Isometric Projections

6. Isometric Projections
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Isometric projection is a 3D method of representing the pictorial view of an object in which all the three
perpendicular edges are equally inclined to the plane of projection. It provides relatively greater
understanding of the object under study. They are commonly used to prepare pictorial views of objects,
that are frequently used in various fields in engineering such as Mechanical, Production, Automobile,
Aerospace, Civil Engineering, etc. The principles of isometric projection can be understood in terms of
the orthographic projections of a cube kept on one of its corners on HP and a solid diagonal
perpendicular to VP. It is interesting to note that in this position,, projection of the cube appears as a
regular hexagon and the three perpendicular edges of the cube can be used to represent the three
principal axes. Figure 6.1 represents the isometric projection of the cube where in, the view direction is
inclined to all the three principal axes at 45o so that the top surface and the two lateral surfaces are seen
in one view only. This simple exercise of cube illustrates the construction details for creating isometric
projections. One can easily make out, that the incident angle of light rays is at 45o, all the lines which are
parallel to these principal axes are seen at 30o and with a reduced length by 0.816496 times
(ratio √2 : √3) the original length. One can easily create the isometric (ISO) scale as shown in Figure 6.2.
To construct an isometric scale draw two lines, one inclined at 30 o and other inclined at 45o to the
horizontal. Mark the true lengths on the line inclined at 45 o. Project the markings in line inclined at 30o,
which gives the isometric lengths.
Usually the term isometric projection is referred to the drawing using the isometric lengths. The
term isometric view or drawing is used for drawing with true length. However, it is to be noted that in
case of sphere the isometric projection is a circle of actual radius i.e. the radius does not foreshorten.

Figure 6.1: Illustration ISO Projection of a Cube Figure 6.2: Construction of ISO Scale

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6.2 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Problem 6.2.1
A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination solid.
Solution
Manual Method
In the isometric projection, first construct the cube and then the sphere.
1. Construct the isometric scale of suitable length.
2. Draw a horizontal line. From a point on it, construct two line at 30o on either side. Mark ISO 50
mm on either side. Draw parallel lines and complete the rhombus which is the isometric
projection of the base of the cube.
3. Construct vertical lines from the four corners of the rhombus with lengths of ISO 50 mm, join
their ends to get the top face of rhombus.
4. From the center of the top rhombus, mark ISO 25 mm on the vertical line get the center of the
sphere.
5. With the center of the sphere as center and radius equal to true radius of sphere 25 mm construct
a circle.

6. Erase unwanted lines and darken the combined object and finally dimension the combination
solid.
Computer Aided Drafting Procedure
1. Open the SOFTWARE. Click on the DRAWING in the CREATE dialog box.
2. Set up the sheet of required size by selecting the A4 Landscape in the Sheet Format/Size
dialog box.

3. Draw the isometric scale as per the dimensions of the problem.

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Isometric scale

Isometric scale = Normal Scale/.816

4. Draw the horizontal line by using the LINE COMMAND and draw two inclined lines at
o
an angle of 30 using SMART DIMENSION as shown below.
5. Using LINE COMMAND and thickness of 0.4 for visible edge draw two lines of ISO
length of 50 mm along 30o lines as shown below.

6. Using LINE COMMAND draw a line, using EQUAL and PARALLEL RELATION
complete the base of the object. In case, if they are not connected use EXTEND COMMAND
asd to join the lines.

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7. Draw the vertical edges equal to their isometric lengths of prism height using LINE
COMMAND .

8. Join all the top end points using LINE COMMAND and remove invisible lines using
TRIM COMMAND as shown below.

9. Select POINT COMMAND, Mark center of the top face of prism as o1. Using LINE
COMMAND and LINE STYLE draw axis line at center of top face of prism. On this mark o2
center of sphere at height equal to ISO 25 mm i.e. radius of sphere. With this as center using
CIRCLE COMMAND taking actual radius draw a circle as shown below.

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10. Using TRIM COMMAND remove the invisible lines. Finally, with SMART DIMENSION
COMMAND dimension the object as shown below.

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Problem 6.2.2
A hemisphere of 40 mm diameter is supported co-axially on the vertex of a cone of base diameter 60
mm and axis length 50 mm. The flat circular face of the hemisphere is facing upside. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination solid
Solution
Manual Method
In the isometric projection, first construct the cone, then the flat surface of the hemisphere and finally,
the curved surface of the hemisphere.
1. Construct the isometric scale of suitable length.
2. Draw a horizontal line. Draw parallel lines and complete the rhombus. Construct the ellipse by
four-center method.

3. Mark ISO 50 mm on the vertical line through the center of the ellipse to get the apex of the cone.
Through the apex draw tangents to the ellipse.
4. From the apex, mark ISO 20 mm on the vertical line upwards to get the center of a rhombus of
side ISO 40 mm, construct it.
5. Draw the ellipse which represents the flat face of the hemisphere by using four-center method.
6. The center of the ellipse also represents the center of the hemisphere, with this center construct
a semicircle of radius 20 mm.
7. Erase unwanted lines and dimension the combination solid.
Computer Aided Drafting Procedure
1. Open the SOFTWARE. Click on the DRAWING in the CREATE dialog box.
2. Set up the sheet of required size by selecting the A4 Landscape in the Sheet Format/Size
dialog box.
3. Draw the isometric scale as per the dimensions of the problem.
4. Draw the horizontal line by using the LINE COMMAND and draw two inclined lines at
o
an angle of 30 using SMART DIMENSION as shown below.
5. By inscribing the base of cone in a square, using LINE COMMAND and thickness of 0.4
for visible edge draw two lines of iso length of 60 mm as shown below.
6. Using LINE COMMAND ,EQUAL and PARALLEL RELATION complete the base
of the object. In case if they do not intersect, use EXTEND COMMAND to join the
lines.

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7. Using CENTERPOINT ARC COMMAND and using four center method draw the ellipse as
shown. From center of the ellipse draw the axis of length equal to ISO length (ISO 50 mm
height of cone). Using LINE COMMAND , draw two lines tangential to the base ellipse as
shown. (If lines are not tangential use TANGENT COMMAND to make line tangent to the
ellipse). The intersection of the tangents gives the apex of the cone o2.

8. From apex of the cone draw a line vertically upward equal to ISO length (iso 20 mm) represent
it as o3. With o3 as center construct a rhombus of iso length of side 40 mm similar to base
ellipse rhombus drawn earlier using LINE , EQUAL and PARALLEL RELATIONS.

9. Using CENTERPOINT ARC METHOD and using four center method draw an ellipse as
shown to get the face of hemisphere.

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10. With o3 as center and actual radius i.e., 20 mm using CENTERPOINT ARC COMMAND SAA
draw an arc so that it is tangential to the ellipse drawn.

11. Using TRIM COMMAND remove the invisible lines.

12. Save the file.

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Problem 6.2.3
Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of 60 x 80 x 20 mm thick surmounting a tetrahedron
of sides 45 mm such that the axes of the solids are collinear and at least one of the edges of both the
sides are parallel to VP.
Solution
Manual Method
Draw the top view and front view of the combination solid with one side of a rectangular prism and
tetrahedron parallel to VP. Draw the isometric projection of the rectangular prism, then draw the
isometric projection of the tetrahedron centrally placed over it.
1. Construct the isometric scale of suitable length.
2. Draw the top view and front view of the combination solid with one side of rectangular prism
and tetrahedron parallel to VP.
3. Draw the isometric projection of the rectangular prism which is a parallelogram, of sides ISO 60
x ISO 80 mm, from the corners of the parallelogram, construct vertical lines of height ISO 20 mm.
Join all the end point to get the base parallelogram
4. Mark the center of top face of prism. From the center of the parallelogram draws the vertical axis
line. Mark on it the apex of the tetrahedron equal to ISO height of tetrahedron (which is picked
from the orthographic projection).

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5. Draw TV of equilateral triangle of 45 mm sides with one side perpendicular to VP, enclose it in a
box.
6. Draw the isometric projection of this box which is a parallelogram, locate it centrally on the top
of the rectangular prism.
7. Draw vertical axis at center of the top of parallelogram equal to ISO height of tetrahedron to
represent apex.
8. Join the apex of the tetrahedron to the corners of the base of the tetrahedron.
9. Erase all the invisible line.
Computer Aided Drafting Procedure
1. Open the SOFTWARE. Click on the DRAWING in the CREATE dialog box.
2. Set up the sheet of required size by selecting the A4 Landscape in the Sheet Format/Size
dialog box.
3. Draw the isometric scale as per the dimensions of the problem.
4. Draw the horizontal line by using the LINE COMMAND and draw two inclined lines at an
o
angle of 30 using SMART DIMENSION as shown below.
5. Using LINE COMMAND and thickness 0.4 for visible edge draw two lines of iso length of
60 mm and 80 mm along 30o lines as shown. Using LINE COMMAND draw a line and
using EQUAL RELATION and PARALLEL RELATION complete the base of the object. In
case, if they are not connected use EXTEND COMMAND to join the lines.

6. Draw the vertical lines at corners of parallelogram equal to isometric height of prism 20 mm
using LINE COMMAND .

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7. Join all the top end points using LINE COMMAND to get top face of prism.

8. Since the axes of solids are collinear identify the center of rectangle represent it as o. With o
as center construct a box of iso length of side 45 mm similar to base square drawn earlier as
shown.

9. Using LINE COMMAND and thickness of 0.4 for visible edge draw triangle of iso length
of 45 mm such that one of the edges of both the solids are parallel to VP as shown below.

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10. Using LINE COMMAND draw vertical line at the center of the top face of prism and mark
apex point at height equal to height of tetrahedron. Join the base corners of the tetrahedron
to apex as shown below.

11. Using TRIM COMMAND remove the invisible lines. With SMART DIMENSION
COMMAND , dimension the isometric view and save the file.

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Problem 6.2.4
Figure 6.3 shows the top view of a cylinder which is centrally mounted on a frustum of a pentagonal
pyramid of 80 mm height. Draw the isometric projection of the combination solid.

Figure 6.3: Top View of Combination of solid

Solution
Manual Method
1. Construct the isometric scale of suitable length.
2. Draw a regular pentagon of 50 mm sides with one of its sides perpendicular to XY. Draw a
rectangular with its center line through the center of the pentagon with longer sides parallel to
perpendicular side of pentagon. Draw the isometric projection of the rectangular box which is a
parallelogram using isometric lengths. Join the corners in order to get the isometric projection of
the base of the pyramid.
3. Construct a vertical line of ISO 60 mm from the center of the base pentagon. The top end of this
vertical line is the center of the top of the frustum. Repeat the process of drawing the isometric
projection of a pentagon of 20 mm side. Join the corners of the top and base in the respective
order.
4. From the center of the top pentagonal face mark a vertical length of isometric 20 mm to get the
center of the axes of the horizontal cylinder.
5. Draw the axes of the cylinder of ISO 20 mm length and along 30o on either side.
6. The ends of the axes represent the centers of circular faces of the horizontal cylinder. Construct
rhombuses of ISO 40 mm on either ends and by four center method construct ellipses. Draw two
tangents to the ellipses and complete the isometric projection of the top cylinder.
7. Erase invisible lines and dimension the combination solid.

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Computer Aided Drafting Procedure

1. Open the SOFTWARE. Click on the DRAWING in the CREATE dialog box.
2. Set up the sheet of required size by selecting the A4 Landscape in the Sheet Format/Size
dialog box.
3. Draw the isometric scale as per the dimensions of the problem.
4. Draw the horizontal line by using the LINE COMMAND and draw two inclined lines at an
angle of 30o using SMART DIMENSION as shown below.
5. Using LINE COMMAND and SMART DIMENSION draw the given top view and
enclose of pentagon as shown below.

6. Using LINE COMMAND , SMART DIMENSION , EQUAL and PARALLEL

RELATIONS COMMAND draw the base parallelogram of the object. In case if they do
not connect, use EXTEND COMMAND to join the lines.
7. Using LINE COMMAND and thickness of 0.4 mm mark and draw pentagon taking ISO
lengths of corresponding sides of top view rectangular enclose, as shown below.

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8. From center of the pentagon using CENTERLINE COMMAND draw a vertical axis of
length equal to ISO length (ISO 60 mm) and represent axis top as o. With o as center construct
a parallelogram of ISO length to inscribe pentagon of side 20 mm as shown.

9. Similar to base parallelogram drawn. Using LINE COMMAND draw pentagon and join the
relevant top and base corners as shown below.

10. Since the cylinder is mounted on a frustum, from center o of the top face of frustum of
pentagon by using POINT COMMAND mark vertically above at height equal to ISO radius of

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cylinder (ISO 25 mm). With this point as reference using CENTERLINE COMMAND draw
axis of length equal to ISO 50 mm on either side as shown below.

11. Identify two end points of cylinder axis, with these end points as center draw an isometric
rhombus of length equal to radius of cylinder (20 mm) using LINE , EQUAL and
PARALLEL RELATION. Using CENTERPOINT ARC COMMAND and 3 POINT ARC
asd two ellipses as shown.

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12. Using LINE COMMAND draw two lines tangent to the two ellipses as shown below. If
lines are not tangential use TANGENT COMMAND to make line tangent to the ellipses.

13. Using TRIM COMMAND remove the invisible lines.

14. Using SMART DIMENSION , dimension the view and save the file.

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Problem 6.2.5
Figure 6.4 shows the front view of a combination solid consisting a cut sphere, frustum of a cone and
frustum of a square pyramid. Draw the isometric projection of the combination solid.

Solution
Manual Method
1. Construct the isometric scale of suitable length.
2. From a point on the horizontal line construct two lines at 30 o on either side and mark lengths of
ISO 90 mm on each. Draw parallel lines to complete the rhombus. From the center of this
rhombus mark a length of ISO 30 mm on the vertical line. At this end draw another parallel
rhombus of ISO 70 mm and connect corners of base to top of the frustum of the pyramid.
3. The top of the frustum of the pyramid has the same dimensions as the base of the frustum of the
cone, so construct the ellipse within in by four center method. Mark ISO 40 mm on the vertical
axis line at this center and construct a parallel rhombus of ISO 60 mm sides. Within this construct
another ellipse by the four-center method to represent the top of the frustum of the cone. Draw
tangents to these ellipses.
4. Draw vertical line at center of top face of frustum of cone of ISO 30 mm to get the center of the
sphere and ISO 10 mm above it to get the center of the rhombus within which an ellipse has to
be constructed to represent the flat face of the cut sphere. The dimensions of the ellipse have to
be constructed to represent the flat face of the cut sphere. The dimensions of the ellipse of the
corresponding rhombus can be got from the orthographic view.
5. With the center of the sphere and radius equal to actual 30 mm (radius of sphere) draw an arc of
a circle till it touches the top ellipses.

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6. Erase invisible lines and dimension the combination solid.

Computer Aided Drafting Procedure
1. Open the SOFTWARE. Click on the DRAWING in the CREATE dialog box.
2. Set up the sheet of required size by selecting the A4 Landscape in the Sheet Format/Size
dialog box.
3. Draw the isometric scale as per the dimensions of the problem.
4. Draw the horizontal line by using the LINE COMMAND and draw two inclined lines at an
o
angle of 30 using SMART DIMENSION as shown below.
5. Using LINE COMMAND and thickness 0.4 for visible edge draw two lines of ISO length 90
mm along 30o line as shown below. Using LINE COMMAND and EQUAL and PARALLEL
asd COMMAND. Complete the base rhombus of the object. In case if they are not connected
use EXTEND COMMAND to join the lines.

6. Draw vertical line at the center of base rhombus using LINE COMMAND . Select POINT
BLOCK, mark the center of top face, which is equal to the ISO 30 mm on this line. With this
point as center draw rhombus of side ISO 70 mm. Join all the relevant corners of top to base
frustum using LINE COMMAND as shown below.

7. Since frustum of a cone is in collinear with frustum of square, the top face of frustum is of
side 70 mm and diameter of base of cone is also 70 mm. Hence, using CENTERPOINT ARC
COMMAND and 3 POINT ARC COMMAND draw an ellipse on top face of the
frustum of square. Using CENTERLINE COMMAND draw vertical axis of length equal to
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height of ISO 40 mm (height of frustum of cone). Mark this as o 3. At this o3 draw rhombus of
ISO 60 mm using LINE , EQUAL and PARALLEL COMMAND.

8. Using CENTERPOINT ARC COMMAND and 3 POINT ARC COMMAND draw an

ellipse.
9. Using LINE COMMAND draw tangents to these ellipses as shown below. If lines are not
tangential use TANGENT COMMAND to make line tangent to the ellipses.

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10. From top face of frustum of cone draw a vertical axis using CENTERLINE COMMAND equal
to ISO length of 40 mm represent it as o5. With o5 as center construct a rhombus of ISO length
30 mm similar to base rhombus drawn earlier.

11. Using CENTERPOINT ARC METHOD and 3 POINT ARC COMMAND draw an ellipse
as shown to get the top face of hemisphere.

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12. Using POINT BLOCK mark a point o4 at a height equal to ISO radius 30 mm from o3. With o4
as center and radius equal to 30 mm using CENTERPOINT ARC COMMAND draw an arc
so that it touches the ellipses drawn.
13. Using TRIM COMMAND remove the invisible lines.
14. Using SMART DIMENSION COMMAND , dimension the isometric view and save the file.

6.3 PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS

Problem 1. A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the
isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 2. A cone of base diameter 30 mm and height 40 mm rests centrally over a cube of side 50
mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 3. A hemisphere of diameter 50 mm is centrally resting on top of a square prism of base

side 60 mm and height 30 mm such that the curved surface of hemisphere is touching the top face
of the prism. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 4. A square prism base side 40 mm, height 50 mm is placed centrally on a rectangular slab
of base sides 100 mm x 60 mm and thickness 20 mm. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 5. A frustum of cone base diameter 50 mm, top face diameter 25 mm and height 50 mm is
placed centrally on a square slab side 80 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projections
of the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 6. A hemisphere diameter 50 mm is resting on its curved surface centrally on the top face
of frustum of a rectangular pyramid base 80 mm x 60 mm and top face 60 mm x 40 mm, height 55
mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 7. A square prism base side 40 mm, height 50 mm is placed centrally on a cylinder slab of
diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 8. A rectangular pyramid of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on

a cylinder slab of diameter 80 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 9. A regular pentagonal prism of base edge 30 mm and axis 60 mm is mounted centrally
over a cylindrical block of 80 mm diameter and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 10. A frustum of a cone base diameter 50 mm, top face diameter 25 mm and height 50 mm
is placed centrally on a cylindrical slab of diameter 100 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the isometric
projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 11. A sphere of diameter 45 mm rests centrally over a frustum of cone of base diameter 60
mm, top face diameter 40 mm and height 60 mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination
of solid.
Solution

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Problem 12. A frustum of a square pyramid base side 40 mm, top face side 20 mm and height 40 mm
is placed centrally on a frustum of a cone base diameter 80 mm, top diameter 60 mm and height 20
mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 13. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solid co-axially formed by a frustum
of cone and frustum of pentagonal pyramid. The lower frustum of cone is of 80 mm base diameter,
60 mm top face diameter and height 25 mm. The upper frustum of pyramid is of 30 mm side of base,
20 mm side of top face and height 40 mm.
Solution

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Problem 14. A sphere diameter 40 mm is placed centrally on the flat face of a hemisphere diameter
60 mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 15. A hemisphere diameter 70 mm is placed on the ground on its curved surface. A cone
base diameter 70 mm and height 70 mm is placed centrally on it. Draw the isometric projections of
the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 16. Following figure shows the front views of solid. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 17. Following figure shows the front views of solid. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 18. Following figure shows the front views of solid. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 19. A sphere of diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on top face of a hexagonal prism of base
side 35 mm and height 50 mm. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 20. A cube of side 25 mm is resting centrally on a rectangular slab 100 mm x 40 mm and 30
mm thick. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 21. Two rectangular slab are placed one above the other coaxially with dimensions (lxbxh)
100 mm x 60 mm x 20 mm and 100 mm x 40 mm x 20 mm such that the longer edges are parallel.
Draw the isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 22. A triangular prism base side 30 mm and length 70 mm is resting on its rectangular face
on top of a square slab side 70 mm and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projections of the
combination of solid.
Solution

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Problem 23. Three cubes of base sides 60 mm, 40 mm and 20 mm are placed centrally one above
the other in the descending order of their side. Draw the isometric projections of the combination of
solid.
Solution

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Problem 24. A square pyramid of base side 40 mm and height 70 mm rests centrally over a cube of
edge 50 mm, which itself is placed on a cylinder of diameter 80 mm and thickness 30 mm. Draw the
isometric projections of the combination of solid.
Solution

Problem 25. A square prism side 40 mm and height 70 mm has a full depth co-axial square hole side
20 mm, such that edges of both the squares are parallel. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
Solution

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Problems for Practice

1. A hemisphere of 40 mm diameter is supported coaxially on the vertex
of a cone of base diameter 60 mm and axis length 50 mm. The flat
circular face of the hemisphere is facing upside. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination of solids.

2. Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of 60 x 80 x 20 mm

thick surmounting a tetrahedron of sides 45 mm such that the axes of
the solids are collinear and at least one of the edges of both the solids
are parallel to VP.
3. Right side figure shows the front view of a cylinder which is centrally
mounted on a frustum of a pentagonal pyramid of 60 mm height. Draw
the isometric projection of the combination of solids.
4. Right side figure shows the front view of combination of solids consisting
a cut sphere and frustums of a cone and a square pyramid. Draw the
isometric projection of the combination of the solids.
5. The frustum of a square pyramid of sides 40 mm and height 60 mm rest on the center of the top
of a square block of side 60 mm and height 20 mm. The base edges of the pyramid are parallel to
the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of the solids.
6. A sphere of diameter 30 mm rests on the frustum of a hexagonal pyramid base 30 mm, top face
18 mm side and height 50 mm, such that their axes coincide. Draw the isometric projection of
the combination of solids.
7. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with
a side of base perpendicular to VP. Draw the isometric projection of the combination of the solids.
8. Draw isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of one side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm
with a right circular cone of base 40 mm as diameter and altitude 50 mm, resting on its top such
that the axes of both the solids are collinear.
9. A cone of base diameter 40 mm and height 50 mm rests centrally
over a frustum of a pentagonal pyramid of base side 45 mm and
top side 35 mm and height 55 mm. Draw isometric projections of
the solid.

10. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and height 40 mm is placed

centrally on the top face of a square slab side 80 mm and height
20 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
11. A rectangular pyramid of base 40 mm x 25 mm and height 50 mm
is placed centrally on a rectangular slab sides 100 mm x 60 mm and
thickness 20 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
12. A frustum of a cone base diameter 50 mm, top diameter 25 mm and height 50 mm is placed
centrally on the top face of a cylinder diameter 60 mm and height 60 mm. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination.

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13. Right side figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the
solid.
14. Right side figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the
isometric projection of the solid.
15. Below right-side figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw
the isometric projection of the solid.
16. A sphere diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a
square prism side 60 mm and height 70 mm. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination.
17. A pentagonal pyramid base side 25 mm and height 65 mm is placed
centrally on a rectangular slab 100 mm x 60 mm and 20 mm thick.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
18. A cone base diameter 45 mm and height 65 mm is placed centrally on
the top face of a pentagonal prism side 45 mm and height 35 mm.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
19. A cone of base diameter 60 mm, top diameter 40 mm and height 50 mm is placed centrally on
frustum of a square pyramid base side 100 mm top face side 60 mm and height 20 mm. Draw the
isometric projection of the combination.
20. A triangular pyramid base side 40 mm and height 50 m is placed centrally on a square slab side
80 mm and 20 mm thick. Draw the isometric
projection of the combination
21. A cube of side 40 mm is resting centrally on a
hexagonal prism base side 40 mm and height 50
mm, such that one of the base sides of the cube
is parallel to one of the sides of the top face of
the prism. Draw the isometric projection of the
combination.
22. A square prism of base side 30 mm and length 70 mm is resting on its rectangular face on top of
a square slab side 70 mm and 25 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
23. Three rectangular slabs (lxbxh) 100 mm x 60 mm x 20 mm, 100 mm x 40 mm x 20 mm and 100
mm x 20 mm x 20 mm are placed one above the other in the ascending order of their width b,
such that their longer axes are co planar. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
24. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and height 60 mm is placed centrally on an equilateral triangular
prism of side 100 mm and 20 mm thick. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
25. A rectangular slab base 100 mm x 80 mm and height 30 mm has a full depth co axial square hole
side 40 mm, such that one of the sides of the square is parallel to one of the sides of the rectangle.
Draw the isometric projection of the combination.

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