Industrial Electronics (MU ~ Som 4—~ Mechanical) an (Digital Logie ant L¢ nd Logic Famiion) ...Paga no. (4-7) pH 4.2 DE-MORGAN'S THEOREM UQ, State and prove De-Morgan's theorems in Boolean algebra. (d) of Dec. 20: De-Morgan’s theorem { AB. ‘This law states that the Definition : De-Morgan’s theorems are used in Boolean algebra. AGB. complement of sum of variables is equal tothe product of their self complements _ ‘The LHS of the expression represents NOR gate’ with inputs A and B. The RHS of i HS of the expression ? s i ofthese ee AND gate with inputs complemented. This AND gate Rettman epaeRNDN SE SEs OR SBubbted AND” L(DeMorgun'é theorem) 0 z ‘We will prove it with the help of logic diagram and truth tables. (1810)Fig. 42.2 : Logic diagram of RHS of De-Morgan’s theorem ‘Table 42.1 : Truth table for De-Morgan’s theorem (1e19)Fig. 42:1: Logic diagram of LHS of De-Morgan’s ‘theorem Alp[aselasn| | Jalolai ojo 0 1 oll 1 1 1|0 1 o 1{1 1 oO Thus, A+B =AB. Hence proved. De-Morgan’s theorem 2 Definition : De-Morgan’s theorems are used in Boolean algebra. AB= A + B. This law states that the complement ofthe product of variables is equal tothe sum of their self complements. = The LHS of the theorem represents NAND gate with inputs A and B. The RHS of the theorem represents OR gate with complemented inputs. This OR gate is called as “Bubbled OR” gate. Not yrgnn’s theorem (W010)Fig. 4.2.4 + Logie diagram of RHS of Demo cy Tech-Neo Publictioné.A SACHIN SHAH Venture (WB19Fig. 4.2.3 : Logic diagram of LHS of De-morgan’s theorem (MU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 20-21) (M4-35) om E49oar (BD) + (GW) = (+ 9) + (a + y) : WasOOIp s,UBBIOPW oq Bursn Burmoyoy am AcIg =: Vey “x: waI0sy] UPSIOUI-3qg UO sajdurexy panjos 1°Z-y 1 -poaoid s0usH & + V= av ‘soy wr9109y} S,UBBIOUI-9(f 10J 91qEI YINAL | Z°Z"p GEL gS SS 9s ——————————————— ( ‘soyjjuse_ 01507 pue 91607 jey6iq) (jeo1UBYyDe-] — y WES — NW) so1U0q4oa/y feLSNpU!pol 4.20 MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER £UQ. Write a short note on Mul Mus UQ. Explain Demultiplexer. x ERO ea UQ. Explain multiplexer and demultiplexer in digital circuits. Enlist their applications. lexer and Demultiptexer. 4.20.1 Multiplexer Consider for 2": 1 multiplex Normally, there are 2"input lines and n select input fines where bit combinations determine which input is selected. Multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has ‘maximum of 2n data inputs, ‘n’ selection lines and single oer] ° Inputs 2A output line. One of these data inputs will be connected to the Y (Output) ‘output based on the values of selection lines. Since there are ‘n’ selection lines, there will be 2n possible combinations of zeros and ones. So, each Sra) eaten Sy combination will select only one data input. Multiplexer is pelea ‘also called as Mux. Therefore, multiplexer is known as Select inputs ‘many into one. Fig. 4.20.1 : Block diagram of Multiplexer ‘A multiplexer is a combinational logic circuit a —— that receives binary data or information from inputs ‘and transmits the data to a single output. The input .es is controlled by a set of select inputs “m” such 4 Output Where D m = number of select lines umber of input lines Multiplexer is also called as Mux or data selector 2 Ss Enable ———! Fig. 4.20.1(a) : MUX Logic Dingram ‘%® 4.20.1(A) 4:1 Multiplexer For example, the logic diagram of Fig, 4.20.1(a) and the block diagram of Fig. 4.20.1(b) are of 4:1 multiplexer. Bs Select Input | Output Input 41 Pt { oun st | so|_¥ 0 [0 | Enable Tea eo. i a ee 7,0 | & oe +[>7] : Select ines Truth Table of 4: 4 MUX Fig, 4.20.1(b) : Block Diagram of 4:1 MUX (MU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 20-21) (M4-35) Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustrial Electronics (MU - Sem 1 Sp yt $; Sp Dy# $19 Doty From the truth table, y: ‘The realization of the above expression using AND and OR gates is the multiplexer. i in i A 8:1 MUX ‘The multiplexing function discussed above can be used in the design of 16:1 MUX combinational circuits. There are some standard ICavailablefor2: IMUX, 4:1 MUX, 8:1 MUX and 16:1 MUX are given in table. ICs of MUX 4.20.1 (B) Cascading of Multiplexers Tf the inputs are increased beyond the available range then several multiplexers can be cascaded for required design. Consider, 16 : 1 ‘multiplexer can be designed using two 8 : 1 multiplexer and one OR gate, Designing Cireuit Diagram © Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages 1. Easier to design combinational circuits. 2. Easier to debug circuits designed using multiplexers. Disadvantages 1. Multiplexers can become very large fora large number of inputs. ‘= Applications of Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer are used in various fields where multiple data need to be transmitted using a single line. Following Multiplexer Using two 8: are some of the applications of multiplexers : 1. Communication system 2. Telephone network 3. Computer memory 4, Transmission from the computer system of a satellite %_ 4.20.2 Demultiplexer A de-multiplexer is a combinational circuit which performs the reverse operation ofa multiplexer, It receives data ‘or information on a single line and transmits this information to cone of the 2x possible output Lines. The bit combination of the select lines is used for selection of output line. The block diagram of ths is shown in Fig. 4.20.3. output ‘Selecknpute Fig, 4.20.3 : Block Diagram of Demultiplexer (MU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 20-21) (M4-35) Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Venturepest moe Mechanical (ota Leg ane Log onion). Pag (4-43) F 4.20.2(A) 1:4 Desmulipteer ovexaple of 14 Destiptever is shown in Hg 420, wwe operation ows en fom te th le 5 D-4 Tnpt [Botwat Input] Output %, st | 0 Lp. woot % 1 0 0 on, rpoeprfoos 6 cho fe +o 2 0D, 7 EEE RB! Pe eve, (oy Truth Table (a) Logie Diagram Fig. 4.204 : 1:4 De-multiplexer “The binary input is applied at the select input lines and the output is obtained on Demultiplexer | 1 Number the corresponding line, The data input line is used as an enable pin and is: connected | 1:4 DeMUX TASS. fo osc 1 for chip operation. As per the truth table of Fig, 4.20.4(6), Dy, Dy. Dz; [1:8 DeMUX | 74158 decimal digit 0, 1, 2, 3 corresponding to binary inputs 00, 01, 10, 11 [j:16DemUX | _74154 respectively. Some of the de-multiplexer 3 available as standard ICs. 1Cs of DeMUX Y 4.20.2(B) Cascading of De-multiplexers To get more number of output lines, we need to cascade two or more de-multiplexer. For example cascading of 1 : 4 demultiplexer for designing of 1:8 demultiplexer shown in Fig. 4.20.5. = Enable input linesuchthat Enable = 0, De-mux 1 is enable and when enable=1,de-mux2 is enabled. © Advantages = Transmission of Audio/Video signals requires combination of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers. = They are also used as decoders in security systems like banking sectors. = Combination of Demuxes with Muxes increases the efficiency of the communication system. Enable | Fig. 4.20.5 Cascading of Demultiplexer "© Disadvantages = Wastage of Bandwidth might occur. = _ Delays might occur due to synchroni © Applications of De-multiplexer 1. Data distributor 2, Time division multiplexer 3. Decoder tion of signals. (MU-New Sylabus wes academic year 20-21) (M4-35) ns..A SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustrial Electronics (MU — Sem 4 ~ Mechanical) UQ. Differentiate between multiplexer and De-multiplexer. (Digital Logic and Logie Families) Multiplexer De-multiplexer A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that | A demultiplexer is a combinational circuit that provides single output but accepts multiple | takes single input but that input can be directed | data inputs through multiple outputs. Symbol o— i ‘Output “inputs Y (Output) | Impure Sai 51% Se Select inputs Number of data | Multiple Single inputs Number of data | Single Multiple output Conversion _| It performs parallel to serial conversion. Itperforms serial to parallel conversion. technique Device It is N to 1 device and thus behaves as data | It is 1 to N device and thus behaves as dla configuration _| selector. distributor, NOTES e fiaanquaA HYHS NIHDWS W"'suoReDI Gnd canal (S€-pW) (TZ-02 128A auapede sam sngeiiAs MaN-NIN) “worndexe 1sej Joy epoo SurumuresSord Jesup ‘JoLOYs v sMOTTE YOryA\ Jas UORONASUT paonper emp pue sepour Surssosppe usaas amp ‘sng Blep 3q-9T elf 0} parejar APoaNp st eoueuropied Se oul “wesserp Bupmomtoy al WO] pooystepun eq wes O¢h dS JO aimoanyore oy.) “omni. e 2.0 i io a a eT) “papualsuiodal st SGA 0} UOHOOUUOD ‘ped advyord NHO| WN | Ped pajsauuos 10N| WN ze 8 gouasajol punosy| WN | 87 ‘LZ adeyoa Atddns jedi | YN | OEIndustrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 ~ Mechanical) (Microprocessor and Microcontrollers) — These MSP controller families share a 16-bit CPU PISC type, intelligent peripherals and flexible clock system that interconnects using a Van- Neumann common memory address bus (MAB) and memory data bus (MDB) architecture, = ‘The CPU of MSP 430 includes ei eg registers and 12 are general purpose resister. All the registers can be addressed inthe same way. .s-In these registers are special purpose Port MAB MDB acer Wate | Digital” peripheral | a), (2)strial Electronics (MU. Mechanical) chanical) (Microprocessor and Microcontrollers) ....Pago no. (5-13) MDB - Memory Data Bus Ky ae eee Program counter ——— ammeg ts Stack pointer rr MAB - Memory Address Bus ae ae is... R10 General purpose ne Ki _R1i General purpose 16 8. overfiow, Negative, N ———— Fig. 5.43 : Registers and ALU of MSP430 > Status Register (SP/R,) : ‘The status register (SP/R,) stores the state and control bits, ‘The system flags or status are changed by the CPU depending on the result of an operation in a register 18 Weg MB ya 8 Ame 2A 1443 12 1 10 9 hate ost Pi v Jooosceo] 2 [ Se] ce] | 2 |e Reserved for CG1 Fig. 544 : Status Register {U Now Euan w of academic vear 20-21) (M4-35) [Bbrech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 ~ Mechanical) (Microprocessor and Microcontrollors) Page no. (5-14) Bit Deseription o-c Cany flag C= 1 Result ofa byte or word operation produced a carry C= 0-4 Nocarry produced by operation. 1-2 [Zero fag IZ = 1 —> Result ofa byte or word operation is zero. Z = 0 > Result ofa byte or word operation is non-zero, 2-N [Zero fag N = 1 + Result of a byte or word operation is negative. te of word operation is positive. N= 0 — Resultof: 3-GIE [General Interrupt Enable JGIE = 1 Enables miaskable interrupts. 4-CPU OFF |CPU OFF (CPU OFF = 1 ~ Disable CPU core. 5-OSC OFF | Oscillator OFF | OSCOFF = 1 -» Tums off LFXTI when it is used for MCLK or SMACK, 6-SCG [System clock generator 1 ueol is turned off. CG) = 1 FLL + loon. 7-SCG 1 [System clock generator 1 SCG1 = 1-+ DCO is turned off. 8-V [Overflow bit |v = 1-> Result of an arithmetic operation overflows the signed - variable range. 9-15 __ [Reserved for CGI. © Constant Generator Registers (CG1/CG2) (R,/ R;) = Depending on the source-register addressing modes value, six commonly used constants can be generated without a code word or code memory access to retrieve them, ‘The implementation of emulated instructions is allowed because of above feature. ‘Table 544 : Values of the CG Register A “Remark R, | 00 - Register mode Ry_| on 0 Absolute mode R,_| 10 | 00004 h +4, bit Ry [11 | oooogn | +8, bit Ry__| 00 | 00000 h 0, word Ry _| 01 | 00001 b +1 R,_[10| oo002h |+ 2, _—ibil Ry [ia FRFFh | =I, word (MU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 20-21) (M4-35) Their Puliations.A SACHIN SHAH Vertuejem 4 ~ Mechanical) (Microprocessor and Microcontrollers) ....Page no. (5-15) @ Genera) P rnore Registers (R, - Ry) + In the table, the register from R, to Rys used as general purpose registers. These registers used {0 store data values, address pointers or index values and can be accessed with byte or word. 2) WO Ports : The MSP 430 supports 11 1/0 Pp to Pip, The newest “Sxx and’6xx families has P to Py; and the control registers are assigned to provide more port paits. (3) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) : The ALU basically performs 16-bit arithmetic and logical operations such as additions, subtraction, comparison, logical AND, logical OR etc. All ALU operations affects in the status register. | ON-chip Peripherals - Analog to Digital Converter : The MSP 430 offers two types of analog to digital conversion, 10-bit and 12-bit successive approximation coverts as well as a 16-bit signal delta converter. - Digital to Analog Converter (DAC 12) : The DAC 12 module is a 12-bit. Digital to analog convertor, voltage- output internal/external reference selection and programmable setting time for power consumption. = Comparator : For accurate measurement of voltage and register values, the MSP 430 supports comparator module. = Operation Amplifier (OP-amps) : The MSP 430 controller having on chip IC i.e. operational amplifier. The OP-amp is basically used for performing instructions, operations and it features single supply, low current operations. ‘The MSP 430 also supports on chip devices like, 16-bit timers, watchdog (WDT+) power management module, supply voltage supervisor (SVS), general purpose /Os and USART (UART, SPI, 12C), USB etc. — Timers : Timer_A, Timer_B and Timer_D are 16-bit timers. The timer having multiple compares, PWM outputs, it is also having interrupt capability functions. — Watchdog : The watchdog (WDT+) performs a function of restart after any problem occurs during execution. As the time of execution interval expires, the system restarts. LCD or Display : The MSP 430 micro controller drives LCD display for up to 196 segments. = System Supports : The system supports are Enhanced Emulation Module (BEM), Direct Memory Access (DMA) controller, Hardware Multiplier, Memory Protection Unit (MPU), Power Management Unit and Supply-Voltage Supervisor. ~ Communication : For the purpose of communication between CPU and memory or input output devices, many protocol supports in MSP 430 micro controller. The SPI protocol, I2C protocol. For universal synchronous asynchronous receiver and transformer. “S15 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE |(ay Fast response ¢ piezoelectric actuators respond in a matter of microseconds. Acceleration rates of more {nalt 10,000 g ean be realized. High force generation : capable of moving loads ot ranges of several 100 um with resolutions (4) No magnetic fields because the pievoclectrie effect is related to electric fields, piezoelectric actuators produce fo magnetic fiekds nor are they affected by them, ‘Therefore such devices are especially well suited for applications where magnetic fiekds cannot be tolerated, Tow power consumption : static operation, even holding heavy loads for long periods, consumes virtually no power A piezoelectric actuator behaves very much like an electrical eapacitor. When at rest, no heat is generated. (6 Nowear #90 moving pats such a gears or bearings. The displacement is base upon solid-state dynamics and therefore exhibits no wear, Endurance tests have been conducted on piezoelectric actuators that have exhibited no measurable change in performance over several billion cycles. veral tons, Piezoelectric actuators ean cover travel n the subnanometer range. @ @ 1 Explain «= Applications () Positioners ©) Motors (3) vibration suppressors. (4) __ Piezoelectric actuator for micro robot used in nanosatellite = Piezoelectric actuator for micro robot used in nanosatellite (Detail) _ The nanosatellites of the CubeSat standard (10x10x10 em and with mass 1-10 kg) was designed to reduce cost and development time and to maximize science retum. However, the small size of the spacecraft imposes substantial mass. volume, and power constraints. _ The challenge remains to be the miniaturization of the Various robots for the manipulation of funetional objects, such a cameras, laser sources, mirrors and other used in nanosatellites, Therefore in particular, precision positioning of the manipulated object is important task for robots used in nanosatellites as well. = Inthis paper authors present the design of robot driven by the piezoelectric actuators. Investigations of the robot axe presented and they prove ability to improve the accuracy of the movement for the robot arm using two bending bimorph type piezoelectric actuators and 3DOF rotary piezoelectric motor. = The design of micro robotic arm using two bending bimorph type piezoelectric actuators and 3DOF rotary piezoelectric motor that enables the robot arm to rotate 360 degrees around the axis and 170 degrees around and axis, Robot consists of piezoelectric cylinder, ferromagnetic sphere, two cantilever piezoelectric bending actuators and manipulated objet (camera, laser source or other). This actuator that consists of two bending ‘bimorphs improves the accuracy of the positioning angles for robotic arm. Such piezoelectric bending actuator can be characterized as low price and simple design. (MU-New Syllabus wes academic year 20-21) (M4-35) ITech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VenturePago no. (5-40) Industria Electronics (MU - Som 4 ~ Mechanical) (Microprocessor and Microcontrollers osatellites Connecting the jon shown in Fig, 5.7.8(b), @ travelling oF standing waves on 1e piezoelectric cylinder 1 to the iraddes of = Design of piezoelectric robot for movement around axis , or (Fig, 5.7.8(), shape rotor 4 of the robot arm can rotate 360 degrees around the axis and 170 degrees around and = The sphere ‘arm of robot is fabricated of two piezoelectric For precision positioning of the manipulated object the niilevers bending actuators bonded together in series and is fixed on the surface of the sphere 4. First ing movement around axis and second piezoelectric bimorph 6 cat piezoelectric cantilever bimorph 5 creates be around axis (Fig. $.7.8(a)) + Piezoelectric robot : (a) scheme of the robot; (b) piezoelectric eylinder electrodes configuration, here; 1 = plezoelecirc eyindor, 2— permanent magnet, = friction contact elements, ‘4~ferromagnetie sphore-rtor, 5 — fst plazoelactic bimorph, 6 ~ second plazosloctic bimorph, "7 manipulated object, 8 - configuration of the piezoelectric cylinder electrodes; (6) geometical paramators of 20 actuator, here : 1 ~ first piezoslectic bimorph, 2 second plezoolectic bimorph, 1, — length of frst bimorph, [, ~ length of second bimorph, w,~ wih oft bimorph, w, width of sacond bimorph, t, ~ thickness of fst bimorph t= thickness of second bimorph, For the 2D bending actuator two piezoelectric bimorphs were sed. Dimensions of the actuators are presented in J), Fig. 5.7.8(c). 1, ~ length of first bimorph (50 mm), /,~ length of second bimorph (40 mm), w, ~ width of first bimorph y (7.8 mm), w, ~ width of second bimorph (2 mm), t, ~ thickness of first bimorph (1.8 mm), ¢, ~ thickness of second bimorph (0.8 mm). ((#U-New Sylabus wef academic year 20-21) (M435) Tabrech-Neo Publications. SACHIN SHAH Venturenear Actuator (Induction) | (V) Disadvantages of Linear Induction Motor o 1s lower factor due to higher air gap thetween the primary and the secondary (of the order to swim) as compared to the cylindrical rotor induction ng the air gap of about L mm, Gi) Te has much higher rotor resistance and therefore high rotor copper losses resulting in low efficiency, (iit) High eapital cost due to the reaction rail fixed along the (Linear induction si) and running cost due 10 the rovating pats aa motor (i axinmum speed as there 18 wr due to the open ‘centre line of the track fer power to weight ratio. ‘ .. (iv) It produces no force at stand still condition. figh acceleration/deeeleration. No. need of mechanical rotatatory-fo-tinear ‘gear required, (¥) It produces more heat for a given continuous force output. (VD) Applications of Linear Induction Motor © _Inavtomatic stiding door systems (ii) In conveyors travelling eranes, haulers ete, In the high speed ground transportation Gii) In curtain putter system used big opera houses and drama theaters. (iv) WB 6.10.4 Serve Motors y 1 UQ. ive Note: Given below is the general questions may be wrtt @ ting speed of a servomotor is defined as the time required for the motor shaft to reach a specified posi (ii) Common servos have operating speeds in the range of 0.05 to 0.2 sec/60°. (ED Definition of a Servomotor A servomotor is defined as that rotary oF linear actuator which allows for precise control of linear or angular position, velocity and acceleration. (fi) It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. i) It also requires a sophisticated controller which is dedicated module designed specifically for the use with servomotors. Modi 6 (MU-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 20-21) (M4-35) Tech-Neo Publications...A SACHIN SHAH Venture aIndustrial Elec (Types of Servomorors es (MU - Som 4 — Mechanical ) ‘The types of servomotors are as shown in the chat: “Typos of Sorvomotor D.C. Servomotors ee © -G) Ww, Fiela ‘Armature | | Permanent controled | | controlled magnet armature A} [Lcontrotied (oFasFig, 6.10.3 : Types of Servomotors, W®_6.10.4(A) DC Servomotors @ Construction, Working and Applications of DC Servomotors > (1) Field Controlled D.C. Servomotors CConstantcurrent source © Fig, 610.3() below represents the field controled. Gi The field is controlled by an electronic amplifier. enor ee (Gi) The armature is supplied by a constant current source, “Sina! Gv) The error voltage represents the difference between the ‘measured signal and the desired signal. ok : 7\ rotvad (¥) The torque developed by this method is zero when no field excitation is supplied by the DC error amplifier. (vi) Since the armature current is always constant, the torque is directly proportional to the field flux and also itis proportional tothe field current upto saturation ie. T= @1, (vi) I the polarity ofthe field is reversed, the armature rotation reverses, (1) Applications of fleld-Controlled D.C. Servo Motor {tis used only in small applications like blood cell counters. (ra9Fig. 6.10.3(a) : Field controlled de servomotor Constant-current source > (2) Armature Controlled D.C. Servomotors (Fig. 6.10.3(b) represents the armature controlled D.C. servomotor : (i) The armature circuit is controlled by an electronic os amplifier. n i) The field winding is supplied by’a constant current Ha (0F20Fig, 6.10.3(b) : Armature controlled D.C. Servomotor (iv) The error voltage represents the difference between the measured signal and the desired signal (MU-New Syllabus w.ef academic year 20-21) (M4-35) fech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH Ventureindustrial Electronics (MU - Som 4 Mecha (8) A sudden targe or small cha Tesponse in the developed torque. the (WI) This is so since the armature curre ficld controtled D.C, servomotor. Wi) If the error signal Tis used in large applies Gi) Due to the permanent magnets, the fi characteristics. () Therefore there is no need to use interpoles. (V) Applications of Permanent Magnet Armature Controlled D.C. ‘These motors are used in wide application of el %S 6.10.4(B) A.C. Servometors @ Construction of A.C. Servomotors ature Voltage produ is resistive in ations like point manufacturing, > (3) Permanent Magnet Armature Controlled D.C. Sa (oto Pag na, (6-37) | by an error signal couses an almost immediate «ture compared to the highly inductive field circuit of the ‘nthe polarity ofthe armature voltage are reversed, the armature rotation reverses Applications of Armature Controlled Servomotor bottling plants, cement manufacturing plants ete. rvomotors © Fig. 6.10.36) represents the permanent magnet armature contoled D.C. servomotor. eld excitation is constant. Gi) The speed of the permanent magnet D.C. servomotor is fis ‘varied by changing the voltage applied to the armature. Sora Gv) Note that the material of the permanent magnets used hhere has high coercivity and excellent commutation (OF2)Fig.6.10.3(@) : Permanent magnet armature controlled D.C. servomotor Servomotors lectric vehicles and cordless power tools. > (@) Using a2 Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor (@ Fig. 6.10.3(4) shows the schematic diagram of an AC servomotor using @ 2-phase squirrel cage induction motor. Gi) The squitel cage rotor has high resistance ©=——f voltage and low inertia. ‘Squirel cage rotor ‘The stator has two distributed windings jiich are displaced from each, other by (Clectrical) ie main winding is excited by a fixed AC. voltage say Vo. ‘Main winding 7 etenes pase) Lfs——vacr—e bi, (wreaFig, 6.10.3(d) : schematic diagram of a 2 phase A.C. servomotor -New syllabus wef academic year 20-21 (4-35) (mus Tech-Neo Publiations.A SACHIN SHAH Venture zo3 Electronios (MU - Som 4 ~ Mechanical ) (Motors) fed by the output voltage V, of an ampli (i) The voltages Vi and Vj are obtained from the same. A.C. source and further Vq leads Vyy by 90° due to the capacitor C. (©) The other stator winding called control windin (I) Working of A.C. Servomotor (With zero error voltage, the squirrel eage rotor is at stand: Gi)_A small error signal @i amplified by the A.C. amplifier and fed to control winding, ‘The servomotor rotates with a speed proportional to this voltage and in a direction so as to reduce the error signal as per the Lenz's Law. Gv) The motor ceases to rotate when zero error signal is produced at the control winding. (¥)_ Thus the precise continues control'is achieved (QD) Applications of 2-Phase A.C. Servomotors (A.C. position control system e.g. rocket launchers. Gi) Process controllers. ii) Robotics (iv) Self balancing recorders > (2) Using a3 Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor @ Working @ _In these types of servomotors, the 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors are controlled by using a vector control or field oriented control, in which the currents fed to the machine are controlled in such a way that the torque and flux become decoupled (mean separate) as in the case of a D.C. motor. Gi) This gives a high speed and a high torque performance, (HID) Applications of a 3-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Servomotor Large power applications like for example CNC machines jig, boring machines, turret lathes, heat treatment plants, panel manufacturing ete, Hint : In the answer of the above questions, write the definition of a servomotor draw the chart showing the types of the servomotor and explain any one type say field, controlled D.C. servomotor. Also state the applications of all the types of servomotors. % 6.10.5 Requirements of a Good Servomotor Ans. : ‘The requirements of a good servomotor are discussed briefly as follows : A servomotor should have resonance free and vibration free operation. A servomotor should perform quietly even at high speeds. A secvomotor should maintain usable high speed torque of 90% of the no load torque. A secvomotor should have very high torque say about 5 to 10 times the rated torque for a short period. A servomotor must not become hot since the current drawn by itis proportional to the load. 1K should have low inertia so that it can accelerate or decelerate quickly. (MU-New Syllabus w.e academic year 20-21) (M4-35) TB reer neo Pubcatons.a SACHIN SHAH Venture(Motors) ....Page no. (6-39) Industrial Electronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical ) 7. Itshould have quick reversal of its direction of rotation. 8. A-servomotor should have a compact size. ; 9. The basic requirement of a servomotor is that its torque v/s speed characteristics should be linear, as shown in the Fig. 6.10.4. ord : made linear b: (1Faa)Fig. 6.10.4 : Effect of central voltage on the torque speed characteristics of an AC servomotorAG, Motor Mus ‘New Syllabus wef academic year 20-21) (M4-35) eo D.C Motor i No. 5 Pita spy DC. “A.C. single phase or three phase 1ST carbon brushes | Used Not used and commutator Teg terninals | TWO inpat Cemninals postive and] () For Single phase motors there are wo ive terminals viz, phase and neutral. z For three phase motors there are three gl oa terminals viz R, ¥ and B. ‘4, | Starting q Self-starting (Single phase motors are non self-starting ae i) Three phase motors are self starting. “aking pincple | The magnetic Feld i stationary and [() The, magnetic field due to single phase ig principl the armature rotates. ‘AC. supply is constant in magnitude but pulsating in nature -. rotor cannot rotate. Gi) ‘The magnetic field due three phase A.C. supply is of variable sinusoidal value and revolving in nature 2. the rotor of the three phase induction motor. 6. | Commutation Present ‘Not present 7, |Compenseting | Used Not necessary poles (compoles) &._| Armature reaction _| Present Not present 9,_| Maintenance Regular maintenance of commutator | () For squirrel cage motor practically no required and brushes is required. maintenance is required. Gi) For wound ‘rotor motor maintenance of slip rings’and brushes is required. 10. | Applications D.C. shunt motors : (Constant | ¢ ea a es | @) Ceiling fais, e@ ae igal_ and reciprocating | (2) mixers exhaust fans, (3) Lathe drilling machines, milling | @) small pumps, machines (4) hospitals, 4) Lit ve é “ Pepe erro (©) recording studios, .C. series motors : (high starting | (6) hair dryers, torque and variable speed] z eae ly aise ns cy ‘Coase (1) refrigerators and air conditioners @) Hoists (4) Trolley cars'and trolly| ©®) Tape decks ete. buses (5) Shearing machines and punches presses »! Tech-Neo Publications..A SACHIN SHAH VentureIndustrial Ek lectronics (MU - Sem 4 — Mechanical) (Motors) ...Page ne (6-25) Sr. | Parameter: No- SDE ‘D.C. Motor ge ~ = BC-Motor ee Gii) Cumulative compound ii) Three phase induction motors : motors (a) Squirrel cage type? [High starting torque fairly constant Centrifugal water pumps, machine tools. speed] atc. (Q) Elevators (2) Punches () Stip-ring type 3) Pla Ont Variable frequency drives elevators paper Shee vnills cement manufacturing units textile (5) Rolling mills, mills, sugar mills ete (©) Differential compound : no use (A) | Types Shani senes and compound D.C. | @_ Single phase : Squirrel cage shaded pole motors ‘permenant capacitor, two valle capacitor, repulsion, hysteresis, reluctance. (ii) Three phase (a) Squirrel cage (b)_ Wound rotor or slip ring type (ayy | Cost D.C. motors are costly @ Single phase induction motors are cheap. Gi) Three phase squirrel cage type are cheaper than three phase wound rotor ‘motor which have very high cost. ba a. 6,8.10Torave Equation of An Induction Motor qi tee flux induced in the rotor conductors / phase ; 8 dar = Rotor power factor under running condition -qen the torque developed by the rotor can be expressed as, T % 2 Tp, COS ar can But ds depends on such that = E, s Laci x» Replacing gin the equation (1) by E,, we get, Te E; I, 08 2, ==:Q) (i) Rs “urrent / on @ ‘ . ‘phase under running condition is given by In,= SE 7 . Reem -.) ie 3 rotor resistance / phase an a Xx, Es rotor reactance / phase FP. under running enmatis