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Cell Cycle 2

The cell cycle involves regular phases of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that allow for growth and repair. It has two main stages: interphase and cell division. Interphase consists of three phases - G1, S, and G2 - where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication in S phase. The cell division stage consists of mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Checkpoints ensure major events occur at the right times and prevent DNA damage from persisting to later stages.

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Louelle Razon
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28 views20 pages

Cell Cycle 2

The cell cycle involves regular phases of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that allow for growth and repair. It has two main stages: interphase and cell division. Interphase consists of three phases - G1, S, and G2 - where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication in S phase. The cell division stage consists of mitosis, where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Checkpoints ensure major events occur at the right times and prevent DNA damage from persisting to later stages.

Uploaded by

Louelle Razon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WHAT IS CELL

CYCLE?
CELL CYCLE?
This cycle involves distinct and
regular phases of growth, DNA
duplication, and cell division that
are needed to allow growth and
repair.
2 STAGES of CELL CYCLE
✓Interphase
✓Cell Division
Interphase Non-dividing
stage

Cell division Dividing stage


INTERPHASE
➢ the growth period in
the cell cycle
characterized by cell
preparation by
replication of its
genetic information
and all of its
organelles.
INTERPHASE
3 Main Parts
Gap 1 (𝐺1 )Phase
INTERPHASE
3 Main Parts
Gap 1 (𝐺1 )Phase
Synthesis (S)Phase
INTERPHASE
3 Main Parts
Gap 1 (𝐺1 )Phase
Synthesis (S)Phase
Gap 2 (𝐺2 )Phase
Gap 1 (𝑮𝟏 )Phase
➢ Cell carries out its normal
metabolic functions
(example: during G1
phase, an intestinal cell
performs its primary duty
to absorb nutrients)
➢ Cells increase their size
➢ Cell prepares for DNA
synthesis
Synthesis (S)Phase
➢ DNA synthesis
(replication) occurs; cells
make a copy of its genetic
material in the form of
nuclear DNA
➢ Cells spend considerable
amount of time and
energy to make copies of
its chromosomes
Gap 2 (𝑮𝟐 )Phase
➢ Cells continue to carry out
their normal functions and
also undergo further growth
and synthesis of RNA and
proteins
➢ This stage contains a
critical “checkpoint” before
transitioning to the next
stage which is cellular
division.
CELLULAR DIVISION
Mitosis and Meiosis

Some cells undergo the cell cycle only


once or they stop dividing and enter the
stage known as the gap zero or G0. In
this stage, cells are unlikely to divide but
still continue to perform normal
functions.
CELLULAR DIVISION
Mitosis and Meiosis

Such cells, like neuron cells and heart


muscle cells that are highly
differentiated or specialized and that the
body cannot easily replace, are said to
be permanently in G0.
CELLULAR DIVISION
Mitosis and Meiosis
Immune cells that are needed at a later time,
such as lymphocytes, remain in G0 for many
years until such time that the body needs to
recognize an invader. Only when an invader
binds to the lymphocyte’s receptor that the
lymphocyte starts to divide rapidly to help
get rid of the infection.
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
“Checkpoints” or control points are
moments when the cell can “check”
its internal conditions and “decide”
whether to progress to the next
phase or remain. It
CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS
In order to prevent
mutations/chromosomal
aberrations and ensure major
events occur at correct times,
several cell cycle checkpoints
are present at various times in
the cycle preventing cells from
proceeding to the next stage
unless all criteria had been
met.
G1 Checkpoint ✓ Restriction point to
enter S phase
✓ Checks DNA damage
and favorable conditions
✓ Availability of growth
factors
✓ G1 checkpoint can
direct cell into
quiescence (G0) if
conditions are not
favorable
S Checkpoint

✓ Checks for DNA


damage before/ during
replication
✓ Prevents reduplication
of DNA
G2 Checkpoint
✓ Allows entry into
mitosis
✓Checks DNA
damage
✓Ensures DNA is
duplicated
M Checkpoint
✓ During mitosis: allows
entry to anaphase
✓ Ensures all
chromosomes aligned
at metaphase plate
and attached to the
spindle fiber

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