Electrical Engineering

Basic Laws
Noman Khan
(SE/Lecturer)
http://faculty.pieas.edu.pk/nomankhan/

PIEAS
Department of Electrical Engineering

Ref2: Anant Agarwaland Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007.
MIT OpenCourseWare(http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Course Instructor

Noman Khan
Office: DTD Building SE-307
Email: [email protected]
Web:
http://faculty.pieas.edu.pk/nomankhan/
Course Folder

\\172.30.10.24\FacultyShare\Noman Khan\Public\BS\EE-153 Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Course in time table

Monday………………………….11:40 am to 12:35 pm

Friday…………………………….8:25 am to 10:25 am
course Books
Grading

▪Quizzes and Assignments----------10-15

▪Sessional Exams----------------------35-40

▪Final Exam-----------------------------50
 Some rules

• Be punctual and regular.

• Keep a separate notebook/register for the course and
bring your calculators to classroom as we will be solving
circuits in class.
• Ask relevant questions without any hesitation.
• Avoid cross talking, drinking, eating, sleeping and using
mobile phones in the class as well as in the lab.
Course Contents
DC Fundamentals: Electrical Quantities, Electrical Sources, Series and
Parallel Resistive Circuits, KVL and KCL, Circuit Analysis Techniques,
Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton and Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem.
Fundamentals of Alternating Current: AC waveform, Series AC
circuits, Analysis of Circuits Involving R, L & C Circuits, RL, RC, LC &
RLC circuits. Power in AC Circuits. Active, Reactive and Apparent
Power, Power Factor.
Semiconductors Devices: PN junction Diode and its working,
Rectifiers includes Half, Full and Bridge Rectifiers, Transistors, Biasing,
Transistor as switch and Amplifier and Operational Amplifiers.
Introduction to Electrical Machines: Transformer, working principle,
Step-up and step-down transformers. Types, construction and
Characteristics of Motors and Generators.
Course Learning Outcomes (EE-153T)
Taxono PLO
Sr.
Specific Course Learning Outcomes: my
No.
Level
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to

DESCRIBE basic circuit concepts and network laws

1 C1 1
used to analyze linear circuits.
APPLY network laws and theorems to determine
2 steady state response of resistive and reactive C3 2
elements to AC excitation.
DESCRIBE and explain the construction, operation,
3 C2 1
and characteristics of semiconductor devices.
STATE operating principles of electric machines such
4 C1 2
as motors, generators and transformers.
Course Learning Outcomes (EE-153L)

Sr. Taxono
No Learning Outcome my PLO
. Level

Upon completion of this course, students will be able to

USE primary electronics instruments including

1 digital multimeter, function generator, and P3 1
oscilloscope.
FOLLOW instructions and/or demonstration to 4
2 P3
complete the experiment.
COMMUNICATE clearly and effectively through
3 A2 10
presentation and/or report
Expectations from the course?

• Write a few sentences about your expectation from

the course.

• Any suggestions are welcomed.

Course Objective:

The students will get basic knowledge of electrical

engineering to understand alternating current, direct
current and associated circuits.

They will also understand back ground information for

electrical instruments/control theory and application, and
electrical machinery being used in the industry.
 Motivation

Core Material for transformer

Super Capacitors

EVs
 Motivation (Cont…)

Continuous development allows us to create more interesting projects.

Remember!

It requires discipline, hard work, and practice to be good

at any thing, especially “Engineering”.

Are you ready?

Let’s enter the world of Electrical Engineering!
 Introduction
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

A simple electric circuit

Electric circuit of
a radio receiver
 Units
Six basic SI units and one derived unit relevant to this course.

Quantity Basic Unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current** ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Charge** coulomb C
 Prefixes
Prefix

SI Prefixes Most
frequently
used

micro

pico
 Circuit Diagrams

• Pictorial Diagram
• What is a Circuit Diagram?
Circuit Diagrams
Symbols of Components used in Electrical Circuits
 Basic Definitions

• Conductors
• Insulators
• Semiconductors
• Charge and Current
• Voltage
• Power and Energy
 Charge and Current

• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of

matter, measured in coulombs (C).

▪ 1 C of charge requires 6.24 x 1018 electrons.

▪ 1 electron charge e = −1.602 x 10−19 C .
▪ Law of Conservation of Charge: Charge can only
be transferred. Cannot be created/destroyed.

Charge Direction
 Charge and Current

• Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, in

other words, the flow of charge, measured in amperes (A).

dq
• Current is defined by: i =
dt
where i = current in amperes (A),
q = charge in coulombs (C),
t = time in seconds (s).

1 A = 1 C/s


t
• Charge transferred between time t0 and t : Q = t0
i dt
 Charge and Current

• Direct Current (dc) is the current that

remains constant with time.

• Alternating Current (ac) is the current

that varies sinusoidally with time.

• dc current is represented by I and ac current is represented by i.

• Conventional current flow: Both

methods represents the same
current. (a) positive current flow, (b)
negative current flow.
 Charge and Current : Problems
Ex. 1 :

Ex. 2:

Ex. 3:
 Charge and Current : Problems
Ex. 1 :

Ex. 2:
 Charge and Current : Problems

Ex. 3:
 Voltage

• Voltage (potential difference/electromotive force) is the energy

required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in
volts (V).
dω υ = voltage in volts (V),
• The voltage, υ ab = ω = energy in joules (J),
between two points a and b:
dq q = charge in coulombs (C).

• 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
 Voltage

• Voltage pushes charge in one direction.

• We use polarity (+ and −) on batteries to indicate which
direction the charge is being pushed.

Two equivalent representation of the

same voltage: (a) point a is 9 V above
point b, (b) point b is −9 V above point a.

• dc voltage is represented by V and ac voltage is represented by υ.

 Power and Energy

• Power is the rate of expending and absorbing energy,

measured in watts(W). p = power in watts (W = J/s),
ω = energy in joules (J),
dω
p = =i
t = time in seconds (s).
υ = voltage in volts (V).
dt i = current in amperes (A).

p=±υi
• Circuit elements that absorb power has positive value of p.
• Circuit elements that supply (produce) power has negative value of p.

(a) Absorbing power (b) supplying power.

 Power and Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules(J).
p = power in watts (W),
ω = energy in joules (J),

=  p d t = t i d t
t t t = time in seconds (s).
υ = voltage in volts (V).
t0 0 i = current in amperes (A).

= t pdt =p(t − t0 )
t
• If current and voltage are constant (dc). The power is:
0

• Law of conservation of energy. Total power in a circuit at any instant is must be

zero.

p=0
+Power absorbed = −Power supplied
 Power and Energy : Problems

Ex. 4:
 Power and Energy : Problems

Ex. 4:
 Passive Sign Convention

• Passive sign Convention (PSC) is satisfied when current

enters through the positive terminal of an element.

• This is also true for power

▪ If PSC is satisfied: p= υi
▪ If PSC is not satisfied: p=−υi
 Passive Sign Convention

Example:
 Circuit Elements
• Ideal Independent Source: provides a specified voltage or
current that is completely independent of other circuit variables

• Ideal Independent Voltage source:

(a) Independent voltage source
(constant / time varying)
(b) Independent voltage source (battery).

• Ideal Independent Current source:

 Circuit Elements
• Ideal dependent sources: controlled by other voltage or current.

(a) dependent voltage source

(b) dependent current source