 = −8
Re(z)
b a = 1, b = −2
√3 − i 5 √ √
−2 c z = − , 1 + 3i, 1 − 3i
2
√
6 a 3i − 2k b 103.63◦ c 2 17
ii Im(z) 7 Mineral p q r
Price per tonne $1000 $700 $300
8 a r = 3i + 5 j + 9k + t(−2i + 4 j + k)
x−3 y−5
0
Re(z) b = =z−9
−2 4
c x = 3 − 2t, y = 5 + 4t, z = 9 + t
−1−i
9 a C = 1 − 2i, D = 3 + 2i b Centre i
10 a i 32 sin(2t) i − 2 cos(2t) j
√21 ii −6 sin(2t) i + 8 cos(2t) j
5 a cos −1
≈ 70.9◦ nπ
14 iii t = , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
4
b r = j + t(−i − j + k) iv 16x + 9y2 = 36
2

(2n + 1)π
b a= , n ∈ N ∪ {0}
4

√ g √

Answers
11 a rA (t) = 10 3t i + 10t − t2 j, c i −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x √ − 9.8t1 ) j
2
√ g ii r = (x − 8t1 ) i + x 3 − 0.049x2
rB (t) = 10t i + 10 3t − t2 j √
2 + t1 10 3 − 0.98x − 4.9t1 j
10 100√3 50 √
b rA = i+ j, 20 3 − 0.98x
g√ g √ g d
10 3 100 3 9.8
150 e 15.71 m
rB = i+ j
g g g
c 10.35 m
Chapter 11

11A → 11B
Complex unfamiliar questions
√ √
1 a |ṙA | = 3 13 m/s, |ṙB | = 41 m/s
b rA (t) = (9t + 2)i + (6t + 2) j, Exercise 11A
rB (t) = (5t + 3)i + (4t + 3) j 1 a 0 b 20 c 1
−−→ π2 e3 1
c AB = (−4t + 1)i + (−2t + 1) j 5 1
−−→ √ d e √ + f +
d |AB| = 20t2 − 12t + 2 24 2 16 3 6
3 g0 h0 i1
e t=
10 2 a 8 b 8 c2 d −2 e −2 f 4
−−→ −−→
2 a AB = i + j, AC = 2i − k 2 2
3 a b c cot x d sec x
b −i + j − 2k c x − y + 2z = 5 2x + 1 2x − 1
d r = i + 2 j + k + t(i − j + 2k) √ sin2 x − cos3 x
5 4 7 2 6 e f cosec x
e i+ j+ k f sin x cos x (cos x + sin2 x)
3 3 3 3 1 1
1 √ 1 √ g cosec x h √ , x ±2 i √
3 a p = (4 + 2 2i), q = (2 + 4 2i) x2 − 4 x2 + 4
3 3
1 1 1 1 3 1 7
b i b−a ii (a + b) iii (a + b) 4 a ln |2x − 5| b ln c ln
2 3 2 2 5 2 9
1
iv (2a − b) v (2b − a)
1 1 5 1 5 1 7
3 3 5 a ln b ln c ln
3 2 3 11 3 4
6
6 a (4i + 3 j) 4 1 5 1
5 d ln e ln f ln 3
1 1 5 2 3 3
b i (−11i + 28 j) ii (13i + 46 j) 7
5 5 g 3 − ln 2 h 3 + 2 ln 2 i 42 + 7 ln
6 4
iii −7i + 2 j + t(4i + 3 j)
5
1 8 Exercise 11B
c i (29i + 58 j) ii hours
5 3 1
1 1 a √ , x ∈ (−2, 2)
iii (15 + 11t) + (27t − 15)2
2
4 − x2
5
iv 3.91 km −1
b √ , x ∈ (−4, 4)
7 c i −(i + j), 0 iii (−0.43, −0.68) 16 − x2
8 b (−3 + 4s + 6t)i + (−2 − s − t) j + (−1 − s − 2t)k 3
c
c −mi − 2m j − 2mk 9 + x2
3 1 1
d 4s + 6t + m = 3 d √ ,x∈ − ,
−s − t + 2m = 2 1 − 9x2 3 3
−2 1 1
−s − 2t + 2m = 1 e √ ,x∈ − ,
e s = −1, t = 1, m = 1 1 − 4x2 2 2
f P(3, 3, 3), Q(2, 1, 1) 5
f
g 3
√ 1 + 25x2
4 4
9 a i 0i + 0 j ii 10i + 10 3 j, 20, 60◦ 3
g √ ,x∈ − ,
iii −9.8 j 16 − 9x2 3 3
x √ −3 2 2
b i ii xi + (x 3 − 0.049x2 ) j h √ ,x∈ − ,
10 √ 4 − 9x2 3 3
iii 10i + (10 √3 − 0.98x) j 10
iv −8i + (10 3 − 0.98x) j i
25 + 4x2
1
j √ , x ∈ (−5, 5)
25 − x2

1
11C

2 a √ , x ∈ (−2, 0) 8 a iR ii (−π, π)
−x(x + 2) 4
b f (x) = 2
−1 1 x + 2x + 5
b √ , x ∈ (−1, 0) c 2
−x(x + 1) x + 4x +5 c y y = 0 is a
3 2 horizontal
Answers

(−1, 1) 4
d √ , x ∈ 0, asymptote
6x − 9x2 3 5
6 1
e , x ∈ −1, x
−3(3x2 + 2x − 1) 3 −1 0 y=0
20 1
f , x ∈ ,1 2 sin−1 x
−5(5x − 6x + 1)
2 5 9 a f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
−10 −2x 1 − x2
g h √ , x ∈ (−1, 1) b f (x) = 0, x ∈ (−1, 1)
x2 − 2x + 5 1 − x4 −x
3 −5 3 c f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
3 a √ b √ c √ 1 − x2
x x −9
2 x x − 25
2 x 4x2 − 9 −x
d f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
a 1 1 1 − x2
4 a √ ,x∈ − , −1
1−a x 2 2 a a esin x
−a 1 1 e f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−1, 1)
b √ ,x∈ − , 1 − x2
1 − a2 x 2 a a ex
f f (x) =
c
a 1 + e2x
1 + a2 x 2 3
10 a 0.35 b −6.29 c
4x −2x √ √ 5√
5 a b
(1 − x )2 3 (1 + x2 )2 3 391 5
11 a ± b ± c ±
3x −27x 2 √ 10 3
√
c d 1599 35
(16 − x2 )3 (1 − 9x2 )3 d −1 ± e ±
−96x 20 4
1 √
e f (1 ± 7)
(9 + 4x2 )2 2
3π 3π √ √
6 a i [−2, 2] ii − , 4 3 3 π
2 2 12 a y = x− +
3 3 6
3 1 π
b f (x) = √ , x ∈ (−2, 2) b y= x− +
4 − x2 2 4√
c y √ 3+π
c y = −2 3x +
3
√ π
3 d y = −6x + 3 +
2 6
13 a (−∞, −6] ∪ [6, ∞)
x
−2 O 2 6
b f (x) = √ , x < −6 or x > 6
1 1 x x − 36
2

c y
7 a i − , ii [0, 4π]
3 3
−12 1 1
b f (x) = √ ,x∈ − , π
1 − 9x2 3 3 π
c y 2
x
x −6 0 6
1 O 1
−
3 −12 3 Exercise 11C
x 1 x
1 a sin−1 +c b √ tan−1 √ + c
3 5 5

−1 −1 x
c tan (t) + c d 5 sin √ + c
5
3 x 1 −1 x
e tan−1 +c f sin +c
4 4 2 2

Answers
g 10 sin−1 √ +c h tan−1 +c j (3x + 4x + 8) + c
10 12 3 15
√ √
2 −1 x 10
i sin +c Exercise 11E
2 5
7 y 61 1 1 25
j √ tan−1 √ + c 1 a b c d
3 3 3 16 3 114
4 4
π π 5π 3π e f ln 2 g h1
2 a b c d 15 3 √
2 2 6 10
1 6 15
π π π π i j ln 2 k ln l ln
e f g h 2 2 8
e + 1

11D → 11F
8 16 6 8
π 1 −1
√ m ln = ln(e + 1) − 1
i j √ tan (2 3) e
2 3
Exercise 11F
Exercise 11D 1 1
(x2 + 1)4 1 1 a x − sin(2x) + c
1 a +c b− 2 +c 2 4
4 2(x + 1) 1 1 3
b sin(4x) − sin(2x) + x + c
1 4 1 32 4 8
c sin x + c d− +c 1
4 sin x c 2 tan x − 2x + c d − cos(6x) + c
1 5 3 6
e (2x + 1)6 + c f (9 + x2 ) 2 + c 1 1 1
12 3 e x − sin(4x) + c f tan(2x) − x + c
1 2 1 2 8 2
g (x − 3)6 + c h− 2 +c 1 1
12 4(x + 2x)2 g x− sin(4x) + c
1 √ 8 32
i − +c j 2 1+x+c
3(3x + 1)2 1
h sin(2x) + c i − cot x − x + c
1 3 2
k (x − 3x2 + 1)5 + c 1 1
15 j sin(2x) − sin3 (2x) + c
3 3 2 6
l ln(x2 + 1) + c m − ln |2 − x2 | + c 1
2 2 2 a tan x (c = 0) b tan(2x) (c = 0)
−1
2 a tan
√ (x + 1) + c 1
2
2 3 √3(2x − 1) 1
b tan−1 +c c 2 tan x (c = 0) d tan(kx) (c = 0)
3 3 2 k
x + 2 1
e tan(3x) − x (c = 0)
c sin−1 +c d sin−1 (x − 5) + c 3
5 f 2x − tan x (c = 0) g −x (c = 0)
x + 3
e sin−1 +c h tan x (c = 0)
√ 7 √
√2 1 1
3 3(x + 1) 3 a
π 1
b + ln = − ln 2
f tan−1 +c 4 2 2 2 2
6 2
1 1 1 1 3π 4 π
3 a
3
− (2x + 3) 2 + (2x + 3) 2 + c
5
c d + e f
2 10 3 √ 4 32 3 4
5 3 π 3
2(1 − x) 2 2(1 − x) 2 g + h1
b − +c 24 64
5 3 sin3 x
4 3 28 1 4 a sin x − +c
c (3x − 7) 2 + (3x − 7) 2 + c 3
x
9 3 4 x
4 5 10 3 b cos3 − 4 cos +c
d (3x − 1) 2 + (3x − 1) 2 + c 3 4 4
25 27 1 1
1 c x+ sin(8πx) + c
e 2 ln |x − 1| − +c 2 16π

x−1 3 1
2 5 16 3 d 7 sin t cos2 t + sin4 t − sin6 t + c
f (3x + 1) 2 + (3x + 1) 2 + c 5 7
45 27 1 1
4 e sin(5x) − sin3 (5x) + c
3 7 3(x + 3) 3 5 15
g (x + 3) 3 − +c 1
f 3x − 2 sin(2x) + sin(4x) + c
7 4 4
5 7 1 1 x
h ln |2x + 1| + +c g sin3 (2x) − sin(4x) + +c
4 4(2x + 1) 48 64 16
2 3 3
2 sin x sin x 5
i (x − 1) 2 (15x2 + 12x + 8) h sin x − + +c
105 3 5

1 2 16 x 1
11G → 11H

Exercise 11G c ln (x + 4)|x − 1|13 + arctan −

5 5 5 x−1
1 x2 + 4 x
2 3 1 2
1 a + b − 18
x−1 x+2 x + 1 2x + 1 d ln − 8 arctan −
2 (x − 2)2 2 x−2
c
2
+
1
d
1
+
3 (x + 2)2 √ √2x
x+2 x−2 x+3 x−2 e 2 ln 2 + 4 2 arctan
3 8 x +2 2
−
e
5(x − 4) 5(x + 1) 1 x − 1 3x2 + 9x + 10
f ln +
2 x + 1 3(x + 1)3
2 9 4 4 1 625
2 a +
x − 3 (x − 3)2 12 a ln b ln c ln
3 3 3 512
Answers

4 2 3 32 10
b + + d 1 + ln e ln f ln 4 + 4
1 + 2x 1 − x (1 − x)2 81 3
−4 4 2 1 7 2 1 1
c + + g ln h ln i ln
9(x + 1) 9(x − 2) 3(x − 2)2 2 4 3 4 3
3
−2 2x + 3 x+1 2 j 5 ln − ln 2
3 a + b 2 + 4
x + 1 x2 + x + 1 x +2 x+1
5 √
x−2 1 13 a − 2 ln(2) − π b 2 ln(2) + π + 3
c 2 − 4
x + 1 2(x + 3) π 1 √
3 2 c 1− d − 3 ln(3) + π 3
4 3+ + 2 3
x−1 x−2 3 1 + 2x |x − 2|3
− 2 +c
x − 10 14 a b ln 2
; ln
1 1 x−2 x +x+1 x +x+1
5 − +c
x − 10 x − 1 x−1 9
32 17 c 2 ln
6 x2 − 4x + 12 − + ; 8
x + 2 (x + 2)2
3
x 17 Exercise 11H
− 2x2 + 12x − − 32 ln |x + 2| + c
3 x+2
7 13 13 1 a (−x − 1)e−x b x ln x − x √
7 − ; 7 ln |x + 2| + +c c sin x − x cos x d x arccos(x) − 1 − x2
x + 2 (x + 2)2 x+2
1 1
8
5
−
5x
−
10
; e cos(3x) + x sin(3x)
18(x − 4) 18(x2 + 2) 9(x2 + 2) 9 3
2 √ f ln |cos x| + x tan x
1 (x − 4) √ 2x
5 ln 2 − 20 2 arctan +c 1
36 x +2 2 g − x2 + x tan x + ln |cos x|
2
x − 2 (x − 2)5 1√
9 a ln + c b ln +c h x arcsin(2x) + 1 − 4x2
x+5 (x − 1)4 2
1 1
c ln |(x + 1)(x − 1)3 | + c i x arctan x − ln(1 + x2 ) j (−x − 2)e−x
2 2
x − 1
d 2x + ln +c 1
−x + arctan x + x2 arctan x

x + 1 k
2
3
e 2 ln |x + 2| + +c 1 1
x+2 l x2 2 ln x − 1 m x3 3 ln x − 1
f ln |(x − 2)(x + 4)3 | + c 4 9
√
n 2 x ln x − 2 o (x + 2)e x
(x − 3)3
10 a ln +c 1 6
x−2
1
p x 6 ln x − 1 q (2x − 1)e2x+1
b ln |(x − 1)2 (x + 2)3 | + c 36 4
x2 3 1 2
− 2x + ln(x + 2) 4 (x − 2) 4 + c
1
c r x 2 ln(2x) − 1
2 4
2 a −(x2 + 2x + 2)e−x
d ln (x + 1)2 (x + 4)2 + c
x3 x2 b (2 − x2 ) cos x + 2x sin x
e − − x + 5 ln |x + 2| + c 1
3 2
3 a e x sin x − cos x
2
(x − 1)4 2
+ x + ln
x
f +c 1 2x
2 x3 b e 3 sin(3x) + 2 cos(3x)
1 x2 + 2 √ √2x 13
11 a ln + 2 2 arctan 1
2 (x + 1)2 2 c − e3x cos x − 3 sin x
10
1 (x + 1) 2 1 2 x x
b ln 2 − d − e x cos − 2 sin
2 x +1 x+1 5 2 2

1 π 1 2 1 1

Answers
3
4 a 1 + 3e4 b − c − d 1 + 2e3 f tan−1 (2x), c = 0 g (4 + x2 ) 2 , c = 0
4 2 8 9 2 3
√ √ −2 + 5e3 2 5 8 3
e −12 + 38 2 − 8 2π f h (x + 4) 2 − (x + 4) 2 , c = 0
27e 5 3 x
1 4 √
g ln(12) − 1 h 5e − 1 i −2 4 − x, c = 0 j sin−1 ,c=0
4 2
26 √ 2 3
i 3 ln(27) − k −8 4 − x + (4 − x) 2 , c = 0
9 √ 3
l − 4 − x2 , c = 0
Exercise 11I 1 1
21 a (3e4 − e2 ) b (e2 + 1) c −π

11I → 11 review
4 1 4 4
1 p= 2 5 3
3 24 c= ,d=
1 + e 9
22
2 2
3 e − 1 − ln 4
2 64 23 a f (x) = −(n − 1) sin2 x cosn−2 x + cosn x
1 3 3π 5π π 4
5 ln 5 6 c= c i ii iii iv
3 2 16 32 32 3
1 31
2 1 1
7− cos6 (3x) + c 8 p= 24 a (x + 1) −2−n
(x + 1)1−n + c
18 2 2−n 1−n
8 1 1
9 p= b +
5 n+2 n+1
1 1 5
1 3
10 a − +c b (4x2 + 1) 2 + c 25 a a2 + a + 1 b −
2 sin2 x 20 3 2
1 1 a2 + b2 1
c sin3 x − sin5 x + c 26 a b
3 5 (a cos x + b sin x)2 ab
1
d + c 1
1 − ex 27 a Un + Un−2 =
11 1 n−1
x + 1 π
1 1 −1 28 a 1 c
12 a tan−1 +c b sin (3x) + c 4
2 2 3
1 1 2x + 1
c sin−1 (2x) + c d tan−1 +c Chapter 11 review
2 6 3
1 π Technology-free questions
13 a − √
2x x − 1
b
6 1 5 1 5
1 a ln b ln c 4 − 7 ln 3
1 1 2 7 3 2
14 a ( f (x))3 + c b − +c 1 −1
3 f (x) 2 a √ b √
c ln( f (x)) + c d − cos( f (x)) + c x−x 2 −x − x2
dy 8 − 3x √ 1 −x
15 = √ ; 4 2 c 2 d √
dx 2 4 − x x − 2x + 2 1 − x2
16 a = 2, b = −3, c = −1; x2 − 3x +
1
+c sec2 (tan−1 x) ex
x−2 e = 1 f √
1 + x2 1 − e2x
π
17 a b 42 c 0 d ln 2 1
8 3 3 −
π 2
e 1− f ln
4 2 1
4 a sin(2x) 3 − sin2 (2x)
1 2 1 6
18 a sin x + c b − cos(2x) + c
2 4 1
dy 1 b ln(4x2 + 1) + 6 tan−1 (2x)
19 a = √ ; 4

dx x2 + 1 1 1 + 2x
1 √ c ln
√ dx = ln |x + x2 + 1| + c 4 1 − 2x
x2 + 1 1√
dy 1 d − 1 − 4x2
b = √ 4
dx x2 − 1
x 1 1 1 + 2x
1 x + 2 e − x+ ln
, c = 0 b ln 16 1 − 2x
1
20 a tan−1 , c = 0 4
2 2 4 2 − x
1 3
1 1 f − (1 − 2x2 ) 2
c 4 ln |x| + x2 , c = 0 d ln(4 + x2 ), c = 0 6
1 2π
2 2
1 1
e x − 2 tan−1
x
,c=0 g x − sin 2x − h (x2 − 2) 2
2 2 4 3

1 1
12A

1 1 14 a 8 ln 8 − 7 b (ln 2)2
i x− sin(6x) 9 2
2 12
1 −2
1 c 1 − 3e
j cos(2x) cos2 (2x) − 3 4
6
3 1 1 1 Multiple-choice questions
Answers

k 2(x + 1) 2 (x + 1) − l tan x
5 3 2 1 D 2 E 3 C 4 C 5D
x 1 1 x sin 4x 6 A 7D 8 C 9 A 10 D
m − 3x+1 n ln |x − 1| o − 2
e 3e 2 8 32
1 2
p x − x + ln |1 + x|
2 √ Chapter 12
1 3 1
5 a − b ln 3
3 √8 2 Exercise 12A
15 5 1 7 2
c − 1 d ln 1 Area = sin−1 square units
3 8 6 4 3
32 2 π y
e 2 + ln f g
81 3 6
π 3 π
h i 2 + 7 ln j 1
0, 3
4 √ 4 16
3 2
k ln l6
2
√ √2(x + 1)
x
1 2 x = −3 −1 0 1 x= 3
−1
6 b ln |x + 2x + 3| −
2
tan +c 2 2
2 2 2
1 √ 9π
7 a √ ; 2 sin−1 ( x) + c 2 Area = square units
2 x(1 − x) 4
2x y
b √ ; sin−1 (x2 ) + c
1 − x4
x √ 0, 9
8 a sin−1 x + √ ; x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + c 4
1−x 2
b ln |x| + 1; x ln |x| − x + c
x
x 1 −2 0 2
c tan−1 x + ; x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 ) + c
1 + x2 2
1 1
9 a − cos(4x) b (x3 + 1)3 3 Area = 2 23 square units
8 9
−1 1 3
4 Area = + 2 ln 2 square units
2
c d − e1−x
2(3 + 2 sin θ) √ 2 2
e tan(x + 3) − x f 6 + 2x2 y
1 1 y=x
g tan3 x h
3 3 cos3 x
1
i tan(3x) − x 0
3 x
1 2
8 39 1
10 a b− c
15 4 2
2 √ π 1 1
d (2 2 − 1) e f ln π √
3 2 3 9 5 a Area = − ln 2 square units
1 2 1 − 2
1
√ 4
11 x + (2x − x−2 ); 3 2 y
2 x
12 a 1, 1 b 3, 2 y=π
2
1 −2x
13 a e sin(2x + 3) − cos(2x + 3)
4 1, π
4
b x tan x + ln(cos x) x
2 3x x x O
c e sin + 6 cos
37 2 2
y = −π
2

1 4

Answers
b Area = square units 8 a 0, − , (−4, 0), (1, 0)
2 3
y b y = x, x = −3
c y
−1 , π x = −3 y=x
2

0, π
2 −1
x x
(−4, 0) O (1, 0)
−1 1
O
2 2
0, −4
3

12A
π
c Area = square units 4
2 d Area = 31 12 + 4 ln square units
11
d Area = π − 2 square units
9 a R \ {1, 2}
y b y
(1, π)

3, 4
2
x
O 1 y=0
x
O 1 2
1
(−1, −π) 0, −
2
e Area = π − 2 square units
y
c R− ∪ [4, ∞) 4
2, π 3
2 d Area = − ln = ln square units
4 3
1 −3 π
x 10 0 2 √ dx = −
O 2 1 − x2 2
y

2, −π
2
5π √
f Integral = − 3 O
x
6 −1 1
y (0, −3)

2, π
2

−1 π
x 11 square units
0 2 12 √
−1, −π
6 π 3
12 Area = − ln 2 square units
3
y
4 √3, π
6 Area = ln 5 square units 3
3 π
y=
y 2

x
O √3

y = −π
2
0, 4
9
x 13 1 square unit
−3 −2 0 2 3
2
x = −3 x=3 14 square units
3
7 a (0, 1) b y = −1 c π − 2 square units 1
15 square units
3

16 Area = 6 ln 2 square units b Area = 2 12 square units

y y

y = cos x 1 y = sin 2x
y=2
Answers

x
x π π
−π
O
O 3 2 6 2
−1

c Area = 2 16 square units

y
x = −3
1
y=6–x y = √x
17 b , 2 23 local minimum 6
4 (4, 2)
c y

1, 2 2 (1, 1) (5, 1)
(0, 3) 4 3
x
−1 O 6
x= x=1
2
O
x d Area = π − 2 square units
y

3 2
d − ln 4 square units
2
1
x
Exercise 12B −1 O 1
1 √
1 (3, 3), (2, 0); square units π 3
3 e Area = −1+ square units
12 2
1 y
2 square units π
3 1,
17 5 2
3 a square units b square units 1, π
24 6 2 6
22
4 Area = 8 ln 3 − square units x
3 O 1
y 2
y = f(x)
−1, −π
2
π √
f Area = 2 + − 3 square units
x
3
x = −2 O x=2 y
(0, −4)
1 (π, 1)

1 y = 1 − sin x
2
5 a = e2 π 5π π
x
O
11 6 6
6 a 4 12
square units b square units
6
11 −1
c square units y = cos 2x
6 g Area ≈ 4.161 square units
7 a Area = 4 square units y
y
1 (x2 + 1)
y=
3
2
y = 2 sin x 3
y= 2
1 x +1
x
π
x – √2 O √2 0, 1
O 3
–1
y = sin 2x

Answers
8 a Area = 1 square unit 14
y 2
15 3.772
√
y = ln x 16 a a = 4, b = 2 5 b 5.06
17 4

x Exercise 12C
O 1 e
1 a 4.24 b 3.14 c 1.03 d 0.67 e 1.95
f 0.66 g 0.64 h 0.88 i 1.09 j 0.83

12C
2 a ln x b − ln x c ex − 1
1 π
b Area = ln 2 − square units d 1 − cos x e tan−1 (x) +
2 4
y f sin−1 (x)
3 a y
y = ln 2x

(1, ln 2)

x
O 1 1
2

x
9 a f (x) = e x + xe x b x = −1 O
c y
b y

x
O
x
−1, −1 O
e
1 3
d y=− e Area = − 1 square units
e e
x
Note: As f (x) = e x + xe x , c y
xe dx = xe x − e x + c
10 y

2 y = ln x + 1
x
(1, 1) O
2
x
O (e−1, 0)

d y
a y=2−x
1 1
b Area = + square units
2 e
11 y
x
O
(−1, 6)

y=3
e y
(0, 2)
(3, 2)

x
O 1 2

(1, 0.84)
16
Area = − 3 ln 3 square units x
√3 √ O
13 a (−2 2, 1), (2 2, 1) b 33.36

Exercise 12D 22 2π(4 − π) cubic units

π 4
32
1 Area = square units; 24 a tan−1 b 4π
3 3 3
Volume = 8π cubic units 25 176 779 cm3
364π 4πab2 4πa2 b
2 a 8π cubic units b cubic units 26 a b
3 3 3
343π π2 27 a x + y = 8
c cubic units d cubic units
6 4 64π 64π
π 4 bi ii
e (e − 1) cubic units 3 3
2 28 a y
Answers

f 36π cubic units

2π
3 cubic units
3
3√2 , 6√2
3π 28π 2 y = 2x
4 a cubic units b cubic units
4 15 x
3
4πa O
c 2π cubic units d cubic units
3 − 3√2 , −6 √2
2
e 36π cubic units f 18π cubic units
1088π
5 cubic units 482π
15 b cubic units
π 3
6 cubic units 29 2.642 cubic units
2 4π √
21π 30 4π − 3 cubic units
7 cubic units 3
4
3π Exercise 12E
8 cubic units
10
1 a 0.6065 b 0.6321
32π
9 cubic units 2 a 0.6514 b 0.2325
3
11 y 3 a E(X) = 10, sd(X) = 10 b 0.3679
1 −t
4 a f (t) = e 6 for t ≥ 0 b 0.3935
π,1 π,1 6
4 2
c 0.4346
y = sin x 5 a 0.7769 b 0.3679 c 0.1447
6 0.5507
y = sin 2x 7 a 0.2636 b 0.5134
π
x 8 a 5 minutes b 5 minutes c 0.3935
O
2 9 a 0.0183 b Var(X) = 0.25
4 c 0.0159
12 b = x
13 10 a F(x) = 1 − e− 4 for x ≥ 0 b m = 2.773
7π 11 0.4866
13 cubic units
6
e4 b E(X) = 500 hours
23
12 a 0.5488
16π
14 a bπ − 4e2 + c m = 346.57 hours
3 2 2
e π 13 m = 2.77 minutes
15 a − 1 b (e2 − 3)
2 6 14 a 0.2231 b 0.6065
16π
16 cubic units Exercise 12F
15
π2 1 a 12 b 10
17 cubic units
2 2 0.842
7π 3 a 10 b 19.667 c 29.667
18 cubic units
10 4 a 0.2083 b 0.2005
19π 5 a 0.69444 b 1.50201 c 0.45751
19 cubic units
6 6 a 2.05979 b −0.35229 c 0.76355
1
20 π ln 2 − cubic units 7 a 0.8556 b 0.3413 c 0.6827
2

Answers
9 a a = 3, b = 6, c = −1 b 102, 102 9 a A = (−1, 1), B = (1, 1), C = (0, 2)
c y 44π
b
15
10 a y
71

(2, 0)
x

12 review
O
7
x 4 16π
−2 O 1 4 b c
3 15
10 b 0.78539 c 3.14157 πb5 πb4
11 a i ii
11 8.5 m 5 2
6 x 2 b b = 2.5 or b = 0
12 a π 0 e 12 + 4 dx b 529.631
12 a y
c 529.647 d 0.003%
13 a 0.5236 b 0.5236
(0, 1)
Chapter 12 review
Technology-free questions x
1 O
1 dy −8x π−3
3 b = , x+y=1 c
π dx (4x2 + 1)2 8
2 a −1 b 1
2 13 a y
π π
3 aπ b (π − 2) c (π + 2) y=x
8 8
2048π
d e 40π
15
f+g
119π
4 x
6 √ O
20 10π 2π
5 a 12π b −
3 3
6 Volume = 2π
y y

x = −π x= π
2 2
y=x

f −g
(−3, 0) (3, 0)
x
(0, 1) O
x
O

16π b 18 ln 3
7 a (0, 0), (2, 4) b
3
y
14 Area = 7.5 − 4 ln 4
8 a y

(0, 1) y=x−5

(1, 0) (4, 0)
(−1, 0) (1, 0) x
x O
O

4
b
3

1 1
12 review

15 Area = − ln 4 3 a i ln x + 1; x ln x − x + c
2 3 ii (ln x)2 + 2 ln x;
y
x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + c
x = −1 x=2 b y

0, 1 (−2, e2) (2, e2)

2
x
Answers

O
y = e−x y = ex

(0, 1)
x
O
16 e−2
x c V = 2π(e2 − 1) cm3 ≈ 40 cm3
17 a F(x) = 1 − e− 8 for x ≥ 0
b m = 8 ln 2 4 a 0.1353 b 0.0900 c 0.9502
31 d L = ln( 54 ) ≈ 0.2231 years e 0.6723
18 a 13 b π
3 5 a cubic units
113 2 √
19 π 2
3 bi cubic units ii units
Multiple-choice questions 8 √ 2
2 2
1 B 2C 3D 4B 5B 6 b i a = 1 ii
6 A 7E 8C 9C 10 E 3
πa
11 B 12 D 13 C 14 E 15 C c cubic units
2(a2 + 1)
Extended-response questions 7 a y
π,8
1 a y 4
8 y = 16 sin2 x
y=1
1
y = 3 sec2 x
2
x π, 6
−1 O 2 3 4

O x
π
x = −2 4
b 2 − ln 2 square units π √ 4π
9 b c 3 3−
,4
c 2π − ln 2 cubic units 6 3
8 9 a Area = π(r2 − y2 )
x
2 a f (x) = + tan−1 x 4πab2 √
1 + x2 10 a b 4 3πa2 b
π 1 3
b − ln 2 π 3
4 2 11 b −
1 6 16
c ln 2 square units
2 π −3 −3 √
c + ln 3 = π + ln( 3)
2 tan−1 x 2 16 32
d i g (x) = √ √
1 + x2 π 3 2π 3
iii y 12 a b k= ; cubic units
3 3 27
13 a i d=0
π2 125a + 25b + 5c = 1
4
1000a + 100b + 10c = 2.5
27 000a + 900b + 30c = 10
O
x −7 27 83
ii a = ,b= ,c= ,d=0
π 30 000 2000 600
273
eπ − 1 cubic units b
2 2

π dy −3x2

Answers
c i V= 13 a = b (0, −1), (0, 1)
900 000 000
30 dx √ 2y
× 0 (−7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)2 dx d y = ± 1 − x3 e (0, −1), (0, 1)
362 083π f y
ii ≈ 2843.79
400
d i w = 16.729 335
197 881 099π 1
ii ≈ 2487
250 000
135 1179 1
x
e ,

13A → 13C
O
7 196
πH 2
14 a (a + ab + b2 ) cm3 −1
3
πH
b (7a2 + 4ab + b2 ) cm3
24
πH(r3 − a3 ) dV πHr2
c V= d =
3(b − a) dr b−a Exercise 13B
H(r − a) 1 a y = 4e
√ −2 b y = x ln |x| − x + 4
2t
e h=
b−a c y = 2x + 79 d y − ln |y + 1| = x − 3
15 a k + + m = 2w b −k + m = 0 1 4 1 11 2x 4 −2x
2w e y= x − x+2 f y= e + e
c k+m= 2 2 5 5
3 g x = 3 sin(3t) + 2 cos(3t) + 2
√
3 4 2
Chapter 13 4 −2, 5
5 a = 0, b = −1, c = 1
Exercise 13A 6 a = 0, b =
1
2y −x2 2x 2
1 a x b− c d 2 7 a = 1, b = −6, c = 18, d = −24
x y2 3y
√ 2−y 2a 2 Exercise 13C
e2 y f g h
x+3 y 1−y
1 3 3 2
x+2 −y2 1 a y= x − x + 2x + c
2 a b 3 2
y x2
1 2
2(x + y) y − 2x b y = x + 3x − ln |x| + c
c d 2
1 − 2(x + y) 2y − x c y = 2x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + x + c
2xey − sin(2x) √ 1
e f d y=2 x+c e y = ln |2t − 1| + c
1 − x2 ey cos y 2
cos x − cos(x − y) sin y 1
g h f y = − cos(3t − 2) + c
cos y − cos(x − y) 5y4 − x cos y + 6y 3
3 a x + y = −2 b 5x − 12y = 9 1
g y = − ln |cos(2t)| + c
c 16x − 15y = 8 d y = −3 2
dy y −1 1 y
4 = 5 h x = − e−3y + c i x = sin−1 +c
dx x 4 3 2
−2
6 −1 7 j x=
1
+c
5 y−1
−7
8
5 1 5
2 a y= x + cx + d
dy −x2 −1 4
9 a = 2 c
dx y 9 4 5
b y= (1 − x) 2 + cx + d
10 y = −1, y = 1 15
dy −(3x2 + y) 1 π
11 a = c y = − sin 2x + + cx + d
dx x + 6y2 4 4
d k = −220 or k = −212 x
d y = 4e 2 + cx + d
dy y−x
12 a = b (−2, −2), (2, 2) e y = − ln |cos x| + cx + d
dx 2y − x
f y = − ln |x + 1| + cx + d

x−1
13D → 13E

3 a y= b y = 1 − e−x Exercise 13E

x dx
1 1 1 a = 2t + 1, x = t2 + t + 3
c y = x2 − 4 ln x + 1 d y = ln |x2 − 4| dt
2 √ 2 dx 3 1
1 2 3 95 3 b = 3t − 1, x = t2 − t +
e y = (x − 4) 2 − dt 2 2
3 12 dx
π 1 2 + x c = −2t + 8, x = −t2 + 8t − 15
f y = sin −1 x
+ g y = ln +2 dt
2 6 4 2 − x dy 1 dy 1
x π 2 a = , y0 b = , y0
1 dx y dx y2
h y = tan−1 +
2 2 4 dN k
c = 2 , N 0, k > 0
Answers

2 5 8 3 dt N
i y = (4 − x) 2 − (4 − x) 2 + 8 dx k
5 x 3 = , x 0, k > 0
e + 1
d
dt x
j y = ln
2 dm dy −x
e = km, k < 0 f = , y0
4 a y = e−x − e x + 2x b y = x2 − 2x3 dt dx 3y
1 dP 1
c y = x2 + sin(2x) − 1 3 a i = kP ii t = ln P + c, P > 0
4 dt k
1
d y = x2 − 2x + ln |x| + 3 b i 1269
t
ii P = 1000(1.1) 2 , t ≥ 0
2
π
e y = x − tan−1 x + f y = 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x P
x 4
g y = sin−1
2
3 2 1
5 a y = x + 4x + c b y = − x3 + cx + d
2 3
c y = ln |x − 3| + c
6 a y = 2x + e−x 1000
1 1 9 t
b y = x2 − cos(2x) + O
2 2 2 dP √
c y = 2 − ln |2 − x| 4 a i = k P, k < 0, P > 0
dt √
2 P
Exercise 13D ii t = + c, k < 0
1 1 k
1 a y= (Ae3x + 5) b y= (Ae−2x + 1) b i 12 079
3 2
ii P
1 1
c y = − ln |2c − 2x|
2 2
d y = tan−1 (x − c) e y = cos−1 (ec−x )
1 − Ae2x
f y= g y = tan(x − c) 15 000
1 + Ae2x
5 1
h x = y 3 + y2 + c i y= (x − c)2
3 4
2 a y=e x+1
b y = e x−4 − 1 O t
1 25 √6
c y = e2x−2 d y = − (e2x + 1) 5√6 − √135
= 15√10 + 50
2
e x = y − e−y + 1 dP k
5 a i = , k > 0, P > 0
f y = 3 cos x, −π < x < 0 dt P
1 2
ii t = P +c
3(e6x−7 − 1) 2k √
g y= b i P = 50 000 21t + 400, t ≥ 0
e6x−7 + 1
ii P
1 π π
h y= tan(3x), − < x <
3 6 6
4
i y = −x
e −2
1 1
3 a y = 3(x − c) 3 b y = (Ae2x + 1)
2
1000 000
O t

x m

Answers
6 y = 10e 10 18 a 0.25 kg/min b kg/min
100
140 ◦ dm m
7 C c = 0.25 −
3 dt 100
−t
8 θ = 331.55 K d m = 25 1 − e 100 , t ≥ 0
9 23.22 e 51 minutes
1 1
f m
11 a x = 20 − 14e− 10 t b 19 minutes
3
−x
12 y = 100 − 90e 10
y

13E
25

100 O t

dx 10 − x
19 a = b 11.16 minutes
10 dt 50
x
O dx 80 − x −t
20 a = , x = 80 − 70e 200
13 13 500 dt 200
dx x
14 a 14 400 b 13 711 c 14 182 b = 0.4 −
dV √ dt 400 + t
15 a = 0.3 − 0.2 V, V > 0 dx x −t
dt 21 a =− b x = 10e 10
dm 6m dt 10
b = 50 − , 0 ≤ t < 100
dt 100 − t c x
dx −5x
c = , t≥0
dt 200 + t
(0, 10)
dm 1 1
16 a = (1 − 4m) b (1 − e−t )
dt 4 4
c m

1
4 O t
d 10 ln 2 ≈ 6.93 mins
t
22 a N = 50 000 99e 10 + 1 , t ≥ 0
t b At the end of 2016
O

1 23 a i $10 609.00 ii $10 613.64

d (1 − e−2 ) kg iii $10 615.99 iv $10 617.57
4
v $10 618.34
m dm −m
17 a kg/min b = b $10 618.37
100 dt 100 c Compounding interest more often gives a
−t
c m = 20e 100 , t ≥ 0 higher return. Result for daily compounded
d m interest is very close to that for continuously
compounded interest.
rt
24 a A = A0 e 100 , t ≥ 0 b 2.23% p.a.
20 c $70 469
25 a 3.25% p.a. b $90 708.52
c 3.41% p.a.

26 b A = 2500 5 − e0.08t
t
c After 20.12 years
O
d $20 118

Exercise 13F c P = 1000 P

t
2e 1000
1 P=
2et − 1
500e0.02t
2 a P=
4 + e0.02t
b P c 250

500
t
O
Answers

0.1t
50 000e
8 a P=
23 + 2e0.1t
100 b i 3419 ii 24 307
t
c 24 months d 38 months
O e P
P
3 a P (t) = 0.3P 1 − 25 000
10 000
10 000e0.3t
b P(t) =
3 + e0.3t
c P d 5990
10 000
2000
t
O
30 − 10e−0.1x
9 a y= , x≥0
3 − 2e−0.1x
2500 30 + 10e−0.1x
b y= , x≥0
3 + 2e−0.1x
O
t
20 − 35e−0.1x 7
10 c y= , 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 ln
e ln 3 ≈ 3.66 years 2 − 7e −0.1x 4
3
4 12.5 wasps per month Exercise 13G
3000e0.05t x2
5 P= 1 a y = Ae 2 b y2 = x 2 + c
7 + 3e0.05t x3
5 c y= Ae 12 d y2 = 2 ln |x| + c
6 a5 b 400 c t= ln(79) √
4 2 a y + x = 2, y > 0 or y = 2 − x2
2 2
d 80 cases per week e 60 cases per week
b y=x
3000e0.1t c
7 a P = 0.1t P y
3e − 1
1500

√2
1000

x
−√2 0 √2

t
O
1 2
1000e 0.1t 3 y= (x + 1)2 4 y2 − x 2 = 5
b P= P 2
e0.1t + 4 3
5 Circles centre (−1, 3) 6 y3 = c − 2
2x
1000 −2x2
7 y=
2Ax2− 2x + 3
x
8 a y = Aee +x
3
b y = Ae3x
2
c y2 = − +c
ln(x)
200
2x3 1
O
t 9 a y= + 2x + 1 b tan y = 2 −
3 x

y3 y2 x3 x2 √ √

Answers
10 − = − +c 21 a 2 cosec t b y = 2 2x + 6 2 − 2
3 2 3 2 22 a y = − sin(t)x + 2 tan(t)
9 π
11 b x = A(t − 25)2 c b
2 sin t
c
25 cos2 t 3
13 72
12 b e 5 N0 23 a e−t b (1, ∞)
25 y
x2
c
13 y = 2xe 2
−3
14 y = −1
sin3 x − 1

13H → 13K
Exercise 13H 1

dr x
1 a ≈ 0.00127 m/min 0 1
dt
dA d 4x − 2y = 1
b = 0.08 m2 /min
dt
dx Exercise 13I
2 ≈ 0.56 cm/s dh −2000
dt 1 a = , h>0
dy dt πh2
3 = 39 units/s
dt dh 1 √
dx 3 b = (Q − c h), h > 0
4 = ≈ 0.048 cm/s dt A √
dt 20π dh 3−2 V
dv 5 c = , V>0
5 = − units/min dt 60π
√
dt 6
dA dh −4 h
6 = 0.08π ≈ 0.25 cm2 /h d = , h>0
dt dt 9π
dc 1 dy
7 = cm/s 2 a = 5 sin t b y = −5 cos t + c
dt 2 dt
2π 5
dy 1 − t2 dx −2t 3 a t=− h 2 + 250π b 13 hrs 5 mins
8 a = , = 25
dt (1 + t2 )2 dt (1 + t2 )2
dx 1 3
dy t2 − 1 4 a =− √ b t = 320(4 − x) 2
b = dt 480 4 − x
dx 2t c 42 hrs 40 mins
dy − sin(2t) dr 2
9 = = − tan t 5 a = −8πr2 b r=
dx 1 + cos(2t) 16πt + 1
√ √ dt
3 π 3 dh 1000
10 y= x− +1 6 a = (Q − kh), h > 0
3 18 dt A
dy dy A Q − kh0
11 a = 12 cm/s b = ±16 cm/s b t= ln , Q > kh0
dt dt 1000k Q − kh
12 2.4 √ A ln 2
c minutes
−5 6 √ 1000k
13 a cm/s b −4 3 cm/s
2
14 72π cm3 /s
Exercise 13J
15 a 4 cm b 2 cm/s 1 a 1.7443 b 1.8309 c 4 d 3.2556
7
16 cm/s Exercise 13K
12π
dV dh 1 a
17 =A
dt dt√
dh h
18 a =−
dt 4π √ √
dV 10 3 dh 10
b i =− m /h ii =− m/h y = x3 − 1
dt 2 dt 8π
1 √ − cos t 1
19 a y=− x+ 2 b y= x+ b
√ 2 2 sin t sin t
2 √
20 a y= x−1 b y = − 2x + 5
2
1 cos θ
c y= x−
2 sin θ sin θ y = 1 − cos x

c Chapter 13 review
Technology-free questions
1
1 a y= x− +c b y = e10x+c
x
1 1 sin(3t) cos(2t)

y= (3 − e−2x ) c y=− + + at + b
2 2 9 4
−3x
e
d y= + e−x + ax + b
Answers

d 9
x 3x 1 2
e y = 3 − e− 2 +c f y= − x +c
2 4
1 1
2 a y = sin(2πx) − 1 b y = ln |sin(2x)|
2 2
1 1 2 1 1
y= , x<2 c y = ln |x| + x − d y = ln(1 + x2 ) + 1
2−x 2 2 2
x
e e y = e− 2 f x = 64 + 4t − 5t2
3 a k = 2, m = −2
2 8
4 a √ −1 b
3 3
5 n = −3, 5
1
y=− , x>0 −(x + 1)
x 6 a −1 b
y+3
f −2y2 −(x + 1)
c d
x2 y−3
7 a 324 cm/s b 36 cm/s

8b y = 2 tan 2x − arctan( 12 ) − 4
1 1 5
y= , x > − ln 2 9 a k= ln b 78.67◦ C
1 − 2e x 10 4
3
g 2(25 − x2 ) 2
10 y = 43 −
3
11 k = −1
dx 3
12 =
dt πx(12 − x)
2 dC 8π
y= , x < ln 2 13 =
2 − ex dt C
h 14 100 ln 2 ≈ 69 days
dS S −t
15 = − , S = 3e 25
dt 25
−t
16 a θ = 30 − 20e 20 b 29◦ C c 14 mins
π π dA
y = − ln(cos x), − < x < 17 a = 0.02A b 0.5e0.2 ha c 89 12 h
2 2 dt
2 a 2L L3
18 x = maximum deﬂection =
;
3 216
√
dh 6 − 0.15 h
19 =
dt πh2
b Multiple-choice questions
1 E 2 B 3E 4 E 5 C
6 C 7 A 8 C 9 D 10 A
11 A 12 D 13 C 14 C

2L L

Answers
Extended-response questions 7 a b
3 60
1 0.1 km/s dT 100 − T −t
dx 8 a = b T = 100 − 80e 40
2 a i = −kx, k > 0 dt 40
dt
−t ln 2 −t
ii x = 100e 5760 = 100 · 2 5760 , t ≥ 0 c 62.2◦ C d T

b 6617 years
c x
100

13 review
100

20
0 t

W
9 a i t = 25 ln , W>0
0 t 350
t
dx 3k ii W = 350e 25
3 a = (8 − x)(4 − x)
dt 16
8−x
W
1
b t= ln
ln( 76 ) 8 − 2x
52
c 2 min 38 sec d kg
31
dT
4 a = k(T − T S ), k < 0
dt
b i 19.2 mins ii 42.2◦ C 350
1 kp − 1000
5 b t = ln , kp > 1000 0 t
k 5000k − 1000
c ii 0.22 iii 2586
1 b 0
d p = ekt (5000k − 1000) + 1000 9W
k c i t = 25 ln , 0 < W < 800
7(800 − W)
P t
5600e 25
ii W = t
9 + 7e 25
W

800
5000

O t

dN 350
6 a = 100 − kN, k > 0
dt
1 100 − 1000k 0 t
b t = ln c 0.16
k 100 − kN iii 681
1
d N = 100 − e−kt (100 − 1000k) 10 a ii x =
R
(1 − e−kt )
k k
N
b i x

1000
1000
100
k

0 t
0 t
100
e ii 4.46 hours
k

c i 13.86 hours after drip is disconnected b i 13 219 litres

⎧ −t 5
⎪
⎪
⎪ ii y
⎨1000 1 − e
⎪ 0 ≤ t ≤ 20 ln
20
5 4 y = −3000π [ln(1 − x) + x]
ii x = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
t
⎩250e− 20 (0.9, 13 219)
t > 20 ln
4 y = −3000π ln(1 − x)
Answers

x (0.9, 21 701)

200
0 x
0.9
(0.9, −8482)
y = −3000πx
100
c 0.0064 m/min
x2
14 a + y2 = 1
4
0 t
5
5 5
20 ln 4
20 ln 2 Chapter 14
p p2 +4
11 a A = −p Exercise 14A
2
dA p 2 p2 + 4 1 a −3 m b −2 m/s c v = 2 − 2t
b i = + −1
d p 2 p2 + 4 2 d −4 m/s e t = 1, x = 2 f 10 m
ii A g 2.5 m/s
2 a −3 m/s b 1, 3 c 12 m/s2
4
3 0,
3
4 a 42 m/s b 6s c 198 m
5 a v
p
O
iii 10.95 4
c i 0.315 sq. units/s ii 0.605 sq. units/s
iii 9.800 sq. units/s iv 15.800 sq. units/s
2 − 2 cos θ
t
12 b i 3, O 1 3 5
sin θ
3 1
c i M= ,
2 cos θ sin θ
9 1
ii 2
+ 2 =1
4x y
2 sin θ 6 b 8 13 m c 13 m
d i y= x+
3 cos θ 3 cos θ 6 a 32 m b 16 m/s
ii Z = (3(cos θ − sin θ), 2(cos θ + sin θ)) 7 a 60 m b 20 m c 30 m d 55 m
iii (2x + 3y)2 + (3y − 2x)2 = 144 70 165 49
e 44 m f m g m h m
dV 3000πh 3 2 2
13 a i =
dh 1−h 8 a −30 m/s 2
b 4, 6 c 4 m d 120 m
ii dV 3 1 1 2t + 3
(m /m) 9 x = t − ln
dh (0.9, 84 823) 6 4 3
3√3 π
10 − m
2 3
1 1
11 a 0 m/s b m/s c ln 10 m
2 2
1 1 − t2
h(m) d x = ln(1 + t2 ) e ẍ =
0 0.9
2 (1 + t2 )2
1
f 0.1 m/s2 g − m/s2
8

Answers
12 3 m/s2 5 a x = cos(2t) b a = −4x
13 a 12 960 km/h2 b 1 m/s 2
6 a v=√ ln(1 + t) b v2 = 2 ln(1 + x)
√
175 10( 7 − 1) c v = 2t + 1 − 1
14 a 3 m/s2 b m c s x
2 3 7 v2 =
15 −5 m/s2 2+x
16 a 12 m b 14 m/s c 2.5 s d 37 m 8 a 4 b 2 ln 2 − 1
17 a i 22.4 m ii 22.5 m 9 a 9.83 m b 1.01 s
b i 5s ii −28 m/s
10 20 Exercise 14D

14B → 14D
18 a s b 10 m c s
7 7 1 a 0.5 m b 1 s c π m/s
19 a 200√s b 2 km d 2π2 m/s2
10 10 √ 2π
20 a s b 14 10 m/s 2 a T= ; A=4
7 √ 5
21 a 4.37 s b −6 30 m/s b x = 4 cos(5t), ẋ = −20 sin(5t),
22 −0.64 m/s2 ẍ = −100 cos(5t)
1 2 1 4
23 a 4 s b m/s2 3 a m/s b m c m/s
2 3π 45π2 3π2
4 0.347 m; 5.9186 m/s
Exercise 14B
5 16 m
1 a 7m b 4m 6 x = 2 sin(2t + α), where the initial position
1 100 is x = 2 sin α
2 a x = ln(2e2t − 1) b − m/s2
2 2401
7 a 0.2 m b 0.5 s
3 a v = 3(et − 1) b a = 3et π
c x = 3(et − t − 1) 8 m/s2
g g 20
4 a v = (1 − e−kt ) b 9 96 cm/s
k k
π 3t π
5 a v = tan − 10 a 2 cm b 12 s c cm/s
3 10 3
π
10 π 3t 2
d cm/s2
b x= ln 2 cos − 18
3 3 10
−t 11 Four times: t = 4.18, 13.82, 40.18, 49.82
6 v = 450 1 − e 50 2π
4 2t 12 a s b 15 m/s c ẋ = −15 sin(3t)
3
7 v = 15 cos cos−1 + d x = 5 cos(3t)
5 5
2t 5π πt 5π2 πt
8 a x = 5e 5 b 273 m 13 a ẋ = − sin b ẍ = − cos
500 −t 6 12 72 12
9 a t = 50 ln b v = 500 1 − e 50 5π 5π2
500 − v c 24 s d cm/s e cm/s2
1 6 72
10 ln 2 14 a i t = 2.5 ii t = 0, t = 5
k
−t 5 25
11 v = 8e 5 ; 3.59 m/s iii None iv t = , t =
6 6
90 b t = 0, t = 5
12 a v = b 91.66 m
2t + 3 5 10 20
c i t= ii t = , t=
3 3 3
Exercise 14C 10
15 a x = 5 cos(3t) b x= sin(3t)
1 −2 m/s2 √ 3
2 a v = ±4 b t = − ln 2 c x=
5 10
sin(3t + α), where tan α = 3
c x = 2(1 − ln 2) 3
81 3 2 3
1
3 a v= 16 a v2 = 2 − x+ ; ẍ = −2 x +
x+1 4 2 √ 2
b i x = et − 1 ii a = et iii a = v √ 9 9 2
b i π 2 ii iii
−5 g + 0.2v2 5 g + 2000 2 2
4 x= ln ; xmax = ln
2 g + 2000 2 g

5π π π
14E → 14G

17 a ẋ = − sin t + ; Exercise 14F

4 4 3
5π2 π π 1 a 10 kg m/s b 0.009 kg m/s
ẍ = − cos t + c 8333 13 kg m/s d 60 kg m/s
16 4 3
π2 π2 e 41 666 23 kg m/s
b ẋ =
2
(25 − x ); ẍ = − x
2
2 a 10(i + j) kg m/s
16 16
5π √ b i 10(5i + 12 j) kg m/s ii 130 kg m/s
c i 8s ii 5 cm iii 3 cm/s
8 3 a −30 kg m/s b 40 kg m/s c 90 kg m/s
5π2 4 a 5g ≈ 49 N b 3000g ≈ 29 400 N
iv − cm/s2
32 c 0.06g ≈ 0.588 N
Answers

18 a x = 3 − 2 cos(2t); ẍ = 8 cos(2t) = −4(x − 3) 5 a 32 N b 12 m/s2

b i3 ii 2 iii π
6 a b7
π
4
√
19 a x = 1 + 2 sin 3t − 96
4 7 ≈ 8.73 kg 8 660 N
2π √ 1.2 + g
b T= ; A= 2 9 2.076 kg wt 10 5.4 × 10−14 N
3
2
20 a ẍ = −32(x − 1) √ 11 a = i + 5 j m/s2 12 a = i − j m/s2
5
π 2
b i x=1 ii 2 iii 13 a 2.78 kg wt b 3.35 kg wt
4
14 −34 722 29 N 15 F3 = 19.6i − j
Exercise 14E 16 113 N 17 5 N
√ 7
1 a i 5i + 5 j ii 5√2 ≈ 7.07 N; 45◦ 18 a = i + 2 j m/s2 19 663 N
2
b i −4i − 4 j 4 2 ≈ 5.66 N; 225◦
ii √
20 a 2 m/s2 b 20 m/s
c i −i − 5 j ii √26 ≈ 5.10 N; 258.7◦ 1
d i 3i + 10 j ii 109 ≈ 10.44 N; 73.3◦ 21 m/s
2
e i −4 j ii 4 N; 270◦ 22 42.517 s
f i 10i ii 10 N; 0◦
23 Pushing force = 62.5 N; Resistance = 25 N
2 R = (11i − 3 j) N
24 60 000 N; −0.1 m/s2
3 25.43
√ N
25 5 m/s
781 − 9
4 ≈ 9.5 N 26 a 200g ≈ 1960 N b 2060 N
2
5 F3 = −2i + k
Exercise 14G
6 386 N
7 a i 6.064i + 2.57 j ii 6.59 N; 22.98◦ 1 7.3 m/s2 ; 18.4◦
√
b i 19.41i + 7.44 j ii 20.79 N; 20.96◦ 2 a 3 m/s2 b 1.124 m/s2
c i 1.382i + 5.394 j ii 5.57 N; 75.63◦ 3 ◦
g cos 45 ≈ 6.93 m/s 2

d i 2.19i − 2.19 j ii 3.09 N; 315◦ 4 3.9 m/s2 ; 84.9 N

e i 18.13i ii 18.13 N; 0◦
5 29.223
√ N
f i −2.15i − 1.01 j ii 2.37 N; 205.28◦
3 3
9 a 5j b 5 N; 90◦ 6 a m/s2 b 181 N
4
10 a 11.28 N b 6.34 N c 0 N d −9.01 N g
7 a=− i
11 a 17.72 N b 14.88 N 2
11 −6 8 14.9 m, −10 m/s
12 a (2i − j) b (3i + 4 j)
5 25 9 6.76 m/s
13 a −1.97 N b 5.35 N c −0.48 N P
10 a = − kg cos θ − g sin θ
14 −3.20 N m
15 a 32.15 N b 33.23 N F
11 a a = (cos θ + k sin θ) − kg
16 a 4.55 N; 19.7◦ b 12.42 N; 63.5◦ M
F
17 15.46 N b a = (cos θ − k sin θ) − kg
M
18 a 6.93 N b 14 N
12 a 490 N b 1490 N
19 1.15 N √
13 8 + 4 3 ≈ 1.493 N
√
14 2g N
15 a 40.49 N b 1.22 m/s2

Answers
Exercise 14H 11 V − x
80g g m
1 a ≈ 87.1 N b ≈ 1.09 m/s2 b ct b
9 9 12 1 − e− m m/s; m/s
c c
10 ku2
2 a ≈ 0.91 m/s2 m
11 13 Max height = ln 1 + ;
50 2k mg
b S =T = ≈ 4.55 N mg
11 speed = u
3 a 16.8 N b 1.4 m/s2 ku2 + mg
4 a 2.92 b 25.71 N 4375
15 b
98 3

14H → 14 review
2 2
5 a m/s b 26 15 N 4375
15 c 1000 ln 2 + ≈ 2151.48
6 a 19.6 N b 4.9 m/s2 3
7 a 0.96 m/s2 b 39.4 N Chapter 14 review
8 2.67 kg
Technology-free questions
9 a 10 750 N b 9250 N
1 a After 3.5 seconds
10 5.28 kg b 2 m/s2
11 a 0.025 m/s2 b 10 000 N c 14.5 m
12 a
8g
≈ 15.7 N b 4g ≈ 39.2 N d When t = 2.5 s and the particle is 1.25 m to
5 the left of O
g
c ≈ 1.96 m/s2 2 x = 215 13 , v = 73
5
112 3 16 m
13 N −t −9
75 4 a 2s b v= √ , a= 3
14 a 4g − 10 ≈ 29.2 N b 6(g − 1) ≈ 52.8 N 9 − t2 (9 − t2 ) 2
15 a 16.296 N b 10.296 N c 3m d t=0
5 a i v = 35 − 3g up ii v = 5g − 35 down
Exercise 14I 352
b m
1 33 13 m/s; 250 m g
√ c −35 m/s
2 a x = 6t − 2 sin t b ±4 3 m/s
80 + 0.4g
1 6 a 80 + 0.4g m/s b s
c x = 2t2 − cos(2t) + 1 g
4
110 400 50 (80 + 0.4g) 2
2(80 − 0.4g)
3 m/s; − ln 3 m c m d s
9 3 3 2g g
t
t2 7 a v2 = 16 9 − (x + 1)2 ; ẍ = −16(x √ + 1)
4 x = + 16 sin − 4t √
2 4 9 9 2
1 b i π 2 ii iii
2 2
5 a ẋ = t − 2 sin t
2 8 a 885 N b 6785 N
t2 1 g 15g
b x = + 4 cos t − 4 9 a m/s2 b N
2 2 4 4
6 10 m/s 4 4t
10 a m/s2 b m/s
7 10 − ln 11 ≈ 7.6 m/s (t
+ 1) 2
t+1
c 4t − 4 ln(t + 1) m
8 a v = 4(1 − e−0.5t ) m/s
11 2000 N
b v g g
12 a m/s2 b Particle lowered with a ≥
4 6
13 4 m/s
v=4 14 a (i + 2 j) m/s2 √
b i (t + 1)(i + 2 j) m/s ii 5(t + 1) m/s
t2
c + t (i + 2 j) m
2
t
O d y = 2x, x ≥ 0
c Approx 112 m 10 000
15 204 16 m 16 2250 N 17
275 √ 3g
9 a 5.5 b − 10 ln 2 18 m(g + f ) N 19 100 2 m/s
6
um kt
10 e m − 1 metres
k

g √
14 review

20 a 9 kg wt b m/s2 110
9 d i t= ×
33 000
(m1 − m2 )g √ √
21 a Down with acceleration m/s2 −1 3 110 −1 v 110
m1 + m2 tan − tan
2m1 m2 g 11 1100
b N √
m1 + m 2 ii v = 10 110 ×
22 a Acceleration
m1 g
m/s2 3√110 √

m1 + m2 tan tan−1 − 300 110t ,
m1 m2 g 11
Answers

b N
m1 + m 2 √ 3√110
23 a Moves up plane with acceleration 110 tan−1
(m1 − m2 sin α)g 11
for 0 ≤ t ≤
m/s2 33 000
m1 + m 2
iii v (m/s)
m1 m2 g(1 + sin α)
b N
m1 + m2
3g 15g
24 a m/s2 b N 300
8 √ 4
15g 2
c N at 45◦ to the horizontal
4
4 6 0 t (s)
d s e s
3√110
3g 3g √110tan−1 11
√ √
g(5 3 − 3) 3g(10 + 5 3) 33000
25 a m/s2 b N iv 20 mm
13 13
Multiple-choice questions 4 a 2.8 N
1 A 2A 3E 4D 5C b 0.7m/s2
6A 7E 8D 9 E 10 B 20
c i s ii 5(21 − 2g) m/s
11 B 12 D 13 B 14 B 15 B 21 − 2g
d 0.357 metres
Extended-response questions
5 a i 4.85 m/s ii 0.49 s
1 a 30 minutes 1 1
b i v = 9.8t − t2 ii x = 4.9t2 − t3
b i a = −k sin(πt) + πt cos(πt) − 1 2 6
ii From 0 h to 0.18 h iii 0.50 s
c 845 c i x = 1.2 − 2.45t2 ii 6 cm
2 a i v = 4 − 10t − 3t2 ii a = −10 − 6t 6 a i 0.3g = 2.94 m/s2 ii 2.1g N
iii 0.36 iv t = 0 or t = 0.70 b 8.26875 m
v t = 2.92 7 a i 5.2 m/s2 ii 1.84 N
7 b 1.95 m
b i x = t2 − t3 + 2t ii s iii Yes
3 8 a i 6888 N ii 948 N
300(1 − 4510t) 1
3 a v= , 0≤t≤ b i 14 088 N ii 2148 N
12 300t + 1 4510
9 b ii 8.96
b v (m/s) 50g
10 a x = 25 ln
300 50g − v2
−x
b v = 50g 1 − e 25
c v

0 t (s)
1
4510 v = √50g
1
c i x = −110t + ln(12 300t + 1)
30
1 410 110 11 x
ii x = ln − + O
30 v + 110 v + 110 41
iii 19 mm

25 −0.1t

Answers
11 a e m/s2 Exercise 15B
2
b i 625(4 + e−0.1t ) ii 5(625 − v) 1 0.3446 2 0.0548
iii 3025 N iv 625(4 + e−3 ) ≈ 2531.12 N 3 0.3410 4 0.4466
5 0.0771 6 7 people
c P(N)
7 0.01267
3125 8 a 0.0019 b 0.0062
9 0.6554

2500 Exercise 15C

15A → 15F
Answers will vary
t (s)
O
Exercise 15D
1 a 0.0478
Chapter 15 b 0.0092
c Much smaller probability for the mean than
Exercise 15A for an individual
2 Mean 74, sd 4.6188
1 a C = 450 + 0.5X
b 3 Mean 25.025, sd 0.0013
C 950 1200 1450
Pr(C = c) 0.05 0.15 0.35 4 a 0.0912
b 0.0105
C 1700 1950 2450 c Much smaller probability for the mean than
Pr(C = c) 0.25 0.15 0.05 for an individual
c 0.05 5 a Answers will vary
2 a W = 2.5X − 5 b Mean = 1, sd = 0.002
1 6 0.0103 7 0.0089
b W −5 −2.5 0 2.5 c
8 8 0.0478 9 0.0014
1 3 3 1 10 0.0786 11 0.0127
Pr(W = w)
8 8 8 8
3 a 0.027 b 0.125 Exercise 15E
4 a 0.3827 b 0.2929 1 a 0.5 b 0.0288
5 a 0.5078 b1 2 0.0008
6 a E(Y) = 77, Var(Y) = 81 3 0.0228
b E(U) = −45, sd(U) = 6 4 a 0.7292 b 0.9998
c E(V) = −8.5, Var(V) = 2.25 5 0.0092
7 a E(X) = 0.4 b Var(X) = 0.2733 6 0.3921
c E(4X + 2) = 3.6, sd(4X + 2) = 2.0913
7 0.5041
8 a S3 4 5 6 7 8 0.8426
1 1 7 2 1 9 0.000 005
Pr(S = s)
6 9 18 9 9 10 a 0.7745 b 0.7997
2
b 5 c
3 Exercise 15F
1 1
9 a b 1 (6.84, 7.96) 2 (26.67, 38.67)
6 36 3 (14.51, 14.69)
10 0.45
4 a (24.75, 26.05) b (25.01, 25.79)
11 a E(X1 ) = 3 b Var(X1 ) = 2 c Larger sample size gives narrower interval
c E(X1 − X2 ) = 0 d Var(X1 − X2 ) = 4
5 (67.86, 74.34) 6 (127.23, 132.77)
12 a 39 b 16 c 36 d 16 e8 7 (2.82, 5.23) 8 (27.54, 31.46)
13 Mean 49 mins, sd 8.5446 mins 9 (22.82, 25.55) 10 (35.32, 43.68)
14 Mean 195 mL, sd 11.1803 mL 11 (3.14, 3.43) 12 97
15 Mean 4250 g, sd 20.6155 g 13 62 14 97
15 217

Chapter 16
15 review → 16 revision

16 a 217 b 865
c Increased by a factor of 4
Technology-free questions
17 90%: (30.77, 40.63); 95%: (29.82, 41.58);
99%: (27.97, 43.43) 1 a 6π b 6π2
18 d 9 e 0.3487 1 7
2 a ,− b 3x − 7y = −11
3 3
19 d 8 e 0.1074 5 5
20 (105.3, 134.7) 3 a −1 + −
4(x + 2) 4(x − 2)
21 (80.814, 84.386) 5 ln 3 − 4
b
22 (45 146, 48 302) 2
1
4 y = − ln(cos(2x))
Chapter 15 review 2
Technology-free questions 5 y = 2(1 + x2 )
√ √
25 2 2
1 a E(X̄) = 15, Var(X̄) = 6 −1, − ∪ ,1
2 2 2
25 dy
b E(X̄) = 15, Var(X̄) = 7 = − tan t, −1
Answers

3 dx
1 4 27
25 8 a sin(e2 ) − sin(1) b c ln
c E(X̄) = 15, Var(X̄) = 2 15 32
n
9 9 8πa5
2 a 0.45 b
14 1
7 10 ln(1 + u2 )
3 Mean 65, sd √ 2
10 5g 2
4 a 155 b 155 ± 19.6 11 ,
2 5
5
5 a 217 √ 12 10 000 ln + 2000
b Decrease margin of error by a factor of 2 6
6 a 57 b (0.95)60 13 a ẍ = −aω2 cos(ωt) − bω2 sin(ωt) = −ω2 x
b i π s ii 5 m iii 10 m/s
Multiple-choice questions
π
1C 2B 3C 4B 5C 14 (e2π − 1)
6A 7B 8 D 9 A 10 E 8
11 C 12 B 13 A 14 C 15 e−2
1 −x
Extended-response questions 16 a 10 ln 2 b f (x) = e 10 , x ≥ 0
10
1 a 0.3807 c E(X) = 10, Var(X) = 100
b a = 20.8, b = 99.2 17 a 440 N b 540 N
c i 0.2512 ii 0.2512 iii 0.2847 v−5 t
d c = 42.47, d = 77.53 18 a b v = 5 − 5e 10
10
2 μ = 7.37, σ = 1.72
5g
3 a i 0.8243 ii 0.9296 19 T =
2
b i (11.45, 13.55) ii (12.84, 14.17) √
20 v = −2 t + 1
iii (12.65, 13.78) iv 89 √
4 5
4 a 0.0062 b 0.000 088 21 N
c 0.000 032 d 0.0075 5
100 50 − 19g
5 a i A: (14.51, 16.09) 22 a N b m/s2
ii B: (11.07, 13.13) 19 38
iii Yes, industry A seems more satisﬁed 23 Mean 30 g, sd 0.3 g
√
b i 3.2 10
24 E(X̄) = 100, sd(X̄) =
ii 0.6602 2
iii (1.91, 4.49) 25 a (80.08, 87.92) b 3.92
iv On average, industry A workers score 26 a 27 b (0.9)30
from 1.9 to 4.5 points higher than
industry B workers

Answers
Multiple-choice questions 4 a ii 6.355 cm
1D 2 B 3D 4 B 5 A d 15.7
dV −3πa2
6 C 7A 8E 9 C 10 C e i dV = h
11 E 12 B 13 A 14 B 15 E dt dt 2T
16 A 17 A 18 A 19 D 20 B
21 B 22 C 23 C 24 D 25 B
O h
26 E 27 B 28 B 29 E 30 E
31 B 32 E 33 A 34 C 35 C
36 C 37 B 38 A 39 D 40 C 3
a, −3π a

16 revision
41 C 42 A 43 A 44 A 45 E 2T
46 D 47 E 48 A 49 A 50 C
51 C 52 C 53 B 54 C 55 D dh −3a2
ii dh =
56 A 57 B 58 C 59 A 60 A dt dt 2T (2a − h)
61 A 62 D 63 C 64 D 65 C
66 A 67 B 68 A 69 D 70 C
71 C 72 C 73 B 74 B 75 A O h
76 E 77 B 78 B 79 E 80 A 0, −3a
81 B 82 E 83 C 84 E 85 C 4T
86 D 87 C 88 A 89 C 90 D a, −3a
2T
Extended-response questions
1 a 1250π a 6a
f i − ii −
10π 5t T 7T
b ii iii h = − + 25 g −0.37
3 6
5t 2
5 5
iv V = 2π 25 − 5 a e− 6 ≈ 0.435 b e− 6 ≈ 0.435
6 1
c i V 6 a
5
(25, 1250π) 9 1
7 b c 2 t
25
9 +1
3
d t > 5.419
e p

h p=1
O

ii V

(0, 1250π)
(0, 0.1)
t
O

3
k2 p
8b
(30, 0) k
t 2
O 9 a y = x2
5
25h √ 3
2 e i
dv
=π + 100 b V = 40 10y 2
dh 3 √ c 252 mm √
dh −9 h dy 10y 2 10 3
ii = d = , t= y2
dt 625π2 (h + 12)2 dt 10y 3
f 65 days 19 hours e i 3 min 9 s ii 5 min 45 s
3 a 1180 π
10 a 8m b πs c s
b 129 000 6

20 100
16 revision

11 a vA = √ , vB = g 3g 2g
+ 10 17 a b N c d 0.904 s
2t + 1 t
t + 10 4 4 2
√
b xA = 20( 2t + 1 − 1), xB = 100 ln 18 a ii 10 m/s2 , 75t − 5t2
10 b 281.25 m
c x (m) c i 180 m
xA 19 μ = 1.001, σ = 0.012
xB 20 a k1 = 40.8, k2 = 119.2
b c1 = 71.2, c2 = 88.8
Answers

c (76.2, 93.8)
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions
t (s)
O 14 44 Simple familiar questions
d 14 s and 44 s 1
−t
1 a − (2x + 1)e−2x
2
12 a v = 50 − 50e 5 1 1
b 49.9963 b sin(3x) − x cos(3x)
9 3
c v 1√
c x arccos(2x) − 1 − 4x2
2
1
d x4 4 ln(3x) − 1
v = 50
4
(x + 1)ye x + 1
2 a b y= x+2
(x + 1)(2y − e x )
2
3 y = 0 or y = − 2
x +c
t
O 4 y = 1 + Ae− cos x
−t √ π 1
d i x = 50 t + 5e 5 −5 ii 125.2986 m 5 a −4 + 2 2 + √ b e2 5e4 − 1
2 4
Ne 2t
dy 6Ne2t c ln 2 − 1
13 a y = , = b N e + 1
3 + e2t dt (3 + e2t )2
6 b = ln
dy N 2
> 0 for all t π π π
c d
dt 2
7 a − x− cos x − + sin x − +c
e i dy 4 4 4
1 1
dt b (x + 1)2 ln(x + 1) − (x + 1)2 + c
2 4
2x
N, N 8 a sin−1 (2x) + √
2 2 1 − 4x2
1 √
b sin−1 (2x) + 1 − 4x2 + c
2
N, 3N 1
4 8 9 a (1, 1), (4, 2) b
6
10 a P = (t + 100)2 b 22.47 years
y t
O (N, 0) 11 a v = 100 1 − e− 10 b 100 m/s
ii At t =
1
ln 3 ≈ 0.549306 c 10 ln 10 ≈ 23.03 seconds
2 161 21
1 r 12 ,
14 a i y = 2r sin θ ii cos θ = 12 4
2 r+h 13 0.6841
dy 1 x 2
b i = r cos θ ; 14 a y = e x+1 b y=
dθ 2
1 2 − ex
r cos θ cos2 θ sin t 15 a y = −2x + 2, −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 b 12π
dy √
2 32 + 16 2
= 16 a
1
b
dt sin θ 3π 15
ii 6000 km iii 1500 km/h π2
16 a 2mg − mg sin α 17 a ẍ = − (x − 4), centre x = 4, A = 3
36 √
g 8 5 π 3
b i ii seconds b x(0) = , ẋ(0) = c t = 10
2 g 2 4

Answers
18 E(X̄) = 10, Var(X̄) = 2 5 μ = 600.00, σ = 4.00
19 a 0.159 b 0.013 6 a i (73.05, 79.06) ii (69.89, 74.89)
√
20 μ = 4, σ = 2 5 b (1.73, 5.60) c Yes
21 (3.403, 3.797)
22 601
23 0.47
Chapter 17
Complex familiar questions Technology-free questions
−−→ −−→
2gR2 1 a CA = 2(i + j + k), CB = √ 3(−i + j + √
k)
1 a i v2 = + u2 − 2gR

17 revision
x b 12(− j + k) c 6 2 d 12 2
√
2gR2 4 91
ii x = iii u ≥ 2gR 3
2gR − u2 9
b 40 320 km/h 3 1
4 r = − (2t − 115)i + (2t + 35) j + tk
4 √ 10 10
2 m/s
3 3 2
3 0.390 5
5

4 24 < n < 49 6 m ∈ R \ 23 , 2
5 a k1 = 144.2, k2 = 195.8 1
8
b c1 = 164.8, c2 = 175.2 22
6 1.833 degrees per second 9 a [0, 1] b [0, 4π]
7 σ = 0.86 1 1
c 2π d 1− √
8 0.223 2 2
e y = 4 + 2π − 8x
Complex unfamiliar questions 10 a 20 mins
4 dr dm 3m
1 a V = πr3 b 4πr2 = −t2 b =− , m(0) = 10
3 dt dt 20 − t
3 4000π − t (20 − t)3
3
c r= d 23.2 mins c m=
4π
√800
2 50 km/h d 20 − 8 5 mins
3 a i 9504 N ii 704 N 11 a y = 0
b 0.6742 s √ 1 1 √ 1 1
c About 10 people (852 kg) b −3 − 2 3, − √ , −3 + 2 3, + √
2 3 2 3
At π
4 a N= , where A > 0 c √ + ln 2
At + 1 3
t t √
b i N= ii N = 12 a i 19 + 9i ii −7 − 3i
t+1 t+3 11 1
c i N
iii − − i iv 1.48 + 0.8i
8 4
N=1
b i (ab − 1) + (a + b)i
a+1
ii b =
a−1
(1, 0.5) iii b

t
O

ii N

N=1 a
−1 0
−1

(1, 0.25)
t
O

13 a P e, , Q(1, 0) b 29 a (1 + 2e3 ) b−
e 2 9 √ √ 9

14 a y = − ln e + e−1 − e x c −3 3 + 3 + 3 3π

b −∞, ln(e + e−1 ) 30 Normal distribution with mean 45 and sd 0.5
√
x 31 μ = 10, σ = 5 5
c y= − ln(e + e−1 − 1)
e + e−1 − 1
π √π √π Multiple-choice questions
15 a y = 2 tan x2 + b − , 1A 2B 3A 4B 5 A 6 D
4 2 2
√ 7 E 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 C 12 D
Answers

x 3 1
c y=− +2 3+ 13 A 14 D 15 D 16 B 17 D 18 E
8 π 16
19 A 20 C 21 D 22 A 23 A 24 B
1 1 2
16 a − b + ln 3 25 C 26 E 27 C 28 E 29 D 30 E
(1 − x)2 1 − x 3
a2 31 C 32 A 33 A 34 B 35 A 36 B
17 b π + a + ln(a − 1) − 4 Extended-response questions
2
1 1 a r = 2i + j + 2k + t( j − k)
18 a ± √ (i − j) b r · (i + 2 j + 2k) = 9 d 1.43
2
−−→ e 2i − 3 j + 2k; 61.9◦
b m + n = 1; √ OP = mi + (1 − m) j
3± 3 2 b (−2, 4, 3) c −x + 2y + z = 13
c m= 4 7 29
6 d , ,
2 3 3 3
19 a − b −4 e r = −2i + 4 j + 3k + t(2i − j + 4k)
9
20 a a = 1, b = 1 b c = 3, d = 2 3 a r = 2i + j + 4k + t(2i + 3 j) b (0, −2, 4)
√
69 c 21.85◦ d (0, −2, 7)
21 4 a f (x) = ln(x) − 2 b A(e3 , 0)
2
22 m = −3 c y = x − e3 d 2:1
1 dy (b2 − a2 ) cos x
23 5 a i = ii 1, −1
11 dx (b + a sin x)2
1
24 a ẍ = −4(x − 2) b i 0,
b i π s ii 1 m iii 2 m/s 2
π 3√2 −5π −π 7π 11π
25 a z = 3 cis = (1 + i) ii ,0 , ,0 , ,0 , ,0
4 2 6 6 6 6
π π π 3π
z2 = 9 cis = 9i iii − , −1 , , 1 , , −1
2 2 2 2
3π 3√2 iv y 1 + 2 sin x
π, 1 y=
iz = 3 cis = (−1 + i) 2 2 + sin x
4 2
b Im(z) −π, 1 1 2π, 1
2 2
π2
9 z2 −
6
0 7π 11π x
−5π
6 6 6

3π , −1
− π , −1
2 2
iz z √
v 2π(3 − 3)
0
Re(z) π
−4 −2 2 4 6 a r = 2, a = b [−2, 2] c (0, 1)
3
26 a m = 3, n = 5 b 1 + 3i, 2 − i 5π 11π π 7π
d ,0 , ,0 e ,
27 b (z − 1 − i)(z − 1 + i)(z + 1 − 2i)(z + 1 + 2i) 6 6 12 12
√
1 ln(21 + 12 3) √ π
28 a 2(x − 4)e x b x2 2 ln(2x) − 1 f g (10π + 3 3)
4 4 6
1 1
c x tan(3x) + ln cos(3x) 7 a i cos(πx) − πx sin(πx)
3 9 1 x
1 ii 2 sin(πx) − cos(πx)
d − x2 + x tan x + ln(cos x) π π
2

1 √ x

Answers
b i p=π e x 9 − x2 + 9 arcsin
2 3
c y √36 − a2 a √
f 18 arcsin − 36 − a2
(1, π) 6 2
g 18π
h 144π
12 a y2 = 16x2 (1 − x2 )(1 − 2x2 )2
dx dy dy 4 cos(4t)
0 1
x b = cos t, = 4 cos(4t), =
dt dt dx cos t
(2π + 15)π
2
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π
e k=2

17 revision
d c i , , , , , , ,
6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
f 1.066 g 0.572 √ √ √
ii − 12 2 − 2, − 12 2 + 2, 12 2 − 2,
8 a i 3g − T = 3b, T − 2g = 4b √
g 18g
1
2+ 2
ii b = , T =
2
√ √
7 7 iii − 12 2 − 2, 1 , − 12 2 − 2, −1 ,
b i 3 − 0.1t kg 1 √ 1 √
− 2 2 + 2, 1 , − 2 2 + 2, −1 ,
ii (3 − 0.1t)g − T 1 = (3 − 0.1t)a 1 √ √
2 − 2, 1 , 12 2 − 2, −1 ,
(1 − 0.1t)g 1
2
√ √
iii T 1 − 2g = 4a iv a = 2 + 2, 1 , 12 2 + 2, −1
7 − 0.1t
dv (1 − 0.1t)g 7 − 0.1t 2
dy
c = , v = gt + 60g ln iv = ±4 when x = 0;
dt 7 − 0.1t 7 dx
d 18.999 s dy √ 1
= ±4 2 when x = ± √
e 93.188 m dx 2
√
9 a i 24 √3 √ 16 √ 64π
d ( 2 + 1) e
ii −2 3, 3 + 3i 15 63
b 64x 2
(25 − x 2
)
13 a y2 =
√3 + 3i
25
14
b i ±8 ii ±
−2√3
√ √5
π 2 π 2
c i i ii
12 12
√3 − 3i 800 325 6400π
d e f
√ 3 16 3
c ii 3 ±√6i
14 a 0.0808
(x − 3)2 y2
iii + =1 b k1 = 45.2, k2 = 64.8
27 36
√ c i 0.0008 ii 0.0289 iii 0.2028
10 a m = 3 d c1 = 51.90, c2 = 58.10
−−→ −−→
b i OC = −OA b b
8 1 4 15 a E(X) = , sd(X) = √
c ii 2i − j + 2k, i − j + k 2 12
3 3 3 b b
3 √ √ b E(X̄) = , sd(X̄) = √
d √ (2 + 3)i + (−1 +√ 3) j 2 12n
18 − 2 3 + (2 − 3)k c (2.4 − 0.067b, 2.4 + 0.067b)
√
3 1 13 3 d 4.23 < b < 5.54 with 90% conﬁdence
e t= ,k= ,= x
4 2 12 16 a √ + arcsin(x), (0, 0) local minimum
f Particle lies outside the circle 1 − x2
x2 (y + a)2 (Note: It is easy to see f (x) ≥ 0 for all x,
11 a i + =1
9√ 36 as x and arcsin(x) have the same sign for
36 − a2 all x, and f (x) = 0 if and only if x = 0.)
ii ± √ 3
x2 1 − x2 + 2(1 − x2 ) 2
√2 b =
b f (x) = 2 9 − x2 − a √ (x2 − 1)2
√ x2 1 − x2 (2 − x2 )
c 9 − x2 − √ ≥ 0 for all x ∈ (−1, 1)
9 − x2 (x2 − 1)2
d i A=9 c f (x) ≥ 0 for all x, as x and arcsin(x) have
the same sign for all x

3 1
17 revision

d x = 0 and x = 1 7 a 9x = 2y2 + 7y + 5 b y= x+
5 5
√3
e y
1, π
1.5
2 9 a cos−1 − ≈ 106.78◦ b (−2, −2, 1)
6
1.0 √5
0.5 10 a (4, −1) b cos−1 ≈ 63.43◦
√ 5
x
−1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0 c t2 − 2t + 5 d 2
−0.5
10
−1.0 11
Answers

9
−1.5
12 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
−1, −π 3π 2π
2 √
3π 13 a i 2 2 cis − ii 4 cis −
−1 4 3
f √ 7π
8
x 2 2 2
iii 8 2 cis
17 a y2 = x − 1 b 1, , 1, − √ 12
√ 3 3 3 b −4 − (2 3 + 2)i
8 3 3π ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
c d ⎢⎢⎢⎢2 −5 7⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ x⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 4 14 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢3 1 −12⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ y⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢−8⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
3 1 ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
18 a x = sin(2t), y = − cos(2t) 5 2 −4 z 3 1
4 2 x
5 2 + x
16x2
+ 4y = 1
2 15 a 5 sin−1 +c b ln +c
4 2 − x
2
b c tan(2t) 2
9 3
5 x
1 3 c tan−1 +c
d y = − sec(2t), x = cosec(2t) 2 2
2 4
3 3 1
e |cosec(4t)|, minimum area = when 16 a − 4x + 9 ln |9 − 4x| + c
8 8 16
3π π π 3π 1 1√
t = ...,− , − , , ,... b − ln |9 − 4x2 | + c c − 9 − 4x2 + c
8 8 8 8 8 4
3 3 x
f x = sin(2t), y = cos(2t) 17 a ln(x + 2) + b 6 ln 2 − 2
4 4 x+2
(inﬁnitely many possible answers) 18 0.023
5π 19 (113.71, 117.49)
g
16 20 a 0.4866 b 0.8606 c 0.2835
Degree-of-difficulty classified questions Complex familiar questions
Simple familiar questions 11 + t 1 + 3t
π 1 a x= , y= , z=t
1 2 + − tan−1 (2) 4 4
2 b r = 3i + j + k + t(i + 3 j + 4k)
5π 3π 17π 7π 4y − 1
3 a , , , c 4x − 11 = =z
12 4 12 4 3
b y √ π √ 3π
2 a Polar form: 6 cis ± , 6 cis ± ;
√ 4
4
3 Cartesian form: 3 ±1 ± i
1+ 3 √ √
b (z2 + 2 3z + 6)(z2 − 2 3z + 6)
c Im(z)

x 6
O π 5π 7π 3π 13π 17π 19π 7π 2π 3(−1 + i) 3(1 + i)
12 12 12 4 12 12 12 4
−1

4 a k = −3 or k = 2 Re(z)
1 k −3 − 6 0 6
b c (1, 1)
(k + 3)(k − 2) −2 k + 1
d Parallel lines 3(1 − i)
3(−1 − i)
2
5a− b Decreasing by 5 units per second − 6
5

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢⎢⎢29.6⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢96.11⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢99.04⎥⎥⎥

Answers
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ Complex unfamiliar questions
⎢⎢⎢14.4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢55.97⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢57.67⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ x − y − 1 d2 y
⎢⎢⎢14.4⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢48.88⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢50.37⎥⎥⎥ 2 a
dy
= =
4
a P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥, P = ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ,
3
⎢⎢⎢21.6⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
40 ⎢⎢⎢42.69⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥, P41 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢43.99⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ dx x − y + 1 dx2 (x − y + 1)3
⎥⎥ ⎢
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ 3 1
⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎣ 6.4⎥⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎢33.15⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢34.16⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b x= , y=−
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 4
0.0 19.30 19.89 1
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ c
⎢⎢⎢715⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢735.9⎥⎥⎥ 2
⎢⎢⎢⎢416⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢429.0⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
⎥
⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 3 a dom = (−1, 1), ran = R
⎢⎢⎢363⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢374.4⎥⎥⎥
⎥⎥ π
c P0 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥, P1 = ⎢⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎢317⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢326.7⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b (0, 0), t = 0; (1, 1), t = ;

17 revision
⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥ 4
⎢⎢⎢
⎢⎢⎣247⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎢⎢253.6⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ (−1, −1), t = −
π
⎣ ⎦ 4
144 148.2
1 √ √
1 π c i y = (4x − 3) ii y = −4x + 3 3
4 A=− 2 , B=− 2 3
⎡
π +1
⎤
π +1 5√3 √3
⎢⎢⎢⎢0 0 1 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥ d ,
⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 1 1⎥⎥⎥ 8 2
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ e 1 − ln 2
5 a ⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢0 1 0 1 1⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥ b R, Q, P = T , S
⎢⎢⎢⎢1 0 0 0 0⎥⎥⎥⎥ 4 a
dP
= k(P − 0.5P0 )
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ dt
1 0 0 1 0 6 t
π b P = 500 1 +
6 (8 ln 2 − 5) 5
2 c 144 goats
7 a E(X) = 12, sd(X) ≈ 2.176 d 6.03 years
b E(X̄) = 12, sd(X̄) ≈ 0.397
5 a 0.0678
c 0.022
5 −50 104 b 0.5
8 a i 10 dv ii 25 ln seconds c i (2.991, 3.009)
v(1 + v2 ) 101 ii Machine A, since the conﬁdence interval
−1 −1
b ii x = 50(tan (10) − tan v) iv 74 m contains the mean for machine A but not
1 10 + v 10(e2t − 1) machine B
9 a t = ln b v= √
2 10 − v e2t + 1 6 a rA (t) = 30 3t i + 30t − 12 gt2 j
1 3
c ln seconds rB (t) = 100 − 50t cos β i
2 2
+ 50t sin β − 12 gt2 j
d v 3
v = 10 b β = sin−1 ≈ 36.87◦
5
c 1.09 seconds
d (56.50, 26.83)

t
O

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CSMQLD SpecMath34 19answers

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CSMQLD SpecMath34 19answers

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Answers

9 a −3 11 b b dom = [−2, 0], ran = [0, π]

c Vmax = 24.69 when a = 0.67, θ = 48.19

d (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16 x

(x − 4)2 (y − 1)2 (x − 1)2 (y + 2)2

c + = 1, centre (4, 1) h + = 1, centre (1, −2)

(y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2

(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2 (x − 2)2 (y − 1)2

2√3 √3 −2√3 −√3 x2 y2

1 x2 + y2 = 4, dom = [−2, 2], ran = [−2, 2]

⎢⎢⎢⎢6⎥⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 0⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢−14⎥⎥⎥ ⎢⎢⎢ 4⎥⎥⎥ v 5i + 2 j + 3k vi 5i + 2 j

+ 2(−b · d + b · e − d · e) b i (λ − 0.5)i + (λ − 1) j + (λ − 0.5)k

dom = R; ran = [−1, 1] dom = [0, 1]

h 3y = 2x − 6; dom = [3, ∞); ran = [0, ∞)

3 a Position vector i + 4 j; Coordinates

iii Particle starts at (1, 2) and moves along

9 Lines 1 and 2 do not intersect 10 a (5, −1, −1) b 25.7◦

x = 4 + 2λ, y = 3 − λ, z = λ for λ ∈ R Chapter 6 review

⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ −1 ⎢⎢⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎥⎥ 5 a

c i − = 1, dom = R, ran = [12, ∞) Exercise 8C

7 a 3 m/s b r(t) = sin(2t) i + 2 j + 2k d 4π radians per second

d |v|2 = −16 cos4 t + 20 cos2 t, d (0, 0), ,

11 a Im(z) Chapter 9 review

20 The real axis, i.e. { z : Im(z) = 0 }

Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 6 a x2 + y2 = 9; circle with centre (0, 0) and

Im(z) 10 a (3, 0), (0, 4), (−3, 0), (0, −4)

Exercise 11G c ln (x + 4)|x − 1|13 + arctan −

16 Area = 6 ln 2 square units b Area = 2 12 square units

c Area = 2 16 square units

Exercise 12D 22 2π(4 − π) cubic units

f 36π cubic units

0, 1 (−2, e2) (2, e2)

3 a y= b y = 1 − e−x Exercise 13E

1 23 a i $10 609.00 ii $10 613.64

Exercise 13F c P = 1000 P

c i 13.86 hours after drip is disconnected b i 13 219 litres

17 a ẋ = − sin t + ; Exercise 14F

18 a x = 3 − 2 cos(2t); ẍ = 8 cos(2t) = −4(x − 3) 5 a 32 N b 12 m/s2

d i 2.19i − 2.19 j ii 3.09 N; 315◦ 4 3.9 m/s2 ; 84.9 N

2500 Exercise 15C

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