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Department of Electronics & Communication: Aharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

This document discusses the design of a phase angle measurement system using a phase locked loop (PLL) to measure the phase difference between two input signals of the same frequency. It explains the need for phase angle measurement in applications like power factor determination and transformer phasing. The system works by using a PLL to convert the phase difference into a voltage that is calibrated and displayed on a digital panel meter.

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Vinayaka Kadampur
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56 views8 pages

Department of Electronics & Communication: Aharaja Institute of Technology Mysore

This document discusses the design of a phase angle measurement system using a phase locked loop (PLL) to measure the phase difference between two input signals of the same frequency. It explains the need for phase angle measurement in applications like power factor determination and transformer phasing. The system works by using a PLL to convert the phase difference into a voltage that is calibrated and displayed on a digital panel meter.

Uploaded by

Vinayaka Kadampur
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAHARAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY-MYSORE

Behind K.R mills, Belvadi,Srirangapatna taluk , Mandya

Department of electronics & communication

SYNOPSIS : PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING PHASE LOCKED


LOOP NAME VINAYAKA.C.KADAMPUR CHANDRAKANTH.H.D PUNITH.R.URS USN NUMBER 4MH08EC059 4MH08EC008 4MH08EC028 SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE OF THE INTERNAL GUIDE:

SIGNATURE OF THE HOD:

INTRODUCTION

This project aims at measuring the phase angle between two signals of same frequency. This is incorporated using Phase Locked Loop (PLL). The PLL used is an analog PLL. Suitable input signals are generated for testing the circuit and are conditioned as demanded by the network and fed into PLL. The phase detector in the PLL produces an output waveform whose frequency is proportional to the phase difference between the two inputs. A negative edge triggered J-K flip flop is used for lead or lag indication. In the next stage a frequency to voltage converter is used to get a DC voltage proportional to the frequency of the PLL output which in turn is proportional to the phase difference between two input signals. The network used also takes into consideration the difference in lagging and leading signals which highlights the implementation of this project for the purpose. The DC voltage in the analog form is then calibrated to display the phase difference on the digital panel meter.

NEED FOR PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT Phase angle meters are used to verify the correct connection of three-phase transformer
banks which must be paralleled with an existing electrical bus or high voltage line. The process of making these measurements is known as Phasing-out and is performed before the tie-in is made.

Phase angle measurements is also employed to analyze the operation of AC synchronous


generators and synchronous motors to verify the proper operation of field regulators and synchronizing equipment.

The Phase angle measurement is used for verifying the proper installation of medium and
high-voltage primary metering equipment and sophisticated protective relays that receive input from potential and current transformers (PTs & CTs).

Phase Angle Measurement for Power Factor Determination:


The most important application of the equipment which measures phase angle is the determination of power factor for conducting electrical system load studies and power factor correction studies. The system power factor is equal to the cosine of the phase angle that exists between the system voltage and current. In the ideal AC electrical system the voltage and current are in phase. This condition only occurs on systems where the entire load is resistive ,such as electric heat, incandescent lighting, or fluorescent lighting with power factor corrected ballasts. Electrical utilization equipment such as motors and welders has a considerable amount of inductance and the inductive reactance (which is measured in ohms) causes the circuit current to lag the applied voltage. The actual amount, or number of degrees of lag, depends on the ratio of the inductive reactance in ohms to the ohmic value of resistance of the system. Once the system power factor is known, power factor correction, if desired, can be applied to the system using power factor correction capacitors or by using synchronous motors, either of which can supply leading volt amperes reactive (VARs) to the system to compensate for the lagging power factor. Most electric utilities charge a penalty for poor system power factor, so keeping the power factor above the required minimum value will result in a lower utility bill and will also improve the voltage drop on the system.

Although both the current and the voltage oscillate sinusoidally in an AC circuit they will not necessarily rise and fall simultaneously with each other in each circuit element or the circuit as a whole. The current and voltage will oscillate with the same frequency but they will (in general) be out of phase with each other. The exception being when the circuit is in resonance or if there is only resistor in the circuit .

The phase difference between two sinusoidal waveforms that have the same frequency and are a free of a dc component can be conveniently described as shown in figure 1. It can be seen that the phase angle can be considered as a measure of the time delay between two periodic signals expressed as a fraction of the wave period. This fraction is normally expressed in units of angle, with a full cycle corresponding to 360 degree. For example, in figure 1, where the voltage v1 passes through zero one-eight cycles before a second voltage v2, it leads v2 by (360/8) or 45 degree.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The phase difference between two sinusoidal voltage waveforms is a physical quantity. Measurement of any such physical quantity involves two steps: 1. Conversion of the physical quantity into an electrical quantity. 2. Calibration of a panel meter to display the physical quantity. The principle employed to convert the phase difference between two input sine waves into voltage is illustrated in the functional block diagram shown below.

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Phase Angle Meter

The two sinusoidal input voltages whose phase difference is to be measured are applied to the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) which is operated in the open loop. The PLL generates a square waveform whose frequency is proportional to the phase difference. The square wave is fed to a frequency to voltage converter yielding a DC voltage proportional to the input frequency. The voltage thus obtained is fed to a suitably calibrated panel meter to display the corresponding phase difference.

PHASE LOCKED LOOP (PLL)


A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a control system that generates a signal that has a fixed relation to the phase of a "reference" signal. A phase-locked loop circuit responds to both the frequency and the phase of the input signals, automatically raising or lowering the frequency of a controlled oscillator until it is matched to the reference in both frequency and phase.

A PLL is a control loop consisting of three fundamental components, as shown in Figure3. These are a phase detector or a phase comparator (PD), a loop filter (LF) and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The phase detector compares the phase of a periodic input signal against the phase of the fed-back input signal. The phase detected output is a measure of phase error between its two applied inputs. The error voltage is then filtered by the loop filter, whose control output is then applied to the VCO. The control voltage changes the VCO frequency in a direction that reduces the phase error between the input signal and the VCO

Figure 3: Functional Block diagram of PLL


Usually the PLLs are operated in closed loop but for the measurement of phase angle it is operated in open loop and the corresponding block diagram is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Block diagram of PLL used to measure Phase Angle

APPLICATIONS OF PHASE ANGLE


Phase angle measurement is commonly used with AC power from 50Hz to 400Hz.Synchronization of two generators requires the two frequencies to be identical, the lines to be in phase, and the line voltages to be close to each other. It also applies to the triggering of SCRs and Triacs for power control. The phase angle between AC current and voltage determines power factor. Calibration laboratories Phase angle indicators Single phase & three phase Power factor meters: Power factor in a single-phase circuit (or balanced three-phase circuit) can be measured with the wattmeter-ammeter-voltmeter method, where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current. Watt meters Multifunction watt transducers Phase protection relays Power meters Energy meters: An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business or machine. The most common type is more properly known as a kilowatt hour meter or a joule meter. Current transformer calibration Current probe phase delay Transformer phasing Synchro : A synchro or selsyn is a type of rotary electrical transformer that is used for measuring the angle of a rotating machine such as an antenna platform. Resolver : A resolver is a type of rotary electrical transformer used for measuring degrees of rotation. It is considered an analog device, and has a digital counterpart, the rotary (or pulse) encoder.

References 1. Electronic Instrumentation, second edition , H.S.Kalsi 2. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/rf-technology-design/pll-synthesizers/phase-lockedloop-tutorial.php

3.

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