Chapter 3 Analysis of Structures 3.1 Introduction Structural mechanics is generally concerned with analyzing the effects of applied loads on a structure. The applied loads are external to the material of a structure and result in internal reacting forces, together with deformations arid displacements. Principles of staties which involves the concept of equilibrinm of forces is essential. 3.1.1 Overview of statics A particle is in state of equilibrium if the resultant force and moment acting on it are zero, and therefore according to Newton’s law of motion, it will have no acceleration and will be at rest. ‘Therefore a structure is in equilibrium if the resultant of external forces and moments are zero. This can be expressed in the following equations which are necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium of a body, ecoce 0 where F,, F, and F. represent the components of force vectors in the xr, y and 2 directions respectively. Also M,, M, and M, are the components of moment vectors caused by the external forces acting in the zz, y and 2 directions respectively. Forces and moments are vector quantities and may be resolved into components. Con- sider firstly a 2-D case,ey Figure 3.1: The force F can be resolved into two components along the x and y directions as, Fy = Food F, = Fsind For a three dimensional case, the force and moment can be resolved as, Figure 3.2 Where, F, = Foosd F, = Fsina F, = Feos8 M, = Mcos0 M, = Msina Mz = Mcos Any system of forces can be replaced by a resultant through an a couple about any chosen point. Where UB 26Figure 3.3: f= Le Fa = sF2+F? =>M, 3.1.2 Types of structural and solid body components 1. Tie: A slender member which prevents two parts of a structure from moving apart, and it is under tensile force. . Strut: A slender member which prevents two parts of a structure from moving towards each other and is under compressive force. |. Column: A vertical member which supports some of the mass of the structure. = . Cable: Flexible string under tension which connects two bodies. It can not supply resistance to bending action. 5. Beam: A member supported horizontally and carries transverse loading. A com- mon special case is termed as a cantilever where one end is fixed and provides all the necessary support. 6. Beam-column: Combines the separate functions of a beam and a column. 7. Shaft: A member which transmits torque and twist. ‘The members described above can have a variety of cross-sectional shapes, some of wh are illustrated in figure 3.5, 3.1.3 Types of support for structural components The applied loading on a framework, beam or column is transmitted to the supports will provide the required reacting forces to maintain overall equilibrium. Common supports are shown in figure 3.6 7—<—=—_-- = ——— Tie ‘Strut WS Cable : Y Cantilever oe Column Beam-columa Figure 3.4: Structural components oe SY Angle Channel J-sedtion aati | Solid shaft etow-shatt Tesection Figure 3.5: Common cross-sectional shapes for structural members 3.2 Pin-jointed frames 3.2.1 Statical determinacy Frames can be categorized as; 1. Statically determinate (Just-stiff): If the number of equations available from state of equilibrium is equal to the number of unknown forces inclnding support reactions 2. Statically indeterminate (Over-stiff): If the number of equations available from state of equilibrium is less than the number of unknown forces including support. 28Type of support Equivalent force system {al Feed support Le : . Ves , 18) Pin conection ie (Rater support Figure 3.6: Common supports for structural components reactions. In this case, there exist one or more members which should be removed to make the frame just-stiff. Under-stiff: If there are more equilibrium equations than the number of unknown forces including support reactions. ‘The system is not a structure but a mechanism, and is not of practical interest in the preceding analysis. In this case, there exist one or more members which should be added to make the frame just-stiff. This can be expressed mathematically as follows; Let 4 be the number of joints including support points in a frame. ‘m be the number of members on the frame, r be the number of support reactions on the frame. ‘Then for, Under-stiff fram mr < 2j Just-stiff frame: m+ r = 2) Over-stiff frame: m +1 > 2j 29(od Examples 3.1 Determine the class of each of the frames below and state which members are required to be added or removed to make the structure just-stiff. Solution: (a) Number of members; sn = 16 and number of support reactions; r = 3. ‘Therefore, m +r = 16 +3 = 19. Number of joints; j = 10, therefore, 2j = 20. The frame is under-stiff since m +r <2). Tt can be inade statically determinate by adding one member. (b) Number of members; m = 18 and number of support reactions; r = 3. ‘Therefore, m-+r = 1843 = 21. Number of joints; j = 11, therefore, 2j = 22. The frame is under-stiff since m +r < 2j. It can be made statically determinate by adding one member. (c) Number of members; m = 18 and number of support reactions; r = 3, Therefore, m-+r = 18+3 = 21. Number of joints; j = 10, therefore, 2j = 20. The frame is over-stiff since m +r <2j. It can be made statically determinate by removing one member from the central hexagon. 3.2.2 Determination of axial forces in a frame ‘The following assumptions are made when solving for axial forces in frame members, ‘* Members are pin-jointed, hence they carry only axial forces and these forces may be determined by considering the equilibrium of various parts of the structure as free bodies. © The frame is loaded only at the joints. * The frame is perfect, that is, the frame has got just enough members to ensure that it remains in equilibrium and doesn’t distort when loaded. 30‘© The weight of the frame members is negligible unless otherwise stated. © The frame is assumed to be plane, that is, it lies in a ay plane, ‘There are three methods commonly used to determine the axial forces in frame members, ‘© Method of resolving the forces at joint, also called the method of joints. Graphical method Section method We shall use the method of force resolution in the preceding analysis, Method of joints This method is used to determine the internal forces in members of statically determinate frames only. It involves isolating each joint of the frame in the form of free body diagram and then by considering equilibrium equations in each of these joints, the axial forces in the members of the frame are determined. When applying this method, it is assumed initially that all the members are in tension. ‘The sign convention for the frame members is as shown below, fa) Frame member in tension Force representation at the joints p——e—_______e ~p . pepo (b) Frame member in compression Force representation at the joints P—-e e+ _p ee Poe Figure 3.7: Sign convention Examp! Using the method of resolution of forces at the joints, determine the axial forces of the members in a plane pin-jointed frames shown below, Solution (a) Drawing a free body diagram of the whole frame, 31(6) 2m, Applying the principle of static equilibrium on the structure, Yn =0 = Raz = 0 xR =0 => Ray + Rey = P (3) Taking moments about point A, and assuming moment in clockwise direction to be positive, we have Day = 0 —2Rey +P = 0 2 5 (32) P -< (3)Drawing a free body diagram at joint A, Fy c0s60" Applying the principle of static equilibrium, DA Fan sin 60° + Ray = = Fis = rR=0 Fap cos 60" + Fac = Fac P 2v8 Drawing a free body diagram at joint B, OR =0 F'4p 608 60° — Fc cos 60° = 0 => Fap.cos60° = Fpc cos60° Feo = Fan —P WB 33‘Therefore the axial force in member, AB is 5 (Compressive) BC is 5 (Compressive) AC is 55 (Tensile) ‘The values can be proved by applying static equilibrium equations at joint C,, that is, Fy €08 60° DA =0 Fac sin60° + Rey = 0 Es )+z=0 =—=0=0 DR =0 Feo 60s 60" + Fac = 0 —P P VG) +3 =° =0=0 (b) Drawing a free body diagram of the whole frame, Applying the principle of static equilibrium on the whole frame, TAR=0 => Ree DA= = Ray + Rey (3.4) a4B D hi 7 4 am Tam gf 2m Rey Ry kN Ry ‘Taking moments about point P, and assuming moment in clockwise direction to be positive, we have Mr =0 6Ray — 5000 x 4 = 0 = Ry = S04 3393 3N (3.5) From equation 3.4, we get, Rey = 5000 Ray = 5000 — 3333.3 = 1666.7 The only joints at which there are two unknowns are A and P. Lets start at A, and draw a free body diagram at the joint, Joint Joint A Fy cosas" pom For statie equilibrium NAS Fapsin 45° + Ray = = FasTR =0 Fap cos45°+ Fyc = 0 = Fac = —Fap.cos4s? = 3333.3N — 4714.08 45°) Joint B Fasings? B For static equilibrium XA Fapcos45°+ Fac = 0 = Fro = —Fap.cos45° = ~(—4714cos 45°) = 3333.3 Sa = (0) Fapsin45° — Fgp = 0 => Fao = Fapsin4s° 3333.3 4714 sin 45°) Joint C Feyc0s48?p, For statie equilibriumFepsin45" + Fc ~ 5000 = 0 _ 5000— Fae _ 5000 ~ 3383.3 — Foo = ~ image sind5? = 2357.1 DF =0 Fer + Fep cos 45" — Fag = 0 = For = Fac — Fopcos45° = 3333.3 — 2357.1 00845° ’ = 1666.6N Joint D For static equilibrium XR =0 Fopsin 45° — Fprsin45° + Fgp = 0 oo Bho Se yp — Teds Fonsi 3333.3 + 2357.1 sin 45' ‘sin 45° sin 45" = ~2357.1N LA = 0 Fpg + Fop cos45" + Fpr cos45° = 0 = Foe = —Fopcos45° ~ Fp cos45" —2357.1eos 45° — (—2357.1 cos 45°) oN Joint E For static equilibrium TR =0 Fop-Fer = 0 => Fer = For = 1666.6N 37Fee E For ‘Therefore the axial force in member, AB is 4714N (Compressive) BC is 3333.3N (Tensile) AC is 3333.3N (Tensile) BD is 3333.3 (Compressive) CD is 2357.1N (Tensile) CE is 1666.6 (Tensile) DE is 0 DF is 2357.1 (Compressive) EF is 1666.6N (Tensile) 3.3 Tutorial 2 1 For the plane pin-jointed frames shown below, determine using the method of rr Joint the support reactions and internal forces in all the frame members indicating whether the forces are tensile or compressive. SEN Q2 The framework shown in the figure below is used to support a steel car body weigh- ing 200K g. When the car body is suspended in (a) air and (b) totally immersed in a plating bath containing a liquid of density 1000.g/m*, calculate the support reactions and the internal forces in all the members using the method of force resolution at the joints. Density of steel is 7.8 x 10° g/m? 38Chapter 4 Analysis of thin-walled pressure vessels ‘Thin-walled pressure vessels are those vessels whose wall thickness is less than or equal to one tenth of the vessel radius. The distribution of stress across the vessel thickness in this case is assumed to be uniform. ‘They are made of metal and used generally in engineering as storage containers for liquid, powder, gas etc. Stresses will arise due to, say uniform internal liquid or gas pressure, eg. in steam boilers, or pressure due to weight of substances contained. 4.1 Stresses in a thin-walled cylinders When a thin cylinder is subjected subjected to an internal pressure, stresses are induced, © on the longitudinal section XX due to the force tending to separate the top and bottom halves. This stress is called the circumferential or hoop stress * on the circumferential section YY due to the force tending to separate the right and left ends of the cylinder. This stress is called the longitudinal stress Let the internal diameter and length of the cylinder be d and I respectively, the thickness be t and the internal pressure be p. 4.1.1 Circumferential (Hoop) stress Consider figure below, ‘The force tending to separate the top and bottom halves is the pressure multiplied by the projected area in a direction perpendicular to the diametral plane, that is Po = p x dl 40