Study Material 12th Physics 2023-24
Study Material 12th Physics 2023-24
Study Material 12th Physics 2023-24
2023-24
INDEX
Senior Secondary stage of school education is a stage of transition from general education
to discipline-based focus on curriculum. The present updated syllabus keeps in view the
rigor and depth of disciplinary approach as well as the comprehension level of learners. Due
care has also been taken that the syllabus is comparable to the international standards. Salient
features of the syllabus include:
➢ Emphasis on basic conceptual understanding of the content.
➢ Emphasis on use of SI units, symbols, nomenclature of physical quantities and
formulations as per international standards.
➢ Providing logical sequencing of units of the subject matter and proper placement of
concepts with their linkage for better learning.
➢ Reducing the curriculum load by eliminating overlapping of concepts/content within
the discipline and other disciplines.
➢ Promotion of process-skills, problem-solving abilities and applications of Physics
concepts.
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, nuclear force
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear
fission, nuclear fusion.
1. Charge- Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences
electric and magnetic effect.
2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow the passage of electricity
through them are called conductors, e.g. metals, the earth and those substances which offer high
resistance to the passage of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon.
3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity.
4. Additivity of Charges- Charges are scalars and they add up like real numbers. It means if a system
consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn.
5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is always conserved, i.e. initial and
final charge of the system will be same.
6. Quantisation of Charge - Charges exists in discrete amount rather than continuous value and
hence, quantised.
Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne
where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical quantity exists in discrete packets
rather than in continuous amount, the quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised.
7. Units of Charge
(i) SI unit coulomb (C)
(ii) CGS system
(a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C)
(b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb)
1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C
8. Coulomb’s Law It states that the electrostatic force of interaction or repulsion acting between two
stationary point charges is given by
15. Electric Field Lines Electric field lines are a way of pictorially
mapping the electric field around a configuration of charge(s). These lines
start on positive charge and end on negative charge. The tangent on these
lines at any point gives the direction of field at that point.
16. Electric field lines due to positive and negative charge and their combinations are shown as below:
17. Electric Dipole Two-point charges of same magnitude and opposite nature separated by a small distance
altogether form an electric dipole.
19. Electric Field due to a Dipole Electric field of an electric dipole is the space around the dipole in which
the electric effect of the dipole can be experienced.
21. Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field (E) is given by
24. Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric field when angle between p and E is 0° and in unstable
equilibrium when angle θ= 180°.
25. Net force on electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field is zero.
26. There exists a net force and torque on electric dipole when placed in non-uniform electric field.
27. Work done in rotating the electric dipole from θ1 to θ2 is W = pE (cos θ1 – cos θ2)
28. Potential energy of electric dipole when it rotates from θ1 = 90° to θ2 =0
U = pE (cos 90° – cos θ) = -pE cos θ = – p .E
36. Electric field due to spherical shell of surface charge density o and radius R:
𝟏 𝒒
E= 𝟒𝝅∈ for r>R (outside the shell)
𝑶 𝒓𝟐
Here, q = 4𝜋𝑅 2 𝛔
37. Electric field due to a solid sphere of volume charge density ρ and radius R:
𝟏 𝒒
E= for r>R (outside the sphere)
𝟒𝝅∈𝑶 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒒𝒓
E= 𝟒𝝅∈ 𝟑 for r<R (inside the sphere)
𝑶 𝑹
𝟏 𝒒
E= 𝟒𝝅∈ 𝟐
’ for r=R (at the surface)
𝑶 𝑹
4𝜋
Here, q = 𝑅3ρ
3
Q. 1 When a polythene piece is rubbed with wool, it acquires negative charge. Is there a transfer of
mass from wool to polythene?
Ans. The polythene piece acquires negative charge due to transfer of electrons from wool to it. Since
electrons are material particles, there is a transfer of mass from wool to polythene.
Q. 2 A glass rod, when rubbed with silk cloth, acquires a charge 1.6 x 10-8 coulomb. What is the
charge on the silk cloth?
Ans. Silk cloth will also acquire a charge 1.6 x 10-8 C. However, it will be negative in nature.
Q. 3 How does the mass of a body changes after charging?
Ans. When a body is charged, either electrons get removed (becomes positively charged) or get added
(Becomes negatively charged) to it. Since electron is a material particle, the mass of a body decreases
on getting positively charged and increases on getting negatively charged.
Q. 4 Ordinary rubber is an insulator. But the special rubber tyres of aircrafts are made slightly
conducting. Why is this necessary?
Ans. During landing, the tyres of a space-craft get charged due to friction between the tyres and the
ground. In case, the tyres are slightly conducting, the charge developed on the tyres will not stay on
them and it will find its way (leak) to the earth.
Q. 5. ‘Automobile ignition failure occurs in damp weather.’ Explain, why.
Ans. The insulating porcelain of the spark plugs accumulates a film of dirt. The surface dirt is
hygroscopic and picks up moisture from the air. Therefore, in humid weather, the insulating porcelain
of the plugs becomes quasi-conductor. This allows an appreciable proportion of the spark to leak
across the surface of the plug instead of discharging across the gap.
Q. 6 A bird perches on a bare high-powerline and nothing happens to the bird. A man standing on the
ground touches the same line and gets a fatal shock. Why?
Ans. When a bird is perched on a bare high-power line, the circuit does not get completed between
the bird and the earth. Therefore, nothing happens to the bird. When a man standing on ground
touches the same line, the circuit between the man and the earth gets completed. As a result, he gets a
fatal shock.
Q.7 Can a charged body attract another uncharged body? Explain.
Or
Why does a charged glass rod attract a piece of paper?
Ans. Yes, a charged body can attract another uncharged body. It is because, when the charged body is
placed in front of an uncharged body, the induced charges of opposite kind are produced on the
uncharged body. Due to this, the charged body attracts the uncharged body.
Q. 8 The test charge used to measure electric field at a point should be vanishingly small. Why?
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
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1 Two-point charges + Q and + q is separated by a certain distance. If + Q > + q then in between 1
the charges the electric field is zero at a point
(a) closer to + Q (b) exactly at the mid-point of line segment joining + Q and + q.
(c) closer to + q (d) nowhere on the line segment joining + Q and + q.
2 Assertion: A metallic shield in form of a hollow shell may be built to block an electric field. 1
Reason: In a hollow spherical shield, the electric field inside it is zero at every point.
a- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
c- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
d- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 Electric lines of force about a negative point charge are 1
(a) circular anticlockwise (b) circular clockwise
(c) radial, inwards (d) radial, outwards
4 The electric field at a point on equatorial line of a dipole and direction of the dipole moment 1
(a) will be parallel (b) will be in opposite direction
(c) will be perpendicular (d) are not related
5 Two identical metallic spheres of exactly equal masses are taken. One is given a positive charge 2
‘q’ and other an equal negative charge. Are their masses after charging equal?
6 An electric dipole free to move is placed in an electric field. What is the action on it, when it is 2
placed in (a) a uniform electric field (b) a non-uniform electric field?
7 Derive a relation for the intensity of electric field at an equatorial point of an electric dipole. 3
Case study-based questions (questions no 8- 10) 4
In a uniform electric field of strength E, the net electric force is
zero; but a torque equal to pE sin θ acts on the dipole (where θ is
the angle between directions of dipole moment p and electric field
E). This torque tends to align the dipole along the direction of
electric field. Torque in vector form 𝜏 = 𝑝 𝑥 𝐸⃗
8. When is the torque applied is maximum? 1
9. What is the direction of torque applied 1
10. What is net force and net when an electric dipole is placed in uniform electric field? 2
OR
10. What is net force and net when an electric dipole is placed in non-uniform electric field? 2
11 (a) A point charge (+Q) is kept in the vicinity of uncharged conducting plate. 5
Sketch electric field lines between the charge and the plate.
(b) Two infinitely large plane thin parallel sheets having surface charge
densities σ1 and σ2 (σ1> σ2) are shown in the figure. Write the magnitudes
and directions of the net fields in the regions marked II and III.
Here, 𝑟𝐴 and 𝑟𝐵 are distances of points A and B from the source charge q.
Unit. Its unit in SI is volt (V)
1 volt (V) = 1 joule coulomb! (J C1)
2. Electric potential. The electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined as the amount of work done
per unit positive test charge in moving the test charge from infinity to that point against the electrostatic force
due to the field.
Mathematically - If W is work done in moving a small positive test charge from infinity to point A in the
electrostatic field of charge q, then potential at point A,
𝑊𝐴𝐵 1 𝑞
V= =
𝑞𝑂 4𝜋∈𝑂 𝑟
4. Potential gradient. The rate of change of potential with distance at a point is called potential gradient at that
point.
The electric field at a point is equal to the negative potential gradient at that point.
𝑑𝑉
Mathematically - E= -
𝑑𝑟
Unit. Its unit in SI is volt /metre (V/m).
5. Equipotential surface. The surface at every point of which, the electric potential is same, is called
equipotential surface.
Two equipotential surfaces can never intersect each other.
6. Electrostatic potential energy of a system of charges. It is defined as the work done to put the charges
constituting the system at their respective locations after having been removed to infinity.
Mathematically- A. Potential energy of the system of two charges q1 and q2
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
U =
4𝜋∈𝑂 𝑟
Unit. Its unit in SI is joule (J) or electron volt (eV). 1 eV =1.6 x 10-19 J
7. Potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
1. If the electric dipole is rotated from initial orientation making angle 6, with the electric field to the final
orientation making angle 𝝑 , with the field, then
U = pE (cos𝝑𝟐 — cos𝝑𝟏 )
2. If the electric dipole is rotated from its initial orientation perpendicular to the field to the final orientation so
as to make an angle 𝝑 with the field, then ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
U = -pEcos 𝝑 = - 𝒑 .𝑬
8. Behaviour of a charged conductor
A. Charges reside only at the surface of the charged conductor.
B. The electric potential is constant at the surface and inside the conductor.
C. The electric field is zero inside the conductor and just outside it, the electric field is normal to the surface.
9. Electrical capacitance. The ability of a conductor to store charge is called its electrical capacitance.
𝑞
Mathematically- C = 𝑉
Unit. Its unit in SI is farad (F).
1 farad (F) = 1 coulomb /volt (C/ V)
Capacitance of a spherical conductor. C = 4𝜋 ∈𝑂 r , r is radius (in metre) of the spherical conductor.
10. Capacitor. It is an arrangement for storing a very large amount of charge.
11. Principle. The capacitance of a conductor gets increased greatly, when an earth connected conductor is
placed near it.
∈𝑂 𝐴
12. Parallel plate capacitor C= 𝑑
(when air is between the plates)
𝐾 ∈𝑂 𝐴
C= 𝑑
(when dielectric is between the plates)
Here, A is area of each plate and d is separation between the two plates.
13. Energy stored in a capacitor. Work done in charging a capacitor gets stored in the capacitor in the form
of its electrostatic potential energy.
1 1 1 𝑄2
Mathematically: U = 𝐶𝑉 2 = qV = =
2 2 2 𝐶
14. Dielectric constant. The ratio of the strength of the applied electric field to the strength of reduced value
of electric field
on inserting the dielectric slab between the plates of a capacitor is called the dielectric constant of the slab.
15. Dielectric strength. The maximum value of electric field (or potential gradient) that can be applied to the
dielectric without its electric breakdown is called dielectric strength of the dielectric.
Unit. Its unit in V/m (same as that of electric field).
16. Effect of dielectric slab on the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor.
1. When a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K and thickness t (t < d) is introduced between the plates, then
∈𝑂 𝐴
C= 𝑡
𝑑−𝑡(1− )
𝐾
∈𝑂 𝐴
2. When a conducting slab of thickness t (f < d) is introduced, then C= 𝑡
𝑑(1− )
𝐾
Q.5 Draw the equipotential surfaces corresponding to a uniform electric field in the z-direction
Ans- The equipotential surfaces are the equidistant planes normal to the z-axis, i.e., planes parallel to
the X–Y plane.
Q.6 Why do the equipotential surfaces due to a uniform electric field not intersect each other?
Ans. This is because at the point of intersection there will be two values of electric potential, which is not
possible.
Q.7 Why is there no work done in moving a charge from one point to another on an equipotential
surface?
Ans. The potential difference between any two points of equipotential surface is zero.
𝑊
We have 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = =0⇒ 𝑊 =0
𝑞
Q.10 (a) A parallel plate capacitor (C1) having charge Q is connected, to an identical uncharged capacitor
C2 in series. What would be the charge accumulated on the capacitor C2?
(b) Three identical capacitors each of capacitance 3 µF are connected, in turn, in series and in parallel
combination to the common source of V volt. Find out the ratio of the energies stored in two
configurations.
Ans-
Q.11 A hollow metal sphere of radius 5 cm is charged such that the potential on its surface is 10 V. What
is the potential at the centre of the sphere?
Ans. Potential at centre of sphere = 10 V. Potential at all points inside the hollow metal sphere (or any
surface) is always equal to the potential at its surface.
Q.13 Find the equivalent capacitance of the network shown in the figure, when each capacitor is of 1 µF.
When the ends X and Y are connected to a 6 V battery, find out (i) the charge and (ii) the energy stored
in the network.
Ans-
Q.15 The two graphs are drawn below, show the variations of
electrostatic potential (V) with 1/r (r being the distance of field point from
the point charge) for two-point charges q1 and q2.
(i) What are the signs of the two charges?
(ii) Which of the two charges has the larger magnitude and why?
Ans-
(i)The potential due to positive charge is positive and due to negative
charge, it is negative, so, q1 is positive and q2 is negative.
1 𝑞
(ii) V =
4𝜋∈𝑂 𝑟
𝑞
The graph between V and 1/r is a straight line passing through the origin with slope .
4𝜋∈𝑂
As the magnitude of slope of the line due to charge q2 is greater than that due to q1, q2 has larger
magnitude.
Q.16 Two identical capacitors of 12 pF each are connected in series across a 50 V battery. Calculate the
electrostatic energy stored in the combination. If these were connected in parallel across the same
battery, find out the value of the energy stored in this combination.
Ans-
Q. 18 A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery, which is then disconnected. A dielectric slab is
then inserted in the space between the plates. Explain what changes, if any, occur in the values of
Q.19 A parallel plate is charged by a battery. When the battery remains connected, a dielectric slab is
inserted in the space between the plates. Explain what changes if any, occur in the values of
(i) potential difference between the plates
(ii) electric field strength between the plates
(iii) capacitance
(iv) charge on the plates
(v) energy stored in the capacitor
Ans- (i) When battery remains connected, the potential difference remains the same.
𝑽
(ii) As electric field, E =𝒅 , V = constant and d = constant;
therefore, electric field strength remains the same.
(iii) The capacitance of capacitor increases as K > 1.
(iv) The charge Q = CV, V = same, C = increases; therefore, charge on plates increases.
1
(v) Energy stored by capacitor U = 2 𝐶𝑉 2 , also increases.
Q.20 Two parallel plate capacitors X and Y have the same area of plates and same separation between
them. X has air between the plates while Y contains a dielectric medium K = 4.
(i) Calculate the capacitance of each capacitor if equivalent capacitance of the
combination is 4 µF.
(ii) Calculate the potential difference between the plates of X and Y.
(iii) Estimate the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X and Y.
Ans-
Ans-
Q.23 Two identical parallel plate (air) capacitors C1 and C2 have capacitances C each. The space
between their plates is now filled with dielectrics as shown. If the two capacitors still have equal
capacitance, obtain the relation between dielectric constants K, K1 and K2.
Ans-
Q. 25 You are given an air-filled parallel plate capacitor C1. The space between its plates is now filled
with slabs of dielectric constants K1 and K2 as shown in C2. Find the capacitances of the capacitor C2. if
area of the plates is A and distance between the plates is d.
Ans-
2 Assertion: When two conductors charged to different potentials are connected to each other, the 1
negative charge always flows from lower potential to higher potential.
Reason: In the charging process, there is always a flow of electrons only.
e- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
f- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
g- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
h- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 A capacitor is charged by a battery. The battery is removed and another identical uncharged 1
capacitor is connected in parallel. The total electrostatic energy of resulting system
(a) increases by a factor of 4.
(b) decreases by a factor of 2.
(c) remains the same.
(d) increases by a factor of 2.
4 A parallel plate air capacitor is charged to a potential difference of V volts. After disconnecting 1
the charging battery, the distance between the plates of the capacitor is increased using an
insulating handle. As a result, the potential difference between the plates
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) does not change
(d) becomes zero
5 Can electrostatic potential at a point be zero, while electric field at that point is not zero? 2
6 If a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor after the battery is 2
disconnected. How do the following quantities change?
(i) Charge
(ii) Potential difference
(iii) Capacitance
(iv) Energy.
Conductivity. The reciprocal of the resistivity of the material of a conductor is called its conductivity. Thus,
1
σ=
𝜌
Unit. The SI unit of conductivity is ohm/ metre (Ω/m) or siemen /metre (S/m). ohm-1 metre-1 is also
written as mho metre’.
Drift velocity. It is the velocity with which a free electron in the conductor gets drifted under the influence of
the applied external electric field.
𝒆𝑬 𝑰
Mathematically - 𝒗𝒅 = 𝒎
𝝉 = 𝒏𝒆𝑨
Here, 𝜏 t is average relaxation time and n is number of free electrons per unit volume in the conductor. The
other symbols have their usual meanings.
Temperature coefficient of resistance. It is defined as the change in resistance per unit resistance per degree
rise in temperature.
If resistance increases linearly up to temperature θ, then temperature coefficient,
𝑅𝑡 − 𝑅𝑂
α=
𝑅𝑂 𝜃
Unit. The unit of temperature coefficient is °C-1.
Q.1 How does the mobility of electrons in a conductor change, if the potential difference applied
across the conductor is doubled, keeping the length and temperature of the conductor constant?
Ans-
Mobility is defined as the magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field.
𝑣 𝑒𝐸𝜏 𝑒𝜏
µ = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝑚𝐸 = 𝑚
µ𝛼𝜏
1
At constant temperature and length, there is no change in relaxation time i.e., t ∝ 𝑇 .
Also it does not depend on potential difference.
Hence, on changing the potential difference, there is no change in mobility of electrons.
Q.2 Plot a graph showing variation of current versus voltage for the material GaAs
Ans- The variation of electric current with applied voltage for GaAs is as shown
Q.4 Nichrome and copper wires of same length and same radius are connected in series. Current I is
passed through them. Which wire gets heated up more? Justify your answer
Ans-
Q.5 Why are alloys used for making standard resistance coils?
Ans. Alloys have
(i)low value of temperature coefficient and the resistance of the alloy does not vary much with rise in
temperature.
(ii) high resistivity, so even a smaller length of the material is sufficient to design high standard resistance.
Q.6 Define the terms (i) drift velocity, (ii) relaxation time.
Ans. (i) Drift Velocity: The average velocity acquired by the free electrons of a conductor in a direction
opposite to the externally applied electric field is called drift velocity. The drift velocity will remain the
same with lattice ions/atoms.
(ii) Relaxation Time: The average time of free travel of free electrons between two successive collisions is
called the relaxation time.
Q.8 Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across a
battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons
in the two wires.
Ans-
Q.9 A conductor of length ‘l’ is connected to a dc source of potential ‘V’. If the length of the conductor is
tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping ‘V’ constant, how will (i) drift speed of electrons and (ii)
resistance of the conductor be affected? Justify your answer.
Ans-
Q.10 A potential difference V is applied across the ends of copper wire of length l and diameter D. What is
the effect on drift velocity of electrons if (i) V is halved? (ii) l is doubled? (iii) D is halved?
Ans-
Q. 12 Find the magnitude and direction of current in 1Ω resistor in the given circuit
Ans-
Q.13 Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure so that the current in the circuit
is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points B and E?
Ans
Q.15 Calculate the steady current through the 2 Ω resistor in the circuit shown below
Ans- In steady state there is no current in capacitor branch, so equivalent circuit is shown in fig. Net resistance of
circuit,
Q.17 State Kirchhoff’s rules. Use these rules to write the expressions for the currents I1, I2 and I3 in the circuit
diagram shown.
Ans-
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
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1 The relaxation time in conductors 1
(a) increases with the increases of temperature
(b) decreases with the increases of temperature
(c) it does not depend on temperature
(d) all of sudden changes at 400 K
18. Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter A galvanometer may be converted into voltmeter by
connecting high resistance (R) in series with the coil of galvanometer. If V volt is the range of voltmeter
𝑉
formed, then series resistance is given by R = 𝐼 - G
𝑔
Q.30 A galvanometer has a resistance of 60 Ω and a full-scale deflection is produced by 1.0 mA.
How will you convert it in to
(a) an ammeter to read 1A (full scale) and
(b) voltmeter to read 3 V (full scale)?
Ans- Here G = 60 Ω , I= 1A , V= 3V, Ig 1.0mA
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
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1 The strength of magnetic field at the centre of circular coil is 1
2 Assertion (A): The coils of a spring come close to each other, when current is passed through it. 1
Reason (R): It is because, the coils of a spring carry current in the same direction and hence
attract each other.
m- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
n- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
o- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
p- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 What is the net force on the rectangular coil? 1
(a) 25 × 10-7 N towards wire.
(b) 25 × 10-7 N away from wire.
(c) 35 × 10-7 N towards wire.
(d) 35 × 10-7 N away from wire.
4 A positive charge enters in a magnetic field and travels parallel to but opposite the field. If 1
experiences
(a) an upward force.
(b) a downward force.
(c) an accelerated force.
(d) no force.
5 An α–particle and a proton are moving in the plane of paper in a region where there is a uniform 2
magnetic field B " directed normal to the plane of the paper. If the particles have equal linear
momenta, what would be the ratio of the radii of their trajectories in the field?
6 State two reasons why a galvanometer cannot be used as such to measure current in a given 2
circuit.
7 Write any two important points of similarities and differences each between Coulomb’s law for 3
the electrostatic field and Biot-Savart’s law for the magnetic field.
Case study-based questions (questions no 8- 10) Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter 4
A galvanometer may be converted into ammeter by using very small resistance in parallel with
the galvanometer coil. The small resistance connected in parallel is called a shunt. If G is
resistance of galvanometer, Ig is current in galvanometer for full scale deflection, then for
𝑰𝒈
conversion of galvanometer into ammeter of range I ampere, the shunt is given by S = 𝑰 −𝑰 G
𝒈
8. What is a shunt? 1
9. Can we increase or decrease the range of an ammeter? 1
10. What is the net resistance of an ammeter? 2
OR
Magnetic dipole. An arrangement of two unlike poles of equal strength and separated by a small distance ts called
magnetic dipole.
In SI, the unit of magnetic pole strength is ampere metre (A m).
The distance between the two magnetic poles is called the magnetic length of the magnetic dipole. It is denoted
by 2 | , a vector from south to north pole of the magnetic dipole.
Magnetic dipole moment. The product of the pole strength of the either magnetic pole and the magnetic
⃗⃗
length of the magnetic dipole is called its magnetic dipole moment. It is denoted by 𝑀
⃗⃗⃗ )
⃗⃗ =m (2𝑙
Mathematically - 𝑀
Here, m is pole strength of the magnetic dipole. The SI unit of magnetic dipole moment is ampere/metre2 (A
m2).
Current loop and magnetic dipole. A current loop of area A carrying current I behave as a magnetic dipole
having magnetic dipole moment,
M=IA
Torque on a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field. When a
magnetic dipole of magnetic dipole moment M is
placed in a uniform magnetic field of strength B_- making an
angle 4 with the direction of magnetic field, it
experiences a torque, which is given by
|𝝉 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑿 ⃗𝑩
⃗ | = |𝑴 ⃗ | = MB sinθ
Potential energy stored in a magnetic dipole on rotating
inside a magnetic field.
The work done in rotating a magnetic dipole against the torque acting on it, when placed in magnetic field is
stored inside the magnetic dipole in the form of its potential energy.
When the magnetic dipole is rotated from its initial position θ1, to the final position θ2, then the potential
energy stored is given by
U=MB (cosθ2 - cosθ1)
Magnetic intensity. It is defined as the ratio of magnetic induction in vacuum to the absolute magnetic
permeability of free space. It is given by
𝐵𝑂
H=
𝜇𝑂
Examples:
Diamagnetic materials: Bi, Cu, Pb, Si, water, NaCl, Nitrogen (at STP)
Paramagnetic materials: Al, Na, Ca, Oxygen (at STP), Copper chloride
Ferromagnetic materials: Fe, Ni, Co, Alnico
Q.25 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 JT–1 lies aligned with the direction of a uniform
magnetic field of 0.22 T.
(a) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet so as to align its
magnetic moment
(i) normal to the field direction? and
(ii) opposite to the field direction?
(b) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii)?
Ans-
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
N rks
1 Magnetism in substances is caused by 1
(a) orbital motion of electrons only
(b) spin motion of electrons only
(c) due to spin and orbital motions of electrons both
(d) hidden magnets
2 Assertion (A): 1
Reason (R):
q- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
r- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
s- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
t- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 A uniform magnetic field exists in space in the plane of paper and is initially directed from left to 1
right. When a bar of soft iron is placed in the field parallel to it, the lines of force passing through
it will be represented by
Q.10 Two loops of different shapes are moved in the region of a uniform magnetic field pointing
downward. The loops are moved in the directions shown by arrows. What is the direction of induced
current in each loop?
Ans- Loop abc is entering the magnetic field, so magnetic flux linked with it begins to increase.
According to Lenz’s law, the current induced opposes the increases in magnetic flux, so current
induced will be anticlockwise which tends to
decrease the magnetic field.
Loop defg is leaving the magnetic field; so flux
linked with it tends to decrease, the induced
current will be clockwise to produce magnetic
field downward to oppose the decrease in
magnetic flux.
Q.11 A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field region to a
field free region with a constant velocity. In which loop do you expect the induced emf to be a
constant during the passage out of the field region? The field is normal to the loop.
Ans- In rectangular coil the induced emf will remain constant because in this the case rate of change
of area in the magnetic field region remains constant, while in circular coil the rate of change of area
in the magnetic field region is not constant.
Q.12 Predict the polarity of the capacitor C connected to coil, which is situated between two bar
magnets moving as shown in figure.
Q.19 How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when
(i) distance between the coils is increased and
(ii) number of turns in the coils is increased?
Ans- (i) Mutual inductance decreases.
(ii) Mutual inductance increases.
Q.20 Two identical loops, one of copper and the other of aluminium, are rotated with the same
angular speed in the same magnetic field. Compare
(i) the induced emf and
(ii) the current produced in the two coils. Justify your answer.
𝑑∅ 𝑑
Ans- (i) Induced emf, e= − 𝑑𝑡 = –𝑑𝑡 (BA cos ωt )
= BA ω sin ωt ,
As B, A, ω are same for both loops, so induced emf is same in both loops.
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒𝐴
(ii) Current induced, I= = 𝜌𝑙 = ,As area A, length l and emf e are same for both loops but
𝑅 ⁄𝐴 𝜌𝑙
resistivity ρ is less for copper, therefore current I induced is larger in copper loop.
KVS ZIET CHANDIGARH 73
KVS ZIET CHANDIGARH 74
REVISION PAPER UNIT- VI–ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 05 marks.
S. Question m
ks
N.
1 Two coils are placed closed to each other. The mutual inductance of the pair of coils depends upon 1
(a) the rate at which currents are changing in the two coils.
(b) relative position and orientation of two coils.
(c) the material of the wires of the coils.
(d) the currents in the two coils.
2 Assertion (A): Induced emf will always occur whenever there is change in magnetic flux. 1
Reason (R): Current always induces whenever there is change in magnetic flux.
u- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
v- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
w- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
x- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 The current flows from A to B is as shown in the figure. The direction of the induced current in the 1
loop is
(a) clockwise.
(b) anticlockwise.
(c) straight line.
(d) no induced e.m.f. produced.
5 State Lenz’s Law. A metallic rod held horizontally along east-west direction, is allowed to fall under gravity. 2
Will there be an emf induced at its ends? Justify your answer.
6 A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The 2
field is directed perpendicular to the plane of the conductor. When the arm MN of
length of 20 cm is moved towards left with a velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate the emf
induced in the arm. Given the resistance of the arm to be 5 Ω (assuming that other
arms are of negligible resistance), find the value of the current in the arm.
7 Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy. 3
Case study-based questions (questions no 8- 10) 4
When a thick piece of a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field the
magnetic flux linked with the conductor changes, so currents are induced in
the body of conductor, which causes heating of conductor. The currents
induced in the conductor are called the eddy currents. In varying magnetic
field, the free electrons of conductor experience Lorentz force and traverse
closed paths; which are equivalent to small current loops. These currents are
the eddy currents; they cause heating effect and sometimes the conductor
becomes red-hot.
Eddy current losses may be reduced by using laminated soft iron cores in galvanometers, transformers,
etc., and making holes in the core. Few of the application of eddy currents is in induction furnace,
induction motor and many more.
1. Alternating Current
Alternating current is the one which changes in magnitude continuously
and in direction periodically.
The maximum value of current is called current-amplitude or peak value
of current.
It is expressed as I = IO sin ωt
Similarly alternating voltage (or emf) is V = VO sin ωt
2. Mean and RMS Value of Alternating Currents
Q.10 (i) Find the value of the phase difference between the current and the voltage in the series LCR circuit
shown below. Which one leads in phase: current or voltage?
(ii) Without making any other change, find the value of the additional capacitor, C1, to be connected in parallel
with the capacitor C, in order to make the power factor of the circuit unity.
Ans-
Q.11 The primary coil of an ideal step-up transformer has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also 100. The
input voltage and power are 220 V and 1100 W respectively.
Calculate
(a) the number of turns in the secondary coil.
(b) the current in the primary coil.
(c) the voltage across the secondary coil.
KVS ZIET CHANDIGARH 80
(d) the current in the secondary coil.
(e) the power in the secondary coil.
Ans-
Q.12 The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source.
(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Calculate the impedance of the circuit and amplitude of current at resonance.
(c) Show that potential drop across LC combination is zero at resonating frequency
Ans-
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
N rks
1 In a pure inductive circuit, the current 1
(a) lags behind the applied emf by an angle 𝜋
(b) lags behind the applied emf by an angle 𝜋 / 2
(c) leads the applied emf by an angle 𝜋 / 2
(d) and applied emf are in same phase
2 Assertion (A): The resistance offered by an inductor in a d.c. circuit is always constant. 1
Reason (R): The resistance of an inductor in steady state is zero.
y- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
z- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
aa- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
bb- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 The potential differences across the resistance, capacitance and inductance are 80 V, 40 V and 100 V 1
respectively in an L-C-R circuit, the power factor for this circuit is
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.75 (d) 1.0
4 Electrical energy is transmitted over large distances at high alternating voltages. Which of the following 1
statements incorrect?
(a) For a given power level, there is a lower current.
(b) Lower current implies less power loss.
(c) Transmission lines can be made thinner.
(d) It is easy to reduce the voltage at the receiving end using step-down transformers.
5 Define power factor. State the conditions under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum. 2
6 In a series LCR circuit with an ac source of effective voltage 50 V, frequency ν =50/π Hz, R = 300 W, 2
C = 20 µF and L = 1.0 H. Find the rms current in the circuit.
7 An electric lamp connected in series with a capacitor and an ac source is glowing with 3
of certain brightness. How does the brightness of the lamp change on reducing the
(i) capacitance and
(ii) frequency?
1. Conduction current is the current, which arises due to flow of electrons through the connecting wires in an electric
circuit.
2. Displacement current is the current, which arises due to time rate of change of electric flux (p,) in some part
of the electric circuit.
𝒅∅𝑩
Mathematically- 𝑰𝑫 = ∈𝒐
𝒅𝒕
3. When a capacitor is charged or a charged capacitor is allowed to discharge, the electric flux between the
plates of the capacitor changes with time and it gives rise to displacement current between the plates.
4. The conduction and displacement currents are entirely different from each other. However, displacement
current produces magnetic field in the same manner, as the conduction current does.
5. The displacement current is always equal to the conduction current.
6. Modified Ampere circuital law states that the line integral of magnetic field B over a closed path is equal to
𝜇𝑜 , times the sum of the conduction current (I) and the displacement current (I,) threading the closed path.
𝑑∅
Mathematically- ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 (𝐼𝐶 + 𝜖𝑜 𝐵)
𝑑𝑡
It is also known as Ampere-Maxwell’s circuital law.
7. Following four equations, which describe the laws of electromagnetism, are called Maxwell’s equations
𝑞
⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
(i) ∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 (Gauss’s law in electrostatics)
∈𝑜
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii) ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑆 =0 (Gauss’s law in magnetism)
𝑑∅𝐵
(iii) ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = - 𝑑𝑡
(Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction)
(iv) ∮ 𝐸 ⃗⃗
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐼 (Ampere-Maxwell’s circuital law)
8. Maxwell’s equations are mathematical formulation of Gauss’ law in electrostatics, Gauss’ law in
magnetism, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and Ampere’s circuital law.
9. The electric (E) and magnetic fields (B) varying sinusoidally in space and time and propagating through
space, such that the two fields are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of
propagation, constitute electromagnetic waves.
10. The direction of propagation of an electromagnetic wave is given by the cross product of electric field and
magnetic field vectors
11. The electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
1
12. The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space is given by c = = 3 x 108 m/s
√𝜇𝑜 ∈𝑜
𝟏
In a material medium, velocity of electromagnetic waves is given by v =
√𝝁 ∈
13. The ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic fields is constant and it is equal to velocity of the
electromagnetic waves in free space.
𝑬𝑶
Mathematically- =c
𝑩𝑶
14. The energy in electromagnetic waves is divided equally between the electric and magnetic field vectors.
4 An electromagnetic wave going through vacuum is described by E= EO sin (kx -𝜔𝑡 ) and B =BO sin (kx -𝜔𝑡 ) 1
Which of the following equations is true?
(a) EOk = BO𝜔 (b) BOk = EO𝜔 (c) EOBO =𝜔𝑘 (d) None of these
5 When a plane electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along y-direction. Write the 2
(i) ratio of the magnitudes and
(ii) the direction of its electric and magnetic field vectors.
6 Depict the fields diagram of an electromagnetic wave propagating along positive X-axis with its electric 2
field along Y-axis.
7 Find the wavelength of electromagnetic wave of frequency 5X1010 Hz in free space. 3
Give its two applications.
Case study-based questions (questions no 8- 10) X-RAY 4
X-ray is a type of radiation known as electromagnetic waves. It helps in creating pictures of the inside of
human body. These images show the different parts of the body in various shades of black and white. It
is due to the difference in amount of absorption by various tissues in the body. As calcium in bones
absorbs most of the X-rays, so bones look white in colour. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less and
depicts grey colour.
8. To which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does a wave of frequency 2 1018 ´ Hz belong? 1
9. What is the range of wavelength for X-rays? 1
10. How are the X-rays produced? 2
OR
10. Mention any two use of X-rays. 2
11 Name the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum which is 5
(i) suitable for RADAR systems in aircraft navigations. 1
(ii) used to treat muscular strain. 1
(iii) used as a diagnostic tool in medicine. 1
Write in brief, how these waves can be produced? 2
Reflection of Light
Reflection. When light travelling in a medium strikes a reflecting surface, it goes back into the same
medium obeying certain
laws. This phenomenon is known as reflection of light.
Laws of reflection. 1. The incident ray, the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence
and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r).
Spherical mirror. The portion of a reflecting surface, which forms part of a sphere, is called a
spherical mirror.
Concave spherical mirror. A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is towards the centre of the
sphere, of which the mirror forms a part is called concave spherical mirror.
Convex spherical mirror. A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is away from the centre of
the sphere of which the mirror forms a part is called convex spherical mirror.
Relation between f and R: f =R/2
According to new cartesian sign conventions, both f and R, are taken as negative for a concave mirror
and positive for a convex mirror.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Mirror formula + =
𝐯 𝐮 𝐟
where u and v denote the object and image distances from the pole of the mirror.
According to new cartesian sign conventions, the distances of the real objects and real images (both
lie in front of the mirror) are taken as negative, while those of virtual objects and virtual images (both
lie behind the mirror) are taken as positive.
Linear magnification. The ratio of the size of the image (formed by the mirror) to the size of the
object is called linear magnification produced by the mirror.
𝑰 𝒗 𝒇 𝒇−𝒗
Mathematically- m = = − = =
𝑶 𝒖 𝒇−𝒖 𝒇
According to new cartesian sign conventions, when the image formed is real (inverted), the
magnification produced by the mirror is negative and when the image formed is virtual (erect), the
magnification produced by the mirror is positive.
Spherical aberration. The inability of a spherical mirror of large aperture to bring all the rays in a
wide beam of light falling on it to focus at a single point is called spherical aberration.
2. Refraction of Light
Refraction. The phenomenon of change in the path of light as it goes from one medium to another is
called refraction.
Laws of refraction.
KVS ZIET CHANDIGARH 95
1. The incident ray, the normal to the refracting surface at the point of incidence and the refracted ray
all lie in the same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for
any two- given media. It is called Snell's law.
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊
Mathematically- = 𝝁𝒂𝒃
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓
Absolute retractive index (𝝁). 1 he absolute refractive index of a medium is defined as the ratio of
the velocity of light in vacuum (c) to the velocity of light in that medium (v).
Real and apparent depth. When an object is placed in an optically denser medium, the apparent
depth of the
object is always less than its real depth.
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
Mathematically-: 1. = 𝝁𝒂𝒃
𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉
𝟏
2. Normal shift d= t (𝟏 − )
𝝁𝒂
𝒃
Total internal reflection. The phenomenon of reflection of light that takes place when a ray of light
travelling in a denser medium gets incident at the interface of the two media at an angle greater than
the critical angle for that pair of media.
𝟏
Mathematically 𝝁𝒂𝒃 =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪
𝝁𝒂𝒃 is refractive index of the denser medium £ w.r.t. the rarer medium a and C is the critical angle.
Spherical refracting surface. The portion of a refracting medium, whose curved surface forms the
part of a sphere, is called spherical refracting surface.
When object is situated in the rarer medium, the relation is as follows
𝝁𝟏 𝝅𝟐 𝝁𝟐 −𝝁𝟏
- + =
𝒖 𝒗 𝑹
When the object is situated in denser medium, the relation is as follows
𝝁𝟐 𝝁𝟏 𝝁𝟏 −𝝁𝟐
- + =
𝒖 𝒗 𝑹
𝝁𝟐 −𝝁𝟏
Power of spherical refracting surface: P= 𝑹
Here, R is measured in metre.
Lens maker's formula. The relation connecting the focal length of the lens with the radii of
curvature of its two surfaces and the refractive index of the material of the lens is called lens maker's
formula.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Mathematically- = (𝝁 − 𝟏) (𝑹 − )
𝒇 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
The focal length of a convex lens is taken as positive, while that of concave lens is taken as
negative.
Lens formula/equation. The relation between the focal length, the object and image distances is
called lens equation.
Power of a lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens in metre.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Mathematically P = 𝒇 = (𝝁 − 𝟏) (𝑹 − )
𝟏 𝑹𝟐
Two thin lenses placed in contact. When two lenses of focal lengths 𝑓1 and 𝑓2 are placed in contact,
the focal
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
length of the combination is given by = +
𝐟 𝐟𝟏 𝐟𝟐
position)
4, 𝜹 =A (𝝁 -1) (when angle of prism is small)
Dispersion. The phenomenon of splitting up of white light into its constituent colours is called
dispersion.
Spectrum. The band of seven colours obtained on the screen is called spectrum.
Pure spectrum. A spectrum, in which the constituent colours have sharp boundaries and are distinctly
visible, is called the pure spectrum.
Chromatic aberration. The inability of a lens to bring the light of different colours to focus at a
single point is called chromatic aberration.
Astronomical telescope. It is a two-lens system and is used to observe distant heavenly objects. It is
called refracting type astronomical telescope.
Normal adjustment. When the final image is formed at
infinity, the telescope is said to be in normal adjustment.
𝒇𝒐
M=- 𝒇𝒆
Q. 1 How can you distinguish between a plane mirror, a concave mirror and convex mirror just by
looking at them?
Or
Is it possible to find whether a mirror is plane, concave or convex, from the nature of the image of an
object formed by the mirrors?
Or
How can one ascertain without touching, whether a given mirror is plane, concave or convex?
Ans. Yes, it is possible to distinguish between the three types of the mirrors from the nature of the
image of
an object formed by them as explained ahead Hold the mirrors one by one close to the face. If the
image of the face is virtual (erect) and diminished, the mirror is convex; if the image is virtual and
magnified, the mirror is concave and if the image is virtual and of the same size, the mirror is a plane
one.
Q. 2 Why convex mirror 1S used as drivers mirror? What is its drawback?
Or
Why convex mirror is used as driver's mirror? Is it a perfect driver's mirror?
Or
Why convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror?
Ans. The convex mirror is used as a driver's mirror as it gives a wide field of view of the traffic.
However, it does not give the correct idea of the speed of the vehicles coming behind. As the convex
mirror gives an erroneous idea of the traffic, it is not a perfect driver's mirror.
Q.3 Why are mirrors used in search lights parabolic and not concave spherical?
Ans. A search light is used to provide an intense parallel beam of light. If a concave mirror of large
aperture is used for this purpose by placing a light source at its focus, then it does not reflect all the
rays falling on it in the form of a parallel beam due to spherical aberration. A concave mirror can
reflect only those rays in the form of a parallel beam, which travel near its principal axis. However, a
parabolic mirror is free from spherical aberration and it is made use of in search lights.
Q. 4. A concave mirror of small aperture forms a sharper image. Why?
Ans. The rays of light travelling parallel to the principal axis after reflection from a concave mirror
meet at a single point only, if the beam of light is narrow or if the mirror is of small aperture. In case,
a wide beam of light falls on a concave mirror of large aperture, the rays after reflection from the
mirror do not come to focus at a single point. Therefore, it follows that if the aperture of the concave
mirror is small, the image formed will be sharper.
Q.5 The image of an object formed by a lens on the screen is not in sharp focus. Suggest a method to get
Q.16 How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is
replaced by red light?
Ans. The refractive index of glass for red light is less than that for violet light. It follows that the
angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism will decrease, if the incident violet light is replaced by
red light.
Q.17 What is meant by dispersion of light?
Ans. The splitting of white light into its constituent colours on passing through a prism is called
dispersion of light.
Q. 18 (a) Name the factors on which the deviation produced in the path of a ray of light by a prism
depends.
(b) What are the features, when a prism is placed in minimum deviation position.
Ans.(a) It depends on angle of prism, material of prism and the angle of incidence.
(b) (i) The prism lies symmetrically w.r.t. incident ray and the emergent ray i.e. the angle of incidence
is equal to the angle of emergence. Asa result, the angle of refraction at the first face is equal to that at
the second face.
Q. 23 A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm is placed 50 cm from a wall. How far from the wall
an object be placed to form its real image on the wall?
Ans-. Fig. shows a concave mirror placed at a distance of 50 cm from the wall. Suppose that the
object AB is placed at a distance x from the wall, to form its image A’ B’ on the wall.
Since the image is formed on the same side of the
object,
v = -50cm
Also, f=-20cm (concave mirror)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
From the mirror formula, we have + =
𝐯 𝐮 𝐟
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
= - = −𝟐𝟎 - = − 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐮 𝐟 𝐯 −𝟓𝟎
Q.27 A double convex lens is made of a glass of refractive index 1.55, with both faces of the same radius of
curvature. Find the radius of curvature required, if the focal length is 20 cm.
Ans. Given, f = 20 cm and n = 1.55
Let the radius of the curvature of each of two surfaces of the lens be R.
If R1 = R, then R2 = – R
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝝁 − 𝟏) (𝑹 − )
𝒇 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟏) (𝑹 − )
𝟐𝟎 −𝑹
𝟏 𝟎.𝟓𝟓
= , R = 22cm
𝟐𝟎 𝟐𝑹
Q.28 What is the focal length of a combination of a convex lens of focal length 30 cm and a concave lens of
focal length 20 cm in contact? Is the system a converging or a diverging lens? Ignore thickness of lenses.
Ans. Given f1 = + 30 cm, f2 = – 20 cm
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
The focal length (F) of combination of given by = +
𝑭 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐
𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐 𝟑𝟎 𝒙−𝟐𝟎
F=𝒇 = = -60cm
𝟏 +𝒇𝟐 𝟑𝟎+(−𝟐𝟎)
That is, the focal length of combination is 60 cm and it acts like a diverging lens.
Q.29 A small telescope has an objective lens of focal length 144 cm and an eye piece of focal length 6.0 cm.
What is the magnifying power of the telescope? What is the separation between the objective and the eye-
piece?
Ans. Given fO = 144 cm, fe = 6.0 cm
𝑓𝑂 𝟏𝟒𝟒
Magnifying power of telescope, M = - =- = -24
𝑓𝑒 𝟔
Negative sign shows that the final image is real and inverted.
Separation between objective and eye-piece L = fO + fe = 144 + 6 = 150 cm
Q.30 In the following diagram, an object ‘O’ is placed 15 cm in front of a convex lens L1 of focal length 20
cm and the final image is formed at ‘I’ at a distance of 80 cm from the second lens L2. Find the focal length
of the L2.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− =
𝟖𝟎 −𝟖𝟎 𝒙
𝟏 𝟐
=
𝒙 𝟖𝟎
x = 40 cm
Hence, focal length of lens L2 is 40 cm
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. No. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a
case study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question M
N ar
ks
1 A student measures the focal length of a convex lens by putting an object pin at a distance 'u' 1
from the lens and measuring the distance 'v' of the image pin. The graph between 'u' and 'v'
plotted by the student should look like
2 Assertion (A): Refractive index of glass with respect to air is different for red light and violet 1
light.
Reason (R): Refractive index of a pair of media does not depends on the wavelength of light
used.
gg- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
hh- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
ii- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
jj- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 A biconcave lens of power P vertically splits into two identical plano-concave parts. The power 1
of each part will be
(a) 2P (b) P/2 (c) P (d) P/√2
4 A prism has refractive angle 60°. When a light ray is incident at 50°, then minimum deviation is 1
obtained. What is the value of minimum deviation?
(a) 40° (b) 45° (c) 50° (d) 60°
5 An object is kept in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. The image formed is real and 2
three times the size of the object. Calculate the distance of the object from the mirror.
6 A ray of light passing from air through an equilateral glass prism undergoes minimum deviation 2
when the angle of incidence is 3/4 of the angle of prism. Calculate the speed of light in the prism.
A prism is a portion of a transparent medium bounded by two plane faces inclined to each
other at a suitable angle. A ray of light suffers two refractions on passing through a prism and
hence deviates through a certain angle from its original path. The angle of deviation of a
prism is, 𝜹 = (𝝁 — 1) A, through which a ray deviates on passing through a thin prism of
small refracting angle A.
𝜹 +𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝒎 )
𝟐
If u is refractive index of the material of the prism, then prism formula is, 𝝁 = 𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐
Huygens’ Principle
Wavefront. The locus of the points in the medium, which at any instant are vibrating in the same phase, is
called wavefront.
Ray of light is the line drawn perpendicular to the wavefront.
Huygens’ principle.
1. Each point on a given (or primary) wavefront acts as a source of secondary wavelets, sending
out disturbance in all directions in a similar manner as the original source of light does.
2. The new position of the wavefront at any instant (called secondary wavefront) is the envelope of the
secondary wavelets at that instant.
It is also called Huygens’ construction and it is used to find the new position of the wavefront at a later time.
Interference of Light
Interference. The phenomenon of non-uniform distribution of energy in the medium due to superposition of
two light waves is called interference of light.
Coherent sources. Two sources are said to be coherent, if they emit light waves of same wavelength (or
frequency) and of a stable phase difference.
Young’s double slit experiment. consider that two coherent sources are separated by a distance d so as to
produce interference fringes on a screen held at a distance D from the plane of the slits. When the slits are
illuminated with a monochromatic light of wavelength4, then alternate dark and bright fringes are formed on
the two sides of the central bright fringe. Let be the phase difference and x, the path difference between the
two light waves reaching a point P on the screen.
1. Condition for maximum intensity at point P-
Phase difference, ∆∅ =2n𝜋
or path difference, x = nλ, where n = 0,1, 2.........
2. Condition for minimum intensity at point P-
Phase difference, ∆∅ = (2n+1)𝜋
or path difference, x = (2n+1)λ/2, where n = 0, 1,2 .......
3. Ratio of the maximum and minimum intensity-
𝐈 𝐦𝐚𝐱 (𝐚𝟏 +𝐚𝟐 )𝟐
=
𝐈𝐦𝐢𝐧 (𝐚𝟏 −𝐚𝟏 )𝟐
Here, a1, and a2, are amplitudes of the two light waves.
Also, ratio of intensity of light due to the two slits of widths w, and w, is given by
𝐈𝟏 𝐰𝟏 (𝐚𝟏 )𝟐
=
𝐈𝟐 𝐰𝟐 (𝐚𝟐 )𝟐
𝒏𝑫𝝀
4. (a) Distance of nth bright fringe from the centre of the screen- 𝒚𝒏 = 𝒅
𝒚𝒏 𝒏𝝀
(b) Angular position of the nth bright fringe- 𝜽𝒏 = =
𝑫 𝒅
(𝟐𝒏+𝟏)𝑫𝝀
5. (a) Distance of nth dark fringe from the centre of the screen- 𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐𝒅
Q.9 What is the shape of the wavefront in each of the following cases:
(a) light diverging from a point source.
(b) light emerging out of a convex lens when a point source is placed at its focus.
(c) the portion of a wavefront of light from a distant star intercepted by the earth.
Ans-
a) The wavefront will be spherical of increasing radius, fig. (a). (
b) The rays coming out of the convex lens, when point source is at focus, are parallel, so wavefront is plane,
fig. (b).
(c) The wavefront starting from star is spherical. As star is very far from the earth, so the wavefront
intercepted by earth is a very small portion of a sphere of large radius; which is plane (i.e., wavefront
intercepted by earth is plane), fig. (c)
HUYGENS’ PRINCIPLE
Huygens’ principle is a geometrical construction, which is used to
determine the new position of a wavefront at a later time from its
given position at any instant. In other words, the principle gives a
method to know as to how light spreads out in the medium.
Huygens’ principle is based on the following assumptions: -
where 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 is the maximum velocity with which the photoelectrons are emitted
Einstein’s photoelectric equation. When light of frequency ν is incident on a metal surface, whose work
𝟏
function is W (i.e. h𝝂𝑶 ), then the maximum kinetic energy ( 𝒎𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟐 ) of the emitted photoelectrons is
𝟐
𝟏
given by h𝝂 = 𝐡𝝂𝑶 + 𝟐
𝒎𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
e𝑽𝑶 = hc (𝝀 − )
𝝀𝒐
It is called Einstein’s photoelectric equation. It can explain the laws of photoelectric emission.
Photoelectric cell. A photocell is an arrangement, which produces electric current, when light falls on its
cathode.
de-Broglie hypothesis. Both radiation and matter have dual nature.
ℎ ℎ
A particle of momentum p is associated with de-Broglie wave of wavelength λ = 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
The above relation is called de-Broglie relation and the wavelength of the wave associated is called de-Broglie
wavelength of the particle.
de-Broglie wavelength of electron. An electron of kinetic energy E possesses de-Broglie wavelength,
𝒉
λ=
√𝟐𝒎𝑬
Q.19 An α-particle and a proton are accelerated from rest by the same potential. Find the ratio of
their de- Broglie wavelengths.
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
N rks
1 Kinetic energy of electrons emitted in photoelectric effect is 1
(a) directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.
(b) inversely proportional to the intensity of incident line.
(c) independent of the intensity of incident light.
(d) independent of the frequency of light.
2 Assertion (A): The energy (E) and momentum (p) of a photon are related as p = E/c 1
Reason (R): The photon behaves like a particle.
oo- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
pp- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
qq- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
rr- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 A photoelectric cell is illuminated by a point source of light 1 m away. The plate emits electrons having 1
stopping potential V. Then:
(a) V decreases as distance increase
(b) V increases as distance increase
(c) V is independent of distance (r)
(d) V becomes zero when distance increases or decreases
4 Maximum kinetic energy (Ek) of a photoelectron varies with frequency (v) of the incident 1
radiation as
5 Write three characteristic features in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on the basis 2
of wave theory of light, but can be explained only using Einstein’s equation.
6 Monochromatic light of frequency 6 × 1014 Hz is produced by a laser. The power emitted is 2.0 × 10–3 W. 2
How many photons per second on an average are emitted by the source?
7 Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State clearly the three salient features observed in photoelectric 3
effect which can explain on the basis of this equation.
The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons gets doubled when the wavelength of light incident on
the surface changes from 𝜆1 to 𝜆2 . Derive the expressions for the threshold wavelength 𝜆𝑜 and work
function for the metal surface.
Thomson’s atom model. In a sphere, the positive charge is uniformly distributed over its whole volume and
the electrons are embedded in it. The oscillations of electrons about their equilibrium positions give rise to
radiation of definite frequency.
Rutherford’s atom model. Practically, entire macs of the atom and all its positive charge are concentrated in a
small central core, while the electrons revolve around it. The central positive and massive core is called
nucleus.
Distance of closest approach. The minimum distance from the nucleus, when
an energetic a-particle travels directly towards the center of the nucleus is called
the distance of closest approach. It gives an estimate of the size of the nucleus.
𝟏 𝟐𝒁𝒆𝟐
Mathematically- 𝒓𝒐 = 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝒐 𝟏 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝑹𝑯
3. Energy of electron in nth orbit 𝑬𝒏 = − (𝟒𝝅∈ ) . 𝟐 𝟐 = - hc
𝒐 𝒏 𝒉 𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝟒
Here 𝑹𝑯= (𝟒𝝅∈ ) . 𝟑 called Rydberg’s constant for hydrogen atom.
𝒐 𝒄𝒉
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
4. Energy of radiation emitted E= ( ) . 𝟐 ( 𝟐
− )
𝟒𝝅∈𝒐 𝒉 𝒏𝒇 𝒏𝒊 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
5. Frequency of radiation emitted ν = (𝟒𝝅∈ ) . 𝟑 (
𝒏𝒇 𝟐
− 𝒏𝒊 𝟐
)
𝒐 𝒉
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝟒 𝟏 𝟏
6. Wavelength of radiation emitted = (𝟒𝝅∈ ) . 𝟑 ( 𝟐
− 𝒏𝒊 𝟐
)
𝝀 𝒐 𝒄𝒉 𝒏𝒇
Q.5 When is Hα line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained? Calculate the
frequency of the photon emitted during this transition.
Ans-
Q.6 The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shown alongside. Which of the shown
transitions will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? Which of these
transitions correspond to emission of radiation of (i) maximum and (ii) minimum wavelength?
KVS ZIET CHANDIGARH 130
Ans-
Q.7 The energy level diagram of an element is given. Identify, by doing necessary calculations,
which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm.
Ans-
Q.8 Determine the distance of closest approach when an alpha particle of kinetic energy 4.5 MeV
strikes a nucleus of Z = 80, stops and reverses its direction.
Ans-
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question M
N M
1 When an electron in an atom goes from a lower to a higher orbit, its 1
(a) kinetic energy (KE) increases, potential energy (PE) decreases
(b) KE increases, PE increases
(c) KE decreases, PE increases
(d) KE decreases, PE decreases
2 Assertion (A): Bohr postulated that the electrons in stationary orbits around the nucleus do not 1
radiate.
Reason (R): According to classical Physics, all moving electrons radiate.
a- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
b- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
c- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.
d- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 A set of atoms in an excited state decay. 1
(a) in general, to any of the states with lower energy.
(b) into a lower state only when excited by an external electric field.
(c) all together simultaneously into a lower state.
(d) to emit photons only when they collide.
4 The simple Bohr model cannot be directly applied to calculate the energy levels of an atom with many 1
electrons. This is because
(a) of the electrons not being subject to a central force
(b) of the electrons colliding with each other
(c) of screening effects
(d) the force between the nucleus and an electron will no longer be given by Coulomb’s law
Case study-based questions (questions no 8- 10) Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 4
1 1
The spectral series of hydrogen atom were accounted for by Bohr using the relation 𝜈⃑ = R(𝑛2 − 𝑛22
)
1
(i) The binding energy per nucleon has a low value for both very light and very heavy nuclei.
The mass number and atomic number of A2 are 176 and 71 respectively. Determine the mass and atomic
numbers of A4 and A.
(iii) Write the basic nuclear processes underlying 𝛽 + and 𝛽 − decays.
Ans-
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
N rks
1 Density of a nucleus is 1
(a) more for lighter elements and less for heavier elements
(b) more for heavier elements and less for lighter elements
(c) very less compared to ordinary matter
(d) a constant
2 Assertion (A): Two atoms of different elements having same mass number but different atomic 1
numbers are called isobars.
Reason (R): Atomic number is the number of protons present and atomic number is the total
number of protons and neutrons present in a nucleus
e- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
f- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
g- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
h- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 Which amongst the following is a correct graph of potential 1
energy U of a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation r ?
4 𝐹𝑝𝑝 , 𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑛𝑝 are the nuclear forces between proton-proton, neutron-neutron and neutron-proton, 1
respectively. Then, relation between them is
(a) 𝐹𝑝𝑝 = 𝐹𝑛𝑛 ≠ 𝐹𝑛𝑝 (b) 𝐹𝑝𝑝 ≠ 𝐹𝑛𝑛 𝐹𝑛𝑝
(c) 𝐹𝑝𝑝 = 𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 𝐹𝑛𝑝 (d) 𝐹𝑝𝑝 ≠ 𝐹𝑛𝑛 ≠ 𝐹𝑛𝑝
The density of nuclear matter is the ratio of the mass of a nucleus to its volume. As the volume of a
nucleus is directly proportional to its mass number A, so the density of nuclear matter is independent
of the size of the nucleus. Thus, the nuclear matter behaves like a liquid of constant density. Different
nuclei are like drops of this liquid, of different sizes but of same density.
Let A be the mass number and R be the radius of a nucleus. If m is the average mass of a nucleon,
then
Mass of nucleus = mA
4𝜋 3 4𝜋 1 4𝜋
Volume of nucleus = 3
𝑅 = 3
(𝑅𝑜 𝐴 ⁄3 )3 = 3 𝑅𝑜 3 A
Clearly, nuclear density is independent of mass number A or the size of the nucleus.
The nuclear mass density is of the order 1017 kg m-3.
This density is very large as compared to the density of ordinary matter, say water
for which 𝜌 = 1.0 x 103 kg-3
8. What is the nucleus density of hydrogen atom? 1
9. Name the factor on which nucleus density depends. 1
10. If the radius of 13𝐴𝑙 has a nuclear radius of about 3.6 fm, then find the radius of 125
27
52𝑇𝑒. 2
OR
10. If the nuclear mass of 56
26𝐹𝑒 is 55.85 amu, then find its nuclear density. 2
11 Draw the graph showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon with the mass number for a large 5
number of nuclei 2< A < 240. What are the main inferences from the graph? How do you explain the
constancy of binding energy in the range 30 < A < 170 using the property that the nuclear force is short-
ranged? Explain with the help of this plot the release of energy in the processes of nuclear fission and
fusion.
Energy bands in solids. Due to interaction between closed packed atoms in solids, the splitting of energy levels take
place and it gives rise to formation of energy bands. The energy band formed by a series of levels containing valence
electrons is called valence band and the lowest unfilled energy band
formed just above the valence band is called conduction band.
1. Half wave rectifier. A rectifier, which rectifies only one half of each a.c.
input supply cycle, is called a half wave rectifier. A half wave rectifier gives
discontinuous and pulsating d.c. output. As alternative half cycles of the a.c.
input supply go waste, its efficiency is very low.
2. Full wave rectifier. A rectifier which rectifies both halves of each
a.c. input cycle is called a full wave rectifier. The output of a full
wave rectifier is continuous but pulsating in nature. However, it
can be made smooth by using a filter circuit.
Q.20 Explain the terms depletion layer and potential barrier for a junction diode.
Note: Q. No. 1-4 is of 01 mark each, Q. 5-6 is of 02 marks each, Q.No.7 is of 03 marks, Q. No. 8 is a case
study based and is of 04 marks, Q. No. 11 is of 5 marks.
S Question Ma
N rks
1 The substance which is doped in an intrinsic semiconductor to make p-type semiconductor is 1
(a) phosphorus (b) antimony
(c) aluminium (d) arsenic
2 Assertion (A): The energy gap between the valence band and conduction band is greater in 1
silicon than in germanium.
Reason (R): Thermal energy produces fewer minority carriers in silicon than in germanium.
i- Both assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
j- Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is not a correct explanation of assertion.
k- Assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect
l- Assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
3 The conductivity of a semiconductor increases with increase in temperature because 1
(a) number density of free current carriers increases.
(b) relaxation time increases.
(c) both number density of carriers and relaxation time increase.
(d) number density of current carriers increases; relaxation time decreases but effect of decrease in
relaxation time is much less than increase in number density.
5 Write two characteristic features to distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductors. 2
6 Draw the energy band diagram when intrinsic semiconductor (Ge) is doped with impurity atoms of 2
Antimony (Sb). Name the extrinsic semiconductor so obtained and majority charge carriers in it.
7 (i) Distinguish between n-type and p-type semiconductor on the basis of energy band diagram. 3
(ii) Compare their conductivities at absolute zero temperature and at room temperature.
Case study-based questions (questions no 8- 10) ENERGY BAND GAP 4
From Bohr’s atomic model, we know that the electrons have well
defined energy levels in an isolated atom. But due to interatomic
interactions in a crystal, the electrons of the outer shells are
forced to have energies different from those in isolated atoms.
Each energy level splits into a number of energy levels forming a
continuous band.
‘The gap between top of valence band and bottom of the
conduction band in which no allowed energy levels for electrons
can exist is called energy gap.
8. What is the energy gap in an insulator? 1
9. What is Fermi energy level? 1
10. Based on the band theory of conductors, insulators and semiconductors,which has the
smallest forbidden energy gap? 2
OR
10. Name the solids having highest energy level partially filled with electrons. 2
KVS ZIET CHANDIGARH 152
11 Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the V–I characteristics of a p-n junction diode 5
(i) in forward bias and
(ii) in reverse bias.
Draw the typical V–I characteristics of a silicon diode. Describe briefly the following terms:
(i) “minority carrier injection” in forward bias
(ii) “breakdown voltage” in reverse bias.