EXAMPLE: Hydra–gastrovascular cavity

B. Large animals –specialized internal transport

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
system
- CIRCULATION OR INTERNAL TRANSPORT
TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM IS SUBDIVIDED 1. CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INTO TWO FUNCTIONAL PARTS - one way pumping action of the heart w/ a
1. BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM OR MAIN system of one-way valves-moves blood through
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM the circuit via channels or vessels
- Composed of blood, blood vessels, and heart - Blood moves around and never leaves the blood
A. The blood vascular system distributes nutrients, vessels
gases, hormones to all parts of the body; EXAMPLE: In all vertebrates, earthworm (annelids)
collects wastes produced during cellular
metabolism.
B. The blood vascular system consists of a
continuum of blood vessels (arteries,arterioles,
capillaries, venules, veins) and a muscular pump
(heart).
C. Blood is the fluid found within the blood vascular
system.
2. LYMPH VASCULAR SYSTEM OR LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
A. The lymph vascular system collects tissue fluid
from tissues and returns it to the blood vascular
system.
B. The lymph vascular system consists of
blind-ended capillaries (lymphatic capillaries)
connected to venous vessels (lymphatic
vessels) and various lymphoid organs 2. OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Transport of fats - vessels are absent & blood flows thru large
EXAMPLE: lymph nodes, spleen (biggest lymphatic spaces known as sinuses-the heart pumps
organ), thymus, and tonsils hemolymph out into the body cavity, where
C. The fluid found within the lymph vascular system hemolymph bathes the cells, tissues & organs
is lymph. Composition of lymph in smaller - Hemolymph the fluid that circulates in the
lymphatic vessels is very similar to tissue fluid. circulatory system
EXAMPLE: Most mollusks & all arthropods AND ALL
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM INVERTEBRATES
- Transport of nutrients
- Transport of gases
- Removal of wastes (nitrogenous or metabolic
wastes from tissues to kidneys)
- Transport of hormones
- Heat/temperature regulation
- Defend body against invading microorganisms
- Maintain fluid balance

INTERNAL TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

- Differs from one animal to another
1. Single-celled organisms
- occurs by simple diffusion
-

2. Multicellular organisms
A. Small, thin animals - diffusion & active transport
+ specialized systems
 COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A. ARTERIES
1. BLOOD - transporting medium for all substances; a - carry blood (oxygenated) away from the heart
connective tissue (vascular tissue) to the tissue cells
Components: - elastic, muscular, smooth lining; light colored
A. PLASMA - fluid portion (91.5% H2O, 7% protein, Conducting Artery - large, elastic
1.5% salts, nutrients, metabolic wastes) EXAMPLE: Aorta
Distributing Artery - muscular, medium-sized
B. FORMED ELEMENTS: Arterioles - smaller branches leading to an organ.
Red blood cells (RBC) or Erythrocytes - constrict & dilate to regulate BP &
- special carriers of the blood (O2, CO2, wastes) distribution of blood to tissues
- contains hemoglobin( red color of blood)
- anucleated B. VEINS
White blood cells (WBC)) or Leukocytes - carry non-oxygenated blood from tissues to the
- protectors (soldiers) of our body against foreign heart
invading substances, such as bacteria - reservoir for blood
Types: - larger, thicker-walled
Phagocytes - engulf foreign subs - dark colored-lumen is larger than in
Lymphocytes - produce antibodies corresponding arteries
Granulocytes - eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils - Back to the heart
Venules - medium to small-sized veins homologous to
arterioles

C. CAPILLARIES
- smallest blood vessels
- one cell layer thick
- thin & delicate layer
- allow substances to diffuse in & out of the blood
- connect arteries to veins
Platelets or Thrombocytes
- smallest blood cells
- contain thromboplastin (protein) needed for
blood clotting
- anucleated

NOTE:
- 65 - 70% of blood volume in veins (blood
reservoir)
- 30-35% of blood volume in heart, arteries and
capillaries

2. BLOOD VESSELS
- are tubes of muscular tissue
- Smooth muscles; simple squamous epithelium
 STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS
1. TUNICA INTIMA
- innermost layer
- composed of endothelium (simple squamous
epithelium)
2. TUNICA MEDIA
- middle layer composed of smooth muscles
interspersed / elastin & collagen fibers
- thicker in arteries than in veins
3. TUNICA ADVENTITIA OR EXTERNA
- outermost layer of elastic & collagen fibers
- becomes continuous w/ the connective tissue
coat of the organ in w/c the blood vessel is
running through.

Four Chambers:
I. Upper Two Chambers
Left Atrium (LA) & Right Atrium(RA)
- receive blood from the different parts of the body
- receiving chambers
II. Lower Two Chambers
Left (LV) & Right Ventricles (RV)
- pump blood to the different parts of the body
- pumping chambers

Valves of the Heart

- Fold in the chambers
- Regulates the flow of blood to prevent
backflow
I. Atrioventricular(AV) valves
- Valves in between chambers (atrium & ventricle)
1. TRICUSPID VALVE
- between the RA & RV
- On the right side
2. BICUSPID/ MITRAL VALVE
- between the LA & LV
- On the left side
II. Semilunar(SV) valves
- the “pacemaker”
- Leading to the outside
1. PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE - exit of the RV
2. AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE - exit of the LV
COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
HEART
- a muscular pump enclosed by a protective
membrane (thin sac) called pericardium
- Cardiac muscle
 CIRCULATION OF BLOOD FROM BODY ORGANS TO
HEART & BACK TO THE BODY ORGANS

NOTE:
- Highways (rectangular) = blood vessels
Blood vessels of the Heart
- Destination (oblong) = chambers of the heart
1. SUPERIOR/ANTERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC);
- Other organs (trapezoid)
PRECAVAL VEIN (frog)
- Toll Gates = valves
- brings blood from head & arms
2. INFERIOR/POSTERIOR VENA CAVA (IVC);
POSTCAVAL VEIN (frog)
- brings blood from the lower parts of the body
3. PULMONARY ARTERY (PA)
- carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the
lungs
4. PULMONARY VEIN (PV)
- brings back oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the LA
5. AORTA
- the biggest or largest artery of the heart-brings
oxygenated blood to all body cells
- Double circulation in higher vertebrates

TWO PHASES OF HEARTBEAT

HEARTBEAT
- sequence of muscle contractions & relaxations
called “cardiac cycle”
- LUB DUB
Phases:
1. SYSTOLE
- a phase of contraction
- Ventricle contraction
- Systolic pressure: max. pressure achieved
during ventricular contraction
- sphygmomanometer: device used for blood
pressure
2. DIASTOLE
- a phase of relaxation
- Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure that
remains in the arteries before the next
ventricular contraction
BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)
- generation of fluid pressure due to ventricular
contraction that forces blood thru pulmonary &
systemic circuits;
- systolic P / diastolic P
- Normal BP: 120mmHg/80mmHg

PORTIONS OF THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

2 Main Circuits:
1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION
- transport of gases by blood to & from the lungs
2. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
- blood is delivered into tissues & back to the
heart
- All throughout the body
- Deliver of nutrients
Other Circuits/Portals:
1. HEPATIC CIRCULATION/PORTAL
- circulates nutrient-rich blood through the liver
2. RENAL CIRCULATION/PORTAL
- blood is delivered into the kidney for adjustment
& back to the heart
- KIDNEY = excretion
3. CORONARY CIRCULATION/PORTAL
- supplies the heart muscle with blood
- For cellular respiration