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CHAPTER 6

Water Open-Channel Flow

 Differences between open channles and pipe flow

ipe r ִ  r p ⿏ hann e⿏ pe n hnea ִr γe ϓpΪ r p ⿏ a aθ  hann e⿏

p n ִn ο ήr p ⿏ ipe nn pe n hnea  n r r ִew an ϓ a n ήr en p a hθ 

 Section in pipe system

 Section in open channel system

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 Basic geometric and hydraulic definitions ⿏ ⿏⿏ϴ Ϥ Θ ϴ Ϥ

•Discharge (Q) Volume of water passing through a flow section per unit time
•Flow area (A) Cross-sectional area of the flow

•Average velocity (V) Discharge divided by the flow area: V = Q/A

•Flow depth (y) Vertical distance from the channel bottom to the free surface

•Top width (T) Width of the channel section at the free surface

Wetted perimeter (P) Contact length of the water and the channel at a cross section pִ nn a nn

•Hydraulic depth (D) Flow area divided by the top width: D = A/T
•Hydraulic radius (Rh) Flow area divided by the wetted perimeter: Rh = A/ P
•Bottom slope (S0) Longitudinal slope of the channel bottom

•Side slope (m) Slope of channel sides defined as 1 vertical over m horizontal

•Bottom width (b) Width of the channel section at the bottom

enn ఄ a e nn w ఄ ꕀ ϓpeꕀ n ִ⿏ hr i

䁉 nh hliήn ή⿏ h ఄ  lh
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 Open-Channel Flow Classifications

uniform flow he n h鯠eai n ⿏ a e h he n p⿏ ִ nήn hꕀ  

prismatic channels nh n h  n ⿏

prismatic channels, channels where the cross-sectional area and bottom slope do not change over the
channel reach
An open channel characterizes varied flow if the water depth or the discharge change along the length
of the channel.

steady flow: the discharge and water depth at any section in the reach do not change with time
during the period of interest.
unsteady flow: the discharge and the water depth at any section in the reach change with time
waves a hnn h pnn nh n ִ hr
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*Uniform flows in open channels are mostly steady.

*unsteady uniform flows are very rare in nature.
*open-channel flow may be either steady or unsteady.
*flood wave and a tidal surge are examples of varied unsteady flows.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Uniform flow in Open Channels
Ϥ a⿏ ఄ e  nh n e⿏ e n
he n p⿏ ִ ae h hnn n n en en ih r 1
eή per h鯠ήan p⿏  he n hl hnn γ EGL  2
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p⿏  n  r
h ήr ఄh r na n
䁉 nh

Chezy's formula

Manning’s equation
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Example 6.1
•A 3-m-wide rectangular irrigation channel carries a discharge of 25.3 m3/sec at a uniform depth of l.2
m. Determine the slope of the channel if Manning's coefficient is n = 0.022.?
SOLUTION

䁉 nh ꕀ hnꕀ a e r h鯠ִ ఄ he n aθp n her weγ

Example 6.2
•A 6-ft-diameter, concrete pipe is flowing with a free surface (i.e., not under pressure). If the pipe is
laid on a slope of 0.001 and carries a uniform flow at a depth of 4 feet , what is the discharge?
SOLUTION :
he n ִrhήr ִrhήθ nhenh p r γ pθ  n p θ l e⿏ hann  ꕀ 䁉 n

sin     9 5
3
    90  9 5  90  09 5
09 5
  0 608
360
۸۸ Ϥ ۸Θ Ϥ ⿏ ۸
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The value of k

Normal Depth yn
hn  Manning n hήr r ⿏ steady uniform p pnn nh n θhꕀ   y hnn n θ p h ⿏ϓ  

Example 6.3
•If the discharge in the channel in Example 6.1 is increased to 40 m3/sec, what is the normal depth of
the steady -uniform flow?

eaθhr n hήr r
y=yn
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aθp n  weγh an γ  θha n γ n  weγh nyn nal ִ nr 

ִ nn enn h side slope  nal

r he n n γhenn e enn r ⿏h en θ e ae r w ִ  n pήΪn ea n ϓp nn ִ p pnn ϓ nn h i e ai

yn
Ϊ θb he n ή ϓ nn  θ ϓ nn n⿏  hΪn ϓp r r wn ⿏h ⿏ θ  ai ϓh an n ⿏h en θ r ae r
b
ϴϤ ⿏ Ϥ 䁜ϴϤ ⿏䁜 Ϥ yn ִ
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 For the same cross-sectional area (A) and channel slope (S0), the channel section with a larger
hydraulic radius (Rh) delivers a larger discharge and higher hydraulic efficiency.
 the channel section with the least wetted perimeter is the best hydraulic section.
 Semicircle has the least perimeter is the most hydraulically efficient of an sections
 The concept of hydraulically efficient sections is only valid when the channel is lined with stabilized,
nonerodible materials

Q To reach max efficiency of channel you should?

a Decrease the area b Decrease wetted parameter c Decrease bottom width

E All channels have the same efficiency

Answer b

Q The suitable arrangement for efficiency from max to min is?

a Semicircle > Trapezoidal 600 >Rectangular b Rectangular > Trapezoidal 600 > Semicircle

b c Semicircle >Rectangular > Trapezoidal 600 d Trapezoidal 600 > Rectangular > Semicircle

Answer……a………

Q3 The most trapezoidal section use is half hexagon with angle 600 ?

TRUE FALSE

Answer TRUE
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Energy Principles in Open-Channel Flow

It is measured in the three basic forms:

•1. Kinetic energy,

•2. pressure energy,

•3. elevation (potential) energy above a certain energy datum line.

 Kinetic energy

V

g α is known as the energy coefficient.α values between 05 0

n a鯠 ⿏ h h n Θ h n nal eή⿏ nh nh ipe nn pe n n

 pressure energy

p n n n ο ήr 鯠 nn ִ  r ipe r h鯠θh a hθ  ִew⿏ pe n he ή⿏

P
r ⿏hθ p θ  e y nal


convex surface concave surface

pθ ꕀ γ n 
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Total energy head In open channel

P
Y


Specific energy E

h p n ήr   pθh n θ
θh nh p en ήr hꕀ  

Discharge  θ e nήִn aenal E lh⿏ nal n θDepth of flow y and specific energy E a liήn γϓ e

Critical depth yc nήn  n i n h e p lh ִn nal he iiθ

Rapid flow or Supercritical flow he en n anh en lh⿏ γ p⿏ nήn  e y p yc r l n e

Suercritical flow he en n ִaִl en lh⿏ γ p⿏ nήn  e y p yc r ꕀ n e

altternate point n ⿏ Subcritical r supercritical r ή⿏ en en

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Q4 The maximum specific energy is ?

a E b E

c E3 d all is
equal

Answer a

Froude Number Nf
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a ⿏ r aή ⿏ θ eθ

For critical flow

In a rectangular channel
Q
q= , is the discharge per unit width of the
b
channeL

To find critical depth for other shapes use this relations ;

anhen hnγ n r yc h  nr 

Trapezoidal channels

Circular channels
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Example 6-5
A hydraulic transition is designed to connect two rectangular channels of the same width by a sloped
floor, Assume the channel is 3 m wide and is carrying a discharge of 15 m3/sec at 3.6 m depth. Also
assume a 0.1 m energy loss uniformly distributed through the transition. Determine the water surface
profile in the transition.

INLET

γϓ n er

Exit

SOLUTION

e p he n r aήr n h γϓ i 䁉 n n h鯠 n h鯠elh⿏ θ ꕀ e i eή h h γϓ ִ⿏ 䁉 n 

transition
h ή h鯠ִ l h鯠er l aο e  al ο yc i ִ䁒γ  r pen  r

p n ִa e r he nh h yc h n pθhl he  henִή⿏

Q 5
yc  3 3  36m
gb 98 3
Q Q
Ec   y  yc
gA g byc p⿏ ִa e r hel a e nn ih r

5 3 enal 䁉 nh ήr ήn y p p n
Ec   36  05m
9 8 3 36
now make table as shown below

al
aο e 
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now from the values above draw curve as below

l  ⿏h en  hnִꕀ aꕀϛenh ϓ n ήn n enn a e n n hθ  n γϓ n er a e  nγ n γϓ ή

er 4 np⿏ ꕀ   n n h鯠n l 0p enn p⿏ he n i i h n

na n i aꕀ ήeθ 

anhen liήn r ఄh r p lh n h i   3 6 h鯠enal nn e y nal

Q 5
EI   y  3 6  3 69  3 7
g A 98 3 36

E I  E E  h L

Q 5
V   4m / sec
VI VE A 3 36
 zI  yI   zE  yE  hL
g g V 4
 0
g 98
V
0 0 43 6   0  yE  0
g
EE n ϓ nn 
E E  4  0  4m
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⿏ hꕀ nή ꕀ ha n ϓ r  e n ήr h鯠en  n lh n nal ⿏h r n ήr hθ 

E E  E I  4 00  3 7  0 3m
EE  EI 0 3
hL    0 06m
5 5

At x=0 Inlet E=3 7 m

x=4 E=3 7+0 06=3 76m
x=8 E=3 76+0 06=3 8 m
x= E=3 8 +0 06=3 88m
x= 6 E=3 88+0 06=3 94m
X= 0 Exit E= 3 94+0 06=4 0m

Now to determine y in each E make that

ϓhe  hn鯠 y aenal E ꕀ e θ hn 䁉 n  a n γϓ yc ⿏ ή

h鯠aִ p pnn nγ n ⿏ ee   nhenh yc r ꕀ 䁉 nh h ήnn na n   yc= 36 and y at inlet from question is y=3 6
a n r ִ  Ϊen en na n ϓhe  nhenh subcritical flow p flow  pθ h flow  pθ

nhenhꕀ ήr ήr lh n ϓ r  ai pθh n i ry ⿏ n 

Q 5
EI   y  3 76  y
g A 98 3 y
 y  3 67 m
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Example 6.6
A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 5 m and side slopes m = 2. If the flow rate is 20 m3 /sec,
what is the critical depth?

Solution :

Q
a e r h鯠ή r he n θhꕀ   pθh n  yc  3 pθh n  ִ a en r ϓ i ϓ i ϓ i
gb

Q A3 b  my y3

  鯠 hi p ⿏ Area and Top width pθhl
g T b  my

anhen nγ n  weγh yc h  pθ ϓ e
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Hydraulic jumps :
⿏b Θ ‸⿏ ⿏ϴϤ ϴ 䁜 ϓ Ύ ϴΘ ⿏ ⿏ ‸Ϥ ϴ ϴϤ ⿏ ⿏ ϴϤ ‸Ϥ ⿏ aϤ
hydrolic jump ϴ ⿏ aϤ ϴ ۸ ۸ ⿏ϴϤ

pe n hann γ a wen hθhai h  ִ  γ n

r hann n we ⿏ wer pe r
Rapid flow p flow  pθ
downstream wer γ n upstream hnִn anhήn n p ⿏ h n
subcritical flowp downstream  pθ supercritical flow p upstream en pθ
initial depth n ⿏ y r nh h鯠n r hydraulic jump upstream  l
sequent depth n ⿏ y r nh h鯠n r hydraulic jump downstream  ή
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Example 6.7
•A 10-ft-wide rectangular channel carries 500 cfs of water at a 2-ft depth before entering a jump.
Compute the downstream water depth and the critical depth.?

SOLUTION

 ִ鯠γ eri  鯠γ 䁉 n  a e r n hꕀ   ⿏ϛ ִ䁒γ  r pen  aꕀ

500
yc  3  4 7 ft
3 0
鑠ఄm 䁜 Ϥ ۸ ⿏ Ϥ
Ϥ ⵘ Θ 頠 Ϥ Ϥ⿏䁜
V
NF  V
Q

Q

500
 5 ft / sec
gy A b y 0

V 5
NF   3
gy 3
y
y
   8 NF    y
  8 3   y  7 88 ft
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Example 6.8
A long, rectangular open channel 3m wide carries a discharge of 15m3/sec. The channel slope is 0.004,
and the Manning's coefficient is 0.01. At a certain point in the channel, flow reaches normal depth.
(a) Determine the flow classification. Is it supercritical or subcritical?
(b) If a hydraulic jump takes place at this depth, what is the sequent depth?
(c) Estimate the energy head loss through the jump?

SOLUTION :
nθ ִ⿏ en pθ i e n h hγ hθ   n
Part1
V
NF  nγ n r  h鯠 i ϓ eaθhr n hήr r n 䁉 nh h ήr an y n
gy

Q A Rh 3 S A y b  3y Rh 
A

3y
S  0 004 n00
n P y3
 3y  3
5 3 y   0 004 b γh n n  ִ l h⿏ n hήnn eθ
00  y  3 

y  08m

Q 5
V   4 63m / sec
A 3 08

V 4 63
N F    4 because NF>1 the flow is supercritical
gy 9 8 08
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Part2
y2 ִ⿏ 䁉 n h heήr sequent depth

y
y
   8 NF    y
08
  8 4  
y  7m

Part 3
y y 7  08
E    0 03 m
4y y 4 7 08

Gradually Varied Flow

Flow ⿏㈮ Ϥ۸ Ϥ

:uniform flow 1
y(normal depth or uniform depth ) nήn n he θ h  henִή⿏ h he n p⿏ ִ hnn n p hr e p pen 
he n p⿏ ִ h鯠 θ en γ h鯠 ή r per hn  Energy grid line lh n ⿏p  n hο h

:Rapid varied flow 2

aΪl h r hnn nή h r h ⿏ϓ h p ⿏ h鯠θ ai hydraulic jump henִή⿏ pen 
ha n h n γhenn nh r a lh n n hήr i r h i h a ꕀ ha n ϓ r lh n a ꕀ haο pen
momentum principle n r a ⿏ i r he a n

:Gradually varied flow 3

ִ ϓh en a ⿏ a ϛ⿏ ϓ r h n ⿏h r n n r he n heִaw⿏ pn θ ϓ n h nn r a ϓ ⿏ p ⿏ ϛ an n nh  a ⿏ ⿏ he

n鯠r ఄ  a䁒ο ϓ h er aή r a en

dH
The slope of EGL is
 Se
dx
dz
The slope of channel bed is
 So
dx
l y Θ ⿏ Rh ϴ⿏⿏ ϴ (Wide channel Ϥ Θ Ϥ ⿏ ‸Ϥ Ϥ Ϥ⿏ Ϥϴ ϴ
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dy
anhen liήn we θ eή h nn r nήn a ⿏ h i 䁉 n ִ⿏ n ִa e r he n θhꕀ  
dx

dy
anhen liήn we θ eή h nn r nήn a ⿏ h i 䁉 n ִ⿏ a e nn a ఄ  he n θhꕀ  
dx

ή⿏
䁉 nh

Classifications of Gradually Varied Flow  鯠r

yc ήr  nh  鯠r he
a hήnn  a hήr ִ neήθ aeΪen
channel slope
geometry
Roughness 3
discharge
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profile number n  lϓ ꕀ hnθ γ  ꕀ an aeΪen

p er nlϓ rϓ h n γ ή⿏ 鯠r n 

۸ Θ ⿏ ۸ ϴΘ Ϥ⿏
Ϥ⿏

 er 3 pθ r h ꕀ
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۸ ϴΘ Θ
M1 鯠eθ aఄhr hel
M hr γ ִ enh aఄhr hel
M hθ h e  n p  ִ p pr hn 

S1 Hydraulic jump  ή p pr hn 
S hr γ ִ enh aఄhr hel
S hθ h e  n p  ִ p pr hn 

3 p h n lϓ h ఄh r opening sluice gate ִ Ϊr 䁉 n ꕀ    鯠r

Ϥ Ϥ ϤϤ ⿏⿏ *

downstream n upstream r h鯠a ⿏h h i S n hο h 3 ִ h lϓ ఄ ꕀ

upstream n downstream r ⿏h h i  ִh lϓ ఄ ꕀ
control section n n er ϛ  n n

 To calculate gradually varied flow water surface we use two methods:

1-Standard Step Method
2-Direct Step Method

 Standard Step Method

n we nn pθh n 

a Ϊn na n n Ϊθ ei h r  n we θ pγ
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Example 6.9
•A grouted-riprap, trapezoidal channel (n = 0.025) with a bottom width of 4 meters and side slopes of
m = 1 carries a discharge 12.5 m3/sec on a 0.001 slope. Compute the backwater curve (upstream
water surface profile) created a low dam that backs water up to a depth of 2m immediately behind
the dam. Specifically, water depths are required at critical diversion points that are located at
distances of 18 8 m, 423 m, 748 m, and 1,675 m upstream of the dam?

SOLUTION

yc Yn ִ n en nlϓ h n pθ ⿏ p 
ήr
To find yn we use equation or chart

γhenn n weγ ήr p pnn ha ήnn pִ nn i h er h θ n ae n ִ i pγ aꕀ eִn aοpeִn hθ

On Mannings equation

b  my y
Rh 
Q A Rh 3 S0 A  b  my y b y m
n S0  0 00
 4 y y 4 y y

4 y

 4 y y 3
5 4 y y   0 00 
00 5 4  y 
yn  66m

By using chart :

yn
 0 4  yn  0 4 4  64
b
h a ae h  l h 
pִ nnh a e⿏ θ ఄ 
nγ n h er  a ήr hꕀ hr   eή
 pθh n ִ nh ִr p ⿏ pγ
©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman

now find yc we use equation or chart

myc
0  yc  0 4  0 88 m
b

Or from equation :

Q A3 T  b  my
 A 4  y y
g T  4 y

5

 4  y y  y  0 9 m
3

c
98 4 y

l ꕀ eή⿏ h鯠θ hήnn r h he i eִn a nh n n θ pγ nal ꕀ  weγ a aꕀ aοp⿏ ⿏ hr ή

M p h n pθ h nhenh yc r ꕀyn  i

er2 h鯠enal 䁉 n h ήnn y i r n h  lϓ ήr 

1p hl n lϓ nhenh y>yn>yc ai

The profile name is M1

liήn  weγ ai r aꕀ ⿏ n he ⿏ n a ִ鯠γ ⿏h h i lpn 䁉 nh  p hήnh 

nl θ er ఄ h鯠ִ ఄ he n h i nh n 䁉 nh pִ nn i r  hel n hli  weγ γhenn
rh nh 䁉 n ri ήο he θϛ a e r hli  weγh
©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman

upstream n downstram r he⿏h h θ 3 h n pθ hꕀ   h hγ henִή⿏

©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman

downstream ִ D i hnea upstream ִ U i 2 pn

nήn nal 2 lϓ γ e hnea er2 enal ήr r hꕀ he he n hnn n downstream a n r n  θ he ⿏ hei 3 pn

 a e nal 䁉 nh ήr p hr he n nήִn nal  e  he nήn nal  e n h鯠e ήr er pִ r ήr
lpenn n 2 na n θhꕀ 1 γ e ir ϓ r p  na ִn ήο pꍠ aο nal ο θ aִ he h ήr nal a r
1.ᎀ똰 nh n nal  aִ er2 r l na n p ⿏ 2 γ e na n 

0 88 Ϊ⿏ z nal h γ n he鯠 ⿏   h ⿏ e z nal nhenh γ r downstrea r h h nh hθ θ 4 pn

ih nn p ⿏ er ఄ hθ e he n ఄ ih nn pθhl r ih nn h i 5 pn

 A  b  my y  4  
 A  b  my y  4  94 94  5
anhen liήn r h鯠 h i e n h i 6 pn
Q 5
V    04
A
Q 5
V    085
A 5
liήn r ϓ nn  h i 7 pn
V 04
   0 0553
g 9 8
V 085
   0 06
g 9 8
©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman

liήn r h鯠 h i e er ఄ n wetted parameter  h i 8 pn

 P b y m  4   9 657
 P b y m  4 94   9 487

anhen liήn rhydrulic radius h i e 9 pn

b  my y 4
 Rh    43
b y m 4
b  my y 4  94 4
 Rh    5
b y m 4 94
anhen liήn rslope energy grid line h i e 0 pn
V n 04 00 5
 Se  4
 4
 0 000508
Rh 3
43 3

V n 085 00 5
 Se  4
 4
 0 000567
Rh 3
5 3

nhenhꕀ anִnAverage  h i p pn
Se  Se 0 000508  000567
Se avg    0 000538

anhen liήn i r h i e lh n haο ϓ r h i p pn

hL  Se avg L  0 000538 88  0 0

hL lh n haο ϓ r  ϓh e  aή  r γ γ a lh n n hήr a ⿏ i r e ήr e he 3 pn
downstream hwn n n a θ
E  E  hL
V V
Z  y Z 
 y  hL
g g
0 88  0 06  94  0 0  0 0553   0 0

88  564

θ nꕀ 9 Ϊ a 94 enal eο n h ⿏ϓ  nal r ִl  θ eή  鯠 564 r ꕀ 88 ϓ nn ִ⿏

h h er h ⿏ anl n Ϊ ei p wn

en aθh n nn ο l nal nhenh a n  l 59 enal θh n n 60 enal  n  aθh n n h nn ή i

hn  hꕀ ήθ e n  3 γ γ a n n ⿏ θ  nθ a 9 h ⿏

ήr p h er   a pִ nn  pn ꕀ i e 䁉γ

pe h鯠a n  r n p  ϓ hen r θ a  pn ꕀ i ήθ p n

©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman

 Dirict Step Method

L aή r a h nn h  hnθ hn  an h  p h鯠er 鯠n n

up lhθ down θ eθ

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 6.10
•A rough-concrete trapezoidal channel (n = 0.022) with a 3.5-ft bottom width, side slope m = 2, and
bed slope of0.012 discharges 185 cfs of fresh water from a reservoir and depth y=2.66ft. Determine
the water surface profile in the discharge channel to within 2 percent of normal depth.?

SOLUTION

Yc>yn so the profile is steep (S)

Y=2.66 yc > y>yn so the profile is 2 (S2)

upstream r he⿏h h i e S 3 ִ h lϓ ఄ ꕀ θ henִή⿏

©copy Right2020 Mohammad Al-shorman Mohammed A AL-shorman

Problem 6.2.2.
A triangular roadside channel has side slopes of 3:1 (H:V) and a longitudinal slope of 0.01.
Determine the flow rate in the concrete channel if uniform flow is assumed when the top width of
the flowing water is 2 meters.?use n=0.013

Solution
Q h i pִ nn

A  my m=3 nal eee θ ai en nγ n r a e θ

liήn r nήn h i a e θ Top width T nal hθhήr ny nήn nal ήr h  ih nn h n

T  my   3 y  y  0 333m
A  my  A  3 0 333  A  0 333
P y  m  0 33  3  p 
my 3 0 333
Rh    0 58
m 3
Q A Rh 3 S0  0 333 0 58 3 0 0   0 748m3 / sec
n 00 3

Chapter 6 End