Symmetrical Components Syllabus : ‘Symmettical component transformation, Phase shift in star-delta transformers, Sequence impedances of transmission lines, Sequence - impedances and networks of synchronous machines, Sequence impedances and networks of transformers, Construction of sequence networks of a power system, Examples. 5.1 _ Introduction Q. What are symmetrical components and its need? ‘* More commonly occurring faults in power system are line to ground fault or line-to-line fault. ‘These faults are called as unsymmetrical faults stem becomes unbalanced during such + Under unbalanced condition, analysis is done on a three phase basis. ‘+ A more convenient method used for analysis of unbalanced faults is symmetrical component method. In this method the three phase unbalanced voltages and currents are transformed into three sets of balanced voltages and currents called symmetrical components, + This method resolves the unbalanced system of impedances into three equivalent single phase systems having independent impedances. The three independent impedance systems can be suitably connected to represent all types of fault conditions. 5.1.1 Applications of Symmetrical Components 1, Symmetrical component method converts three unbalanced phases into three independent sources. This simplifies asymmetric fault analysis. symmetrical components expands one line diagram to show positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedances of and lines. It simplifies of unbalanced conditions such as single line to ground short circuit fault. 3. Physically in three phase winding a positive sequence set of currents produces a normal rotating field, negative sequence produces a ficld with opposite rotation and zero sequence produces a field that oscillates but not. rotates. These effects can be detected physically with sequence filters. Hence it becomes the basis for design of protective relays, which used negative sequence voltages and currents as a reliable indicator of fault condition. 5.2 Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Phasors from their Symmetrical Components Write and explain transformation. symmetrical component ‘+ Symmetrical component are expressed in phase sequence, the order in which the phase quantities go through a maximum. There may be a positive phase sequence, a negative phase sequence and zero or uniphase sequence ‘component. Positive Phase Sequence + In this phase sequence the phase or line currents or voltages attains a maximum in the same cyclic order as in normal supply. Assuming conventional counter clockwise rotation positive sequence phasors are shown in Fig. 5.2.1. Fig. 6.2.1 : Positive Phase SequencePower System — I(GTU) * A balanced system corresponding to normal condition contains a positive phase sequence only. It is the condition for three phase fault. ‘* Positive phase sequence components are marked by subscript 1 * ‘The three phasors of this sequence are of equal magnitude and spaced 120° apart. These phasors are represented as, Ay B, = AZ-120°=Are® = aA, 2x C, = AZ120°=Aye” =a A. «x is the complex number operator and defined as, 2 a=e o « Negative Phase Sequence * In this system the phasors rotates in anticlockwise but attains maximum in reverse order i.e. A-C-B. This sequence arises under unbalanced condition when an unsymmetrical fault occurs. ‘© Negative phase sequence components are marked by subscript 5, OR 120°. )120° 120" Be & Fig. 5.2.2 : Negative Phase Sequence * The three phasors of negative phase sequence are of equal magnitude and 120° apart. It is represented as, Ay 25 # 0 AoZ 120° = Are? G = AgZ - 120° = Aye” Zero Phase Sequence ‘+ A phasor system combining three equal phasors in phase as shown in Fig. 5.2.3. a,¢ 54¢ cp: * These represents the residual current or voltages present under fault condition on three phase system with earth return present. Fig, 5.2.3 : Zero Phase Sequence 52 ‘Symmetrical Components + It represents fault condition to ground. It's presence arises only when fault to earth current, can return to system via star point of that system, + In an carth fault positive and negative sequence components are also present. Zero sequence components are marked by subscript 0 and represented as, Co, * Frequency of zero sequence phasors is equal to Triplenharmonics which don't rotate at all because they are in phase with each other. 5.3 + The complex number operator « is defined as, j120 a=e Operators + Multiplication of phasor by or e!?”” turns it through 120° ii Multiplying a phasor by a? or e turns it through 240° in counter clockwise direction. counter clockwise direction. = 5120 Operator « has following properties, @ = 0.5 +5 0.866 0.5 -j 0.866 0 =e) =1450. 5.4 Symmetrical Components of Unsymmetrical Phasors @. Write equation of phase voltage in terms of symmetrical components. [EIUSo E75) mm + V., Vi and V. is a set of three balanced voltages. It is characterized by equal magnitude and phase difference of 120° + The set is said to have positive phase sequence if V, lags V, by 120° and V. lags Vi, by 120°. + The three phasors can be expressed in terms of reference phasor V, as, Vv. =Ve Vo = 0°Vs Ve = uy¥F_Power System — (TU) 53 ‘Symmetrical Components For the negative phase sequence + Positive phase sequence is marked by subscript 1. Hence a set of balanced positive sequence phasors is, Vary Vin = 0? Vany Var = Ot Vat ABAD) + Similarly negative phase sequence is marked by subseript 2 and zero phase sequence by subscript 0. Hence the set of balanced negative and zero sequence phasors are, Vaz, Vig = Vue Vr = a Var ABAD) Van Vio = Vaos Veo = Vao (5.4.3) + Consider a set of three unbalanced voltages V,, Vi, Ve. According to Fortescue’stheorem the three phasors can be expressed as sum of positive, negative and zero sequence phasors, Va = Var + Vea + Voo A544) Vp = Vin + Vie + Vio ABA) Ve = Vat Ve+Voo ABA) Equations (5.4.4), (5.4.5) and (5.4.6) are called as symmetrical equations. These are used to obtain original phasors from symmetrical components. The addition of symmetrical components to generate V,, Vi and V, is indicated by the phasor diagram as shown in Fig. 5.4.1. Nas Mpa Van Fig. 5.4.1 :Phasor addition of symmetrical components to obtain set of original phasors Va = Vat Viz + Yoo (5.4.7) Vy = of Var + Vin + Vo . 5.4.8) Ve = a Vata Var + Vo 5.4.9) » These equations can be expressed in matrix form, Vv. vilyryvy Ve] =| a@ a 1 Va (5.4.10) v. 2 Veo ao 1 oeF_Power System —INGTU) 54 Symmetrical Components (VJ, = [AJ (VI. ‘Where [ V ], is vector of original phasors. A5AALD LV Jais vector of symmetrical ‘components [A is transformation matrix ‘+ We can write equation for [ V }. from Equation (6.4.10), IV =1AT'IV Ip 5.4.12) la o@ aad Computing [AY (AD = 3] 1 a |..5.4.18) tio. * Replacing [ A | with Equation (5.4.12) we get, Va Vou Vo Equation (6.4.13) in 2 1a ry, | Bf o [| rai i jhv Va =pViraVirokV) (5.4.14) (6.4.15) 1 Var =3 (Vit eV, +0V.) Five Vnevo (5.4.16) ‘+ Equation (6.4.7) to Equation (5.4.9) gives the relationship for obtaining original phasors from the symmetrical components and Equation (54.14) to Equation (5.4.16) gives the relationship for obtaining —_ symmetrical ‘components from original phasors. ‘+ Tho above transformation is applicable for any: set of phasors, Hence it ean be apply to a set of currents. (1, = TALL (5.4.17) and (1, =(Ay 1h (5.4.18) From Equation (5.4.17) we can write, i Lob!) Gis it] =| eat | (5.4.19) L we 1 | bho Hence, = La + Le + Lo 5.4.20) Ty = 07 Ia + ot Iyo + Lao (5.4.21) I, sal, +07 le + lio (5.4.22) Also from Equation (5.4.18) we can write, le. la oF Ta [=| loo [«] (5.4.23) lo ria dle cote Ltah+@l) (5.4.24) 1 i Ta = 3 Ute Ty tale) (5.4.25) Io ii L+h+l) (5.4.26) 5.5 Phase Shift of Symmetrical Components in Star Delta Transformer Bank ‘+A phase shift occurs in positive sequence and negative sequence voltages and current while passing through a star delta transformer. This phase shift depends upon labelling of terminals. ‘+ Fig. 5.5.1 shows a single phase transformer along with polarity marked, The transformer ends marked with dot have same polarity. ‘+ Hence, voltage Vir is in phase with voltage Vax ‘+ If we neglect the small amount of magnetizing current, the primary current I) entering the dotted end cancels the demagnetizing ampere turns of secondary eurrent I, + Hence I, and I, with the directions indicated in diagram are in phase. If direction of 1, is reversed. I; and I, will be in phase opposition, © Consider a star delta transformer as shown in Fig. 5.5.2(a). Assume that the transformer is excited with positive sequence voltages and carries positive sequence currents. «+ For the shown polarities in Fig. 5.5.2(a) the phasor diagram is as shown in Fig, 5.5.3. We will get the following relationship between the voltages on the two sides of transformer. L T jE L, + A single phase transformer with polarity markings rane$F Por system —GTU) 55 Symmetical Corgonents Vani = x VainZ 80°, 45.5.1) Voce * Here x is the phase transformation ratio. * Equation (5.5.1) indicates that the positive sequence line voltages on star side lead the corresponding voltage on delta side by 30°, The same is applicable to line to neutral voltages on the two sides and for line currents. + The phase shift. reverses if the delta side of transformer is connected as shown Fig. 5.5.2(b). In such connections the delta side quantities lead age the star side quantities by 30°. Yona =o a y ja Fig. 5.5.4 :Phasor diagram representing negative sequence voltages of star delta transformer Be— N . 5.6 Power in Terms of Symmetrical a {a) Star side quantities lead delta side quantities by 30° =e (b) Delta side quantities lead star side quantities by 30° Fig. 5.5.2 : Star Delta transformer labelling * If the transformer shown in Fig. 5.5.1 is excited by negative sequence voltages and currents then the phase shift gets reversed in comparison to the phase shift of positive phase sequence. + The star side quantities lag the delta side quantities by 30° as shown in Fig. 6.5.4. If the delta side is connected as shown in Fig. 5.5.20) the delta side quantities lag the star side quantities by 3 Fig. 5.5.3 :Phasor diagram representing positive sequence voltages of star delta transformer Components (Power Invariance) ‘+ The power consumption of a three phase circuit can be determined directly from the symmetrical components. Total complex power in a three phase cireuit is, P+jQ=Vi (56.1) S= iy S=VE AD, + Vol, + Vile 5.6.2) ‘+ Where Vy, Vi, Ve are voltages to neutral and I,, 1,, L. are currents flowing into the circuit in the three lines assuming star connected system, LAV" [AL [AV,]" = Atv! 11if aia al loo =] ta a [EVa, Vaz Vaol (6.6.8) tid Up! = [ALJ =A‘! I, 11i1y lal Bl -Jeed [| LT J a @ 1) bho 211 |i = aol i (5.6.4) >a 1 {be wo vamreW_Power System — IGTU) 56 ‘Symmetrical Components + Replacing VI and I, in Equation (5.6.1) Equations (5.6.3) and (5.6.4) leo [Vir VarVeol | 1 a a bia tor ea a@ a 1 jbl 30 07rIy S = [VaVe Vol] 0 3 0 [=| 00 3 j bho 3Valy +9 Vuly +3 Vlg 5.6.5) Sum of the powers of symmetrical components. * This indicates that the symmetrical component transformation is power invariant i.e. the sum of, powers of the three symmetrical components ‘equals the three phase power. 5.7 Sequence Impedances and Sequence Networks Explain sequence impedances and networks of synchronous machine, © Power system elements transmission line, transformer and synchronous machines have three phase symmetry. Hence when currents of, particular sequence are passed through these elements would produce a voltage drop of the some sequen ‘+ Thus the element possesses only self impedance to sequence currents. '* Therefore cach clement can be represented by three single phase sequence networks. * These sequence networks are positive sequence network, negative sequence network and zero sequence network * These — sequence then interconnected in different ways to represent different unbalanced fault conditions. From this the sequence currents and voltages are calculated which are then converted into actual fault currents and voltages. networks are 5.7.1 Sequence Network of Unloaded Generators (Synchronous Machine) + Unloaded three phase synchronous machine grounded through reactor is shown in Fig. 5.7.1. ‘The three phase induced emfs are E,, B, and B.. + When a fault takes place at machine terminals current I,, Ih, and I. flows in lines. If the fault involves ground then current I, = I, + 1, + Ie flows to neutral from ground through Z,, ‘+ These unbalanced line currents can be resolved into their symmetrical components. I,s, Iy and lo. ‘+ Before the analysis of unsymmetrical fault, we must know the equivalent sequence network of to the flow of positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence currents, + Due to winding symmetry currents of a particular sequence produces voltage drop of that sequence only. Hence, there is no coupling between the sequence networks. machine Fig. 5. 3 phase synchronous generator with grounded neutral 5.7.2 Positive Sequence Impedance and Network Q. Why does a sequence voltage erator produce only _positiv am EOE « The 3 phase generator has 3 phase winding which is identical and symmetrical ie. equal number of turns so three windings displaced in space by 120° and produce emfs which are sinusoidal and displaced by 120° in space. These voltages are balanced voltages. ‘+ A balanced three phase voltage implies existence of positive sequence voltages only. Because negative sequence and zero sequence voltages exists in case of unbalanced system only. He eansteaglBF _Power System —I(GTU) 57 Symmetrical Components, Thus 8 phase generator produce only positive sequence voltages. Synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical windings, it induces emfs of positive sequence only. No negative and zero sequence voltages are induced in it. ‘The flow of positive sequence currents produces a armature reaction field. It rotates at synchronous speed in the same direction as rotor. So with respect to field excitation it is stationary. ‘The machine offers direct axis reactance. It’s value reduces from sub transient reactance Xj to transient reactance (Xj) and finally to steady state reactance (X,). ‘The positive sequence impedance of the machine neglecting armature resistance is, 2, = 4X (for 1% cycle of transient) Z, = 4X; (for 3-4 cycle of transient) %y = 5 Xi (for steady state value) During the short circuit if machine is unloaded the terminal voltage constitute positive sequence voltage. For loaded condition the voltage behind appropriate reactance constitutes the positive sequence voltage. Fig. 5.7.2(a) shows three phase model of positive sequence network of synchronous machine. As 1, = 0, Z, docs not appear for positive sequence currents. Reloronce bus (a) 3 phase model of positive sequence of synchronous machine Fig. 5.7.2 (b) 1 Phase model ‘+ As it is balanced network it can be represented by single phase network model as shown in Fig. 5.7.20). The reference bus for positive sequence network is at neutral potential, + The neutral is at ground potential as no current is flowing from ground to neutral. ‘+ The positive sequence voltage of terminal a with respect to reference bus is, Var = By Zila 5.7.3 Negative Sequence Impedance and Network ‘| Synchronous machine has zero negative sequence induced voltage, The flow of negative sequence currents in the stator produces armature reaction field. * It rotates in opposite direction to that of the positive sequence field. With respect to rotor it is at double the synchronous speed. ‘+ Hence currents at double the stator frequency are induced in rotor field and damper winding. + The negative sequence mmf is alternately present with reluctances of direct and quadrature axis which are sweeping over the rotor surface. ‘+ The negative sequence impedance of the machine is, Bb =j—Q |B \<| 21 + Three Phase negative sequence model and 1 phase model of synchronous machine are shown in Fig. 5.7.3(a) and 5.7.3(b) respectively. The reference bus is at ground potential. ‘+ The negative sequence voltage of terminal a with respect to reference bus is, Vos = — Tap Za (5.7.1) (a) 3 phase model wieBF Power System —(GTU) 58 Symmetrical Components etorence bus Te (0) 1 phase model Negative sequence network of synchronous machine Fig. 5.7.4 Zero Sequence Impedance and Network * No zero sequence voltages synchronous machine. are induced in + The flow of zero sequence currents creates three mmfs which in time phase but are distributed in space by 120°. Hence the resultant air gap flux is zero, ‘+ Hence, the rotor winding presents zero sequence impedance only to zero sequence currents. © Fig. 5.7.4(a) and 5.7.4(b) shows zero sequence network models on three phase and single phase basis, The current flowing in Z is Iy = 3 loo ‘Therefore the zero sequence voltage of terminal a with respect to reference bus is, Vao = — 32n Loo ~ Zog Lao Veo = —(8 Zot Zag ) La (5.7.2) Feterence bus (a)3 phase model (b) 1 phase model Fig. 5.7.4 : Zero sequence networks of synchronous machines * Z, is the per phase zero sequence impedance of the machine. The total zero sequence impedance is, Zo = 3Z,, + Zoy ‘+ Hence, the zero sequence voltage of point a with respect to reference bus is, Veo = Zo loo (5.7.3) 5.8 Sequence Impedances of Circuit Elements ‘+ The power system elements are synchronous machine, transformer and transmission line, We have studied the sequence impedances and networks of synchronous machine in previous section, + Let's. study the sequence impedances and networks for transformer and transmission lines. 5.8.1 Sequence Impedance of Transmission Line + A three phase transmission line is completely symmetrical as it is fully transposed. Hence the per phase impedance offered by it is independent of the phase sequence of a balanced set of currents. ‘+ The impedance offered by it for positive and negative sequence currents are identical + When only zero sequence currents flows in a transmission line, the current in each phase are identical in both magnitude and phase angle. Part of these currents return via ground while ‘the rest return through the overhead ground wires. + The ground wires are grounded at several towers. The return currents in the ground wires are not necessarily uniform along the entire length. ‘+ The flow of zero sequence currents through the transmission lines, ground wires and ground create a magnetie field pattern. + This magnetic field is different from that produced by the flow of positive and nogative sequence currents. + The zero sequence impedance of transmission ine also accounts for the ground impedance, Zo = Lot 3 Len * The zero sequence impedance of transmission line usually ranges from 2 to 3.5 times positive sequence impedance. Wy raieectaglWF _Power System —I(GTU) Fig. 5.8.1 : Circuit of fully transposed transmission line + Fig. 5.8.1 shows the circuit of fully transposed transmission line carrying unbalanced currents. ‘The return path for I, is sufficiently away from line, Hence the mutual effeet is ignored. Let X, = self reactance of cach line. Xq = mutual reactance of any pair of line. Applying KVL to the circuit shown in Fig. 5.8.1 the following equations can be obtained, VV, = 5X ht iXwh+iXn le W-V, =jXule +i Xb +jXale Ve-V. = iXuh+jXuy+jXle (5.8.1) Tn matrix form, vy, i X Xa Xa] ry, [s+ =j) Xm X Xm [i] soa ve Xu Xm X Jeb v,-V, =XI, (5.8.3) A(Ve-V,) =AXL A584) WAV, =A'XAL law Now, ATXA la a 11i JX iXe 1Xe 1 JX IX jXo 1 iXm {Xm jXJLa gt (5.8.5) XX, 0 0 jf 9 X-X, 0 0 0X + 2% Symmetrical Components, ‘Thus Equation (5.8.4) can be written as, vi TM Xi-Xn 0 o [ Vy -| ve | =j o X-X, 0 voi Ly 0 0 X# 2X (5.8.6) % 0 O7ry, % 0 | (5.8.7) 4 o 0 2% Jhb Where, jX-X,) = Positive sequence impedance By = 5K -Xw) = Negative sequence impedance By = j(%,+2Xy) = Zero sequence impedance + Thus Equation (6.8.7) indicates that a fully transposed transmission line has, 1) Equal and impedances. positive negative sequence 2) Zero sequence impedance is larger than the positive or negative sequence impedance. 3) There is no mutual coupling between the sequence networks. The sequence networks are represented as, 1 I 2 os} os} z, yy Wo Me Ve (a) Positive sequence network. (b) Negative sequence network. Yo Vo! (c) Zero sequence network Fig. 5.8.2 waeWF _Power System —I(GTU) 5-10 Symmetrical Components, 5.8.2 Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformer * Transformer is a statie device, It’s leakage impedance does not change with alteration of phase sequence of balanced applied voltage. + The positive sequence series impedance of transformer is equal to its leakage impedance. ‘The negative sequence impedance is also equal to its leakage impedance. % = %n=Z leakage ‘© The zero sequence impedance of transformer is slightly different than positive and negative sequence impedances. 5.8.3 Zero Sequence Network of Transformer + Transformers are having different types of connections. The zero sequence networks are different for different types of connections © The following observations are made before considering zero sequence networks of various types of transformers. 1) When magnetizing current is neglected transformer primary would carry current only iffthere is current flow on the secondary side. 2) Zero sequence currents ean flow in the legs of a star connection only if the star point is grounded. Grounded star point provides the necessary return path for zero sequence currents. 3) No zero sequence current: ean flow in the lines connected to a delta connection as no current path is available for these currents. However, zero sequence currents can flow in the legs of delta, Such currents are produced due to the presence of zero sequence voltages in delta connection. Let’s now consider various types of transformer connections and their equivalent zero sequence networl 1) Y- ¥ transformer with any one neutral grounded H Fig. 5.8.3: Y-Y transformer with one neutral grounded and its zero sequence network, + Iany one of the two neutrals of Y-Y transformer is ungrounded, zero sequence currents cannot flow in ungrounded star ‘+ Hence these currents cannot flow in grounded star. ‘Thus open circuit exists in the zero sequence network between H and L. 2) Y-Y transtormer with both neutral grounded of both the windings are grounded, a path for the flow of zero sequence currents in the both windings exist via two grounded neutrals. © When neutrals ‘* Henee in the zero sequence network H and Lis connected by transformer. zero sequence impedance of -¥ transformer with both neutrals grounded and it's zero sequence network 3) Y-A transformer with grounded ¥ neutral + The neutral of star side is grounded. Hence the zero sequence currents can flow in star because a path is available to ground. + Balancing zero sequence current can flow in delta but no eurrents can flow through the lines connected to delta, ‘+ Therefore the zero sequence network have a path from the line H on star side through zero sequence impedance of transformer to reference bus but an open circuit exists on the line L on delta side, Reference bus RZ OL ~ A transformer with grounded star and it's zero sequence network Wy rienWF _Power System - IN(GTU) Set ‘Symmetrical Components «If star neutral grounded through %, an impedance 32, appears in series with Z» in zero sequence network. 4) Y- A transformer with ungrounded star ‘This is a special case of case (iii). The neutral of Y connected winding is ungrounded i.e. Zs, ‘Therefore, no zero sequence current can flow in the transformer windings. The zero sequence network is as shown in Fig. 5.8.6, Rotorence bue % Cy) o o Fig, 5.8.6 : ¥ - A transformer with ungrounded neutral and it's zero sequence network 086 5) A-Atransformer Reletence bus 5 rise. Ae ret Fig. - Atranstormer and i's zero sequence network Delta connected windings provides no return path. Hence, zero sequence currents cannot flow in or out of A - A transformer. But these currents can circulate in the delta windings. Sueh circulating currents would exist only if the zero sequence voltages are somehow induced in either delta winding. Hence Z) is connected to reference bus on both ends to account for circulating zero sequence currents in two deltas and open cireuit exi between Hand L. 5.9 Construction of Sequence Network Power System This part is covered in other chapter 5.10 Problems on Symmetrical Components Ex. 5.10.1 : A delta connected balanced resistive load is connected across an unbalanced three phase supply, The current in line A and B are 10 2 30° and 15 2 ~ 60"respectively. Find current in line C. Find Symmetrical components of phase currents flowing in individual resistances of the delta connected load. Soin, ; For a balanced systems, Leh+h= 0 l= -L-h I, = -10230°-15 2-60" 1, = -16.16 +} 7.99 = 18.02 2-26.3°A 0200" Vs ONR pe 15200 Fig. P.5.10.1 Phase currents are obtained as, Tas #a-Wv (102 30° 15 2-60") 4 aas-j201 3 (1.16-j 200 0.77 260°" A Tne da-L) + (15 2 - 60° 18.02 2 ~26.3°) 1 3g (- 8.66 ~ 5.01) 3.33 230° A (18.02 2 ~ 26° — 10 230°) 69 2 20.9° A ‘The symmetrical component of phase currents ean be obtained Taso 21 1)flo Tan loa |] he Law re all ta Wy reheatBF _Power System -IN(GTU) Tato i 0.772 60 + 3.33 230 + 5.69 Z- 20.9) 4(5.775 450876) 1.95 2 8.62° A Tay i 0.772 60 + 3.33 23012120 +269 2-209 x1 2-120] 2150 i 0.77.2 60 + +269 2140.9] 1 4,575 —j 0.691] 1.54 28.59" A } 10.77 260+3.93 290%1 Taw 2-120 + 2.69 2-20.91 2120} 10.77 260+ 3.33 2-90" + 2.69 2 99.1°] #1 0.04-j 5.321 1.77 289.56" A 1.95 2 8.62" A Lao = Too = Tea Considering In: as reference, Tha = Lan = 12-120 1.54 28.59° = 1542-114 A 1, ayy 12 120% 1.54 28.59 = 154 2 128.59° A Considering 1,2 a8 reference, Tha =O Tana = 12 120% 1.77 289.56" 56° A Tews = = 12 120% 1.77 289.56" = 177 2-30.44 A 512 ‘Symmetrical Components, Ex, 5.10.2 : One conductor of a three phase line is open. ‘The current flowing to the connected load through line “a” is 10 A. With the current in line “a” as reference and assuming that line “c" is open, find the symmetrical components of the line currents. Sol I, = 10, as line ¢ is open, L=0 L+h+l = 0 ah, = -10A, ao 1A b co“ 1 ok Fig. P.5.10.2 ‘The symmetrical components of these line currents are, lo 11 ajph li fat} a @ || in | 25 \ la ro ajJL& Tao 1 1 1 Ia 1 12120 12-120 laa 4 ae Bziae ls -10 ly =F 110-10 jy = gL 10-10] =0 1 gl 10-10 1.1204 $ 110-5 458.65) AX 15 ~j8.66) =5.67 230° A. $110-10%1.2120°1 4110-10 2~ 120")BF _Power System —1(GTU) 5 -j8.66)] fl 15+ j 8.66) =5.67 2 30° A. Ex, 5.10.3 : The Voltage across a 3-phase unbalanced load are V, = 200240", V, = 320 2 90°, V, = 4802 340° Determine the symmetrical components of voltage. Phase sequence is abe Soin. : Symmetrical components of voltages are, Vo 11 1PM y, Z 2 Va f= 3] 1 0 a] Vv Veo 1 oa v Vuo 1 1 | Va fe 9] 1 12120 12-120° Von 1 12-120" 12120" 200 240° 820 2 90° 480 2 340° Vuo = $1 2002 40° +320 290° + 480 2 3401 1 = 7604.2 + j 284.4) = 225.6 £25.2° volts Var = g [2002 40° + 320 2 210° + 480 2 220°] ~ 491.6 ~j 339.9] = 199.2 £~ 145.3" volts Veo = 12002 40° +20 2-30" + 480 2 100°) = ; [346,98 —j 441.3] = 187.12 2 51.82° volts x, 5.10.4 : The currents in three phase unbalanced system are ly = (12 + J6) A. ly = (12 ~ 12) A, la = (-15 + |10) A. The phase sequence is RYB. Calculate positive, negative and er0 sequence component of current. Soln.: Sequence component of current are, Ino 11 1jphk 1 2 Ta [23] 1 a of Wy Tae re ajbly 5-13 Symmetrical Components Ty = 12+j6= 18.42 226.6° A. Ty = 12-jl2=172-45°A. Ty = -154+j10=18 2-33.69 A. Teo 1 1 1 Tie 1 12120? 12-120" Tae 1 12-120 12120° 2 2 2 172-45" 18 2-33.69° = : (13.42 2 26.6° +17 2 - 45° [9+ j4] = 3.28 224° A. Tey= $1342 226.6" +17 2 75° +18 Z— 153.69] F104} 14.43] = 4.81 2-88.41" A. = dus, 42 Z26.6° +17 2 ~ 165° +18 286.31] 1 26 +j 19.61 6.62 2-81°A. Tho = Tyo = Iho = 3.28 224° Insis considered as reference Ty: = a? Tn = 1 2120% 4.81 2-88.41" = 4.81 2-20841° A. Tur = alya=1 2 120% 4.81 2-88.41° = 4.81 231.59" A. Considering Irv as reference, Tyo = alee 1 2~120% 6.622-81° = 6.62 239° A. and. Tre = Ole = 12-120" 6.622 -81° 6.62 2-201" A. enanatestPower System (GTU) 514 Symmetrical Components Ex. 5.10.5 : Fig. P. 5.10.5 shows power system network, Draw zero sequence networks for this system. The system data is, Gonerator(G,): SOMVA, —-ITKV, —— Xp= 0.08 pu Transformer (T,) ‘SOMVA, 11/220 KV, Xp= 0.1 put. Generator (G,): 30MVA, ITKV, —-Xp= 0.07 pu Transformer (T,):30MVA, 22011 KV, Xp = 0.09 p.u Zero sequence reactance of line is 555.6 2. Fig, P. 5.10.5 Soin. :Base MVA = 50 MVA, Base kV = 11 kV a) XoforG, = 0.08 pu. 50. 1 by XoforTy = O19 17 = Ol pa 50 1 ©) Xofor@, = 007 xgq> p= 0.117 pu @) Xi forty = 0.09 59> = O15 pa ¢) For transmission line = 558680 0.574 pau. Reference bus 92, Xoge= 0.117 pu a) 0874 Xqpq=0.15 Fig. P. 5.10.5(a) Ex, 5.10.6 : Fig, P. 5.10.6 shows a power system network, Draw positive, negative and zero sequence networks. The system data is as follow : Equipment MVA Rating | Voltage Rating xX % Xo Generator @, 100 atk 0.25 p.u. | 0.25p.u. | 0.05 p.u Generator Gp 100 11kV O2pu. | O2pu | 0.05 p.u Transformer T; 100 s1220Kv | 0.06 pu. | 0.06pu. | 0.06p.u Transformer To 100 rezk | O07 pu. | 007p.u. | 0.07 p.u, Line 1 100 220 KV 4a4a | 440 | 14520 Line 2 100 220 kV 440 | 4340 | 14520Power System — INGTU) Symmetrical Components o—4e ¥ Y 003 pu 100 MVA Fig. P. 5.10.6 Soin. : The positive negative and zero sequence reactances of all components are specified for their ratings except lines. Keeping it as it is and considering 100 MVA as base and 220 as base for line we can find X,, Xz and Xq for lines. 48.4 100 _ e Xilinel =" = 0d X,, line 1 = 0.1 Xi, line 2 = 0.1 X,, line 2 = 0.1 i 145.2 100 ‘ Xi line 1 =" Soy = 08 = Xe line 2 Positive sequence network Reference line jos Fig. P. §.10.6(a) Negative sequence network seas Jor jo2 j0.08 jot Fig. P. 5.10.6(b) Zero sequence network j0.08 40.08) j0.03 «3 =)0.09 jos Fig, P.5.10.6(c) Ex. 5.10.7 : The line current in amperes in phases a, b, ¢ respectively are (500 + j180), (100 ~ j600) and (300 + j600). Determine the symmetrical components of current. Soin, ; Symmetrical component of line currents are, elle fe I, = 5 5222 16.7°A 608.272 - 80.54°A 670.82 111.56°A 1, = ~300 + j600 To aft 1 1 [| oa 1 2120° 120 | Tag 1 12-120" —12120° 522 216.7" [eat 2 “nse | 670.8 2 116.56" [522 2 16.7 + 608.27 2-80.54 + 670.8 2 116.56") = 3300 +150] = 111.82 26.56" Amp. 3 (522 2 16.7 + 60827 2 39.46 + 670.8 23.44" | 1 58.73.2 4.84° Amp, q [1661.19 + j13.08 | } (522 2 16.7 + 608.272- 200.54 + 670.8 2 296.56") = 438.81 —j195.69 | 160.15 2— 155.96° Amp. =3 Ex. 5.10.8 : Determine the symmetrical component of currents in a 3 phase system, the original phasor of which are IR = 12 +6, IY = 1212, IB =~ 15 + j10. Soln. : Sequence component of current are, Tro 1101970 Ie i 2 In |= g) to @ oF |) Wy Tre loa In(GTU) In = 12+j6=13.422266°A. Ty = 12-j12=172-45°A Ip = —154j10=18 2-33.69" A. Tro 1 1 1 Ta | = 3 112120? 12~120° Tee 1 12-120 12120° 13.42 2 26.6° 17 2-45" 18 2-33.69" Tuo =4 [13.4.2 26.6° + 17 2—45° +18 2-33.69" 3 =4(04-j 14.43] = 4.81 2-88.41" A. 3 T= $ [13.422 26.6° +17 4 165° + 18 2 86.31" 3.26 +j 19.6] = 6.62 2-81° A. lu = Tyo = Igo = 8.28 2 24° Isis considered as reference Ty = aT =1 2 120% 4.81 2-88.41" = 481 2-208.41° A. Ter = alg 212 120% 4.81 2~88.41° = 48123159 A. Considering Im as reference, Tye = ale = 1 2-120% 6.622 -81° = 662 239° A and Ty: = 07 lay = 12-120% 6622-81" = 662 2-201° A. ‘Symmetrical Components 5.10.1 Various Factors to be Considered While Constructing the Sequence Networks The following factors should be considered while constructing the sequence networks. 1) In a three phase unfaulted system with all loads balanced and in which the generator produces positive sequence voltages, only _ positive sequence currents flows. It results in balanced voltage drops of the same sequence. There are no negative sequence or zero sequence voltage drops. 2) In symmetrical systems, the currents and voltages of different sequences do not affect each other ie. positive sequence currents produce only positive sequence voltage drops. By the same analogy, the negative sequence currents produces only negative sequence drops and zero sequence currents produce only zero sequence drops. 3) Negative and zero sequence currents are set up in circuits with unbalanced impedances only positive sequence currents flowing in an unbalanced system produce positive, negative and zero sequence voltage drops. The negative sequence currents flowing in an unbalanced system produce voltage drops of all three sequences. Same is true about zero sequence currents, 4) In a S-phase 3 wire system, no zero sequence currents appear in the line conductor as there is no path for the zero sequence currents to flow. In a 3ph 4 wire system with neutral return, the neutral must carry unbalanced current. Therefore, it follows that I, = 3h. At the grounded neutral of 3 phase wire system, positive and negative sequence voltages are zero. The neutral voltage is equal to the zero sequence voltage or 3ly Zs 5) In relation with point 4 above, phase conductors coming from undergrounded wire or delta connected transformer windings cannot have zero sequence current. In a delta winding, zero sequence currents if present produces circulating currents in the delta winding itself, as delta winding forms a closed path of low impedance for the zero sequence currents. eatenBF _Power System —IN(GTU) 517 Symmetrical Components, 5.11 Difference between Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Fault Q. Differentiate symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. List various unsymmetrical faults. See EL Sr. | Symmetrical faults 1, | In such faults all | These faults involves the phases are | only one or two phases. short circuited to|In such faults the each other and|three phase _ lines often to earth. becomes unbalanced. Such types of | Such types of faults faults are known | occurs between line to ‘Unsymmetrical faults as balanced faults | ground or between as the system | lines. remain symmetrical 3. | These are the | These faults are most severe type | Single line to ground of fault as it| faults (LG); Line to involves largest. | line fanits (LL); Double current, But these | line to ground fault types of faults | (LLG).As the system occur rarely. | becomes unbalanced Hence balaneed | after occurrence of short circuit | these faults, a calculation is | symmetrical performed to | component method is determine — these | used to determine fault fault currents, current. Exerci 1. Write a brief note on phase shift of symmetrical ‘component in Y-. transformer banks, 5. Write a note on zero sequence networks in brief. 3. Describe how one can obtain symmetrical components of ‘a given set of unbalanced three phasors of a three phase system, State in which direction the set of negative phasor rotate at time increases. State the frequency of zero sequence phasors. Describe the application of ‘symmetrical components, 4, Explain the zero sequence impedance of transformer for various connections. 5. Oblain the expression for zero, positive and negative ‘sequence reactances for fully transposed transmission lines with self impedancezs and mutual impadance zm, 6. Obtain the expression for 3 phase power in terms of ‘sequence components. 7. The line current in amperes in phases a, b, ¢ respectively are (500 + j150), (100 - j600) and (-800 + j600) Determine the symmetrical components of current. 8 Discuss the positive, negative and zero sequence network of a synchronous machine. 9. Discuss the sequence network of transformer. 10.What is the cifference between symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault ? 11. For a Fig. 1-0. 11 draw the zero sequence network. The data for the system is Generator G1-50 MVA, 11 KV, Xo = 0.08 pu Transformer T1 50 MVA ,11/220 KV, Xo Generator G2-30 MVA, 11KV, Xo = 0.07 pu Transformer T2 30 MVA 11/220 KV, Xo = 1 pu x 220 kV, aa O— Bie HAH 31+, fy YY 7 yy] Fig. 1-Q.17 13. Discuss the sequence network for transmission lines. 14,Discuss the various factors to be considered while ‘constructing the sequence network ot power system: 15. Determine the symmetrical component of currents in a 3 phase system, the original phasor of which aro IR = 12 + 6, 1Y = 12 -]12, IB =—15 + j10. oooSyllabus : line to ground fault, Open conductor faults. Introduction, Symmetrical component analysis of unsymmetrical faults, Single line to ground fault, Line to line fault, Double 6.1 Introduction of Unsymmetrical Faults (Types) 6.2 Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault on Unloaded Generator ‘+ In the previous section 5.1 we have studied symmetrical component method used for analysis of unsymmetrical faults, + Also we have studied sequence components and sequence networks for power system elements. In this chapter we shall faults. study unsymmetrical * The various types of unsymmetrical faults occurring in power system are, Shunt faults : a) Single Line to Ground fault (LG) b) Line to Line fault (LL) ©) Double Line to Ground fault (LLG) Series faults : a) Open conductor fault (one or two conductor open) + Three phase short circuit fault is rare but severe fault. + These faults are analyzed to find rupturing capacity of cirenit breakers. + The unsymmetrical faults listed above occurs frequently in power system. In some situations the fault current of LG fault is more than three phase fault. These faults are analyzed for deciding relay setting and study of system stability. ‘+ The method of symmetrical component is used to analyze unsymmetrical faults. In this chapter we study this used for al faults analysis, will how tool is unsymmet 1: Unloaded generator : LG fault on phase a + Fig. 62.1 shows a solidly grounded unloaded generator. Let the fault takes place on phase a. ‘At the fault point F, the current out of the power system and line to ground voltages are : Vv, =0 I, =0 =0 © The symmetrical components of fault current are, La Toa PL 1 2 | le [=3| 1 @ o || 0 Tho tid 0 (6.2.1) (6.2.2) (6.2.3) Vaz = La Ly (6.2.4)¥F_Power System — 1 (TU) Faulty phase voltage V, can be written in terms of symmetrical components as, Vy = 1, Zr Var + Vie + Vio = 8.Ty Zr (6.2.5) Substituting values of Vy, Var and Viz from Equations (6.2.2) and (6.2.3) Ey = Toa Zt ~ Tua Za — To Zo + 8 Za) = 3 Ty Ze E In = Ze + Oy +80) +30; (6.2.6) Equations (6.2.6) and (6.2.1) indicates that for the analysis of line to ground fault all the three sequence networks are required. Alll the sequence currents are equal in magnitude and phase angle, the three sequence networks must be connected in series. The interconnection of the sequence network is shown in Fig. 6.2.2. We have calculated I, = I, remaining three unknown Vso, Vais luz = Tyo. To calculate Vaz» sequence network equations are used, we know that Vo 0 & 0 07P lw Va [=| Ee )-| 0 4 0 |) ts Va 0 00 mdb Ie (6.2.7) Substituting Equation (6.2.1) in Equation (6.2.7) Vo 0 % 0 07P la Va [=| Ee )-| 0 4 0 |} ta Vea 0 00 MILA 0 Ia Zo =| EB. ]-] la & te Vio Va f= | B.-ki%s Var = Ia Ze Voo+ Vai + Vea = 0 wa By + By = Luis Ey "Dye Da + Lo + BL, +3 Z; (Zo + 32 q)+ 82) I (6.2.8) 62 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis In Line to Ground (LG) fault the neutral current, Ty = To= la + lee + leo 1, = 31a If neutral is not grounded the zero sequence impedance Z, becomes infinite and fault impedance Z; is zero. DA Rthee Ta (6.2.9) ‘The same result can be obtained if the system has isolated neutral, There is no return path for the current. Hence Iyy = Iu = Lo= 0. It indicates that for this system the fault current, L=0. Fig. 6.2.2 : Interconnection of sequence networks for LG fault 6.3 Line to Line Fault on Unloaded Alternator (LL) Using appropriate interconnection of sequence networks, derive the equation for a line to ine fault in ‘a power system with fault impedance of ZI. Serre A Consider a unloaded generator as shown in Fig. 6.3.1. Let’s consider that a line to line fault occurs between terminals b and ¢ through fault impedance Z. The current and voltages after occurrence of fault are, I, =0 (6.3.0. Sy eonkeewieayePower System — II (GTU) Fig. 6.3.1 : Unloaded generator LL fault ‘+ The symmetrical components of fault current are, la 1a #)[ 0 la |= 3] 1 @ @ 1, lo ii i -h ly = Flah-o 1 2 le = F(@h-ah) (63.2) lao 0 (6.3.3) + The symmetrical component of voltages at fault F are, Vu 1a at Va Vex la a VW Vio L& & Vo = bs Zr 3Va = Vi +aV, +a" V,—o? I, Ze (6.3.4) BVa2 = Vy to2V, + cc Vy — 01 Ty Zy 6.3.5) From this we ean write, B(V-Va) = (2-02) Z,1,=jVBZ 1, 16.3.6) + The phase current can be expressed in symmetrical current as, 1, 1oiiyrn |=] @ a 1 Ta I, ael Ta For the LL fault, 63 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 0 yi aypls 1, |=] oe wa ]] ta -h a@ 1 0 I = of La-aln (aI =-j¥8Ly 6.3.7) © Substituting Equation (6.3.7) in Equation (6.3.6) we get, B(Va1 —Vao) = YB Zp (5 V38 a) 3a -Vas) = 3 Zelda Va- Vex = 8 ZeTa +(6.3.8) Equations (6.3.2) and (6.3.8) suggests that the positive and negative sequence networks should be connected in parallel through impedance 2. This is shown in Fig. 6.3.2. As lo = 0, the zero sequence network is ‘unconnected. i ES Fig. 6.3.2 : Interconnection of sequence network for LL fault. + Now substituting V,. and Vo from the sequence network equations in Equation (6.3.1), Ey Tay Zy =~ Tae Zo + Ins Zr B,-Ia Zi = In Zot Z) la) E, In = Tanah (6.3.9) Knowing I,:, Var and V,can be calculated. From this voltage at fault can be calculated. 6.4 Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault on Unloaded Alternator + Fig. 6.4.1 shows a unloaded generator. A double line to ground fault occurs between line b, ¢ and ground, The current and voltages at fault point F are, ¥WF _Power System —11(GTU) 64 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Fig. 6.4.1 : Unloaded generator : LLG fault I, =0 Tar + Laz + Lao 6.4.1) Vs Z(1, +1.) A642) + The symmetrical components of voltage at point Fare, Var 1a @& 7 y, 4 2 vi. le} =9) 1 a a || Vo raiadtly 1 Vo = PIM ea Vi roel Lee Vag = Get 02 Vy + 0Vil 1 3 Va = Yosg iter) Vil 648) 1 Vo = 7.42) 64M) ‘+ Subtracting Equation (6.4.3) from Equation 644), Vio-Var = xe 2-002) Vy = V,=3 Zelo Vio = Vat 8 Zio (6.4.5) + From Equations (6.4.1), (6.4.3) and (6.4.5) the connections between sequence network can be drawn as shown in Fig. 6.4.2. * From Fig. 6.4.2, we can write equation for current I, in terms of Thevenin’s equivalent, E, lan = ZF Dj Cot 90) Cat at G, Fig. 6. : Interconnection of sequence networks for double line to ground (LLG) fault 6.5 Unsymmetrical Faults on Power System + As discussed earlier, various types of faults are occurring in power system. These faults are, Shunt type of faults : 1) Single Line to Ground fault (L@) 2) Line to Line fault (LL) 3) Double Line to Ground fault (LLG) + Series type of faults : 1) Open conductor fault (one or two conduetors open), * These faults are easily analyzed by using ‘Thevenin’s theorem. ‘This theorem is used to determine the changes in currents and voltages of linear network due to addition of impedance between two nodes. * Consider the power system shown in Fig. 6.5.1 and Fig. 6.5.2 shows the illustration of the application of —Thevenin’s theorem —_ for determination of equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence networks. * Thevenin’s equivalent of positive sequence network is obtained from the positive sequence network of power system, + The Thevenin’s voltage souree is the prefault voltage at fault point and the equivalent impedance Z,,, is the impedance seen from fault point. + The positive sequence impedance of the alternator or synchronous machine depends upon the state of machine i.e. subtransient, transient or steady state. * Thevenin’s equivalent of negative and zero sequence networks are obtained from negative and zero sequence networks of power system. SF rokrewieayeWF Power System — Il (GTU) 65 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis ‘+ As the system is balanced, no negative and zero sequence currents are flowing through it before occurrence of fault, Hence per fault negative and zero sequence voltages at the fault point are zero and no emf occurs in the equivalent circuits. The impedances Z;...and Zy.are the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance of negative and zero sequence network seen from fault point. Fig. 6.5.1 : Single line diagram of 3 phase balanced — : 2 3 b rs . (c) Zero sequence networks Fig. 6.5.2 :Thevenin’s equivalent networks In positive sequence network, the currents throughout the system due to the fault can be added to load currents before the fault to obtain total positive sequence currents during the fault. * Hence the net fanit current is the fault current considering the system under no load condition plus the load current superimposed over the faults currents. 6.6 Single Line to Ground Fault on Power System * Consider a power system as shown in Fig. 6.6.1 A line to ground fault occurs at point F in a power system through fault impedance Z. F bef =" Fig, 6.6.1 : Single Line to Ground fault (LG) on power ‘system ‘The currents and voltages at fault point are, I =0 (6.6.1) L=0 (6.6.2) Vy = Ole (6.6.3) + The symmetrical components of fault current are, Ia toa fh Je |=g] 1 @ a || 0 Lo 11 idjlo In = (6.6.4) Equation (6.6.3) can be expressed in symmetrical components as, Var + Vir t Vio = ZL =3 ZT (6.6.5) Equations (6.6.4) and (6.6.5) indicate that all sequence current are equal and sum of sequence voltages equals 3 Ze as ‘These equations suggest that all the sequence networks should be conneeted in series through an impedance 3 Z; This is shown in Figs. 6.6.2 (a) and (b). WF atowwetatFig. 6.6.2(a) : Sequence network connections for single line to ground fault (LG) From this circuit the fault current is, Ey 5.8. ba = Zaki Bo48Z, (680) Fault current I, is given as, Ey = 8lu=ZGHy Haag, (6.6.7) 9, Fig. 6.6.2(b) : Shows Thevenin's equivalent circult for LG fault Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis ‘The voltage of line b under fault condition is, vs 2 Vr + V2 + Vor fe 22a Substituting values of I,, B ofZp + Zy (oe a) + Zy (2 - 1) Ve = Ea + Lat La) +8 De Similarly we ean obtain expression for V. (6.6.8) 6.7__Line to Line Fault on Power System Fig. 6.7.1 : Line to line (LL) fault on power system + Fig. 6.7.1 shows a line to line fault occurring in power system between line b and ¢ through fault impedance Ze. + The current and voltages at fault are, h=0 hy k=-h A671) W-Ve = Ze + Symmetrical components of fault currents are, Jat 1 a off 0 te |= 2} 41 of « I 3 ya. Maw), Ty Tat (6.7.2) Io = 0 (6.7.3) + The symmetrical component of voltages are, Vat 1 a of Vu Ve |= 4) 1 a @ vw Vo 11 iib vat, 1 Var = gat (a+) Vy 0? Zr h...(6,7.4) WF featnieageWF _Power System — 11 (GTU) 67 1 Vag = gl Va + (a+ 02) Vi, Ze Tod (6.7.5) * Subtracting Equation (6.7.5) from Equation (6.7.4), Var Van = 3 loo) Zo) . BWV - Vue) = JVB ZT, (6.7.6) * Similarly we can get I, in terms of its symmetrical components as, . 0 dud Ia hfe] @ a1] te lL ao 1 To ny = ala tote tho I, = Tala) ..C0 I, = -j¥Bla (6.7.7) ‘+ Replacing I, in Equation (6.7.6) with Equation 6.7.0). BV —Vaad= 8 Zc Ter 2VurVe = Zl (6.7.8) |» + Equations (6.7.2) and (6.7.8) suggests that a positive sequence network is connected is parallel with negative sequence network through fault impedance Z. As Ino is zero so zero sequence network is unconnected. Fig. 6.7.2(a) : Sequence network Connection for line to, line (LL) fault tao . Fig. 6.7.2(b) 68 Power System Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Fig. 6.7.2(b) shows Thevenin’s equivalent circuit for line to line fault. From this cireuit, In =Zagh (6.7.9) From Equation (6.7.7), lL -A6.7.10) Ti+ Z,+b, From I,1, Var and V,sean be caleulated. From this voltages at fault point can be calculated. Double Line to Ground Fault on Fig. 6.8.1 : Double line to ground fault (LLG) on power system Fig. 6.8.1 shows a double Line to Ground (LLG) fault on power system. The fault oceurs on line b and ¢ through fault impedance 2). The current and voltage at fault point are, L=0 Intlotho = 0 Vy = Ve Zc(ly Te) = 3 2; Too.-(6.8.2) ‘Tho symmetrical component of voltages are, (6.8.1) Var 1a @yfv Va }=4} 1 @ a |] vw Vao tid Vu Var [V, +a 404) Vi) Veo = FLV, + (a4 02) Vil bey Var = Vaz gl Vat (eto Vil (6.8.3) Veo = F(V.42y) (6.8.4) Subtracting Equation (68.4) (6.8.3) from Equation AF eatowaeayeWF _Power System — 11 (GTU) 68 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Vao-Var = 3 (2-0-0) Vy=3 Zi lo Veo = Vat 8 Zi lan 46.8.5) &O i © Equations (6.8.1), (6.8.3) and (6.8.5) indicates 2 re that the positive sequence and negative sequence | network are connected in parallel and this ig parallel combination is connected to zero ed sequence network through fault impedance (b) 2,.This is shown in Figs. 6.8.2 (a) and (b), Fig. 6.8.2 + Fig. 6.8.2(b) shows Thevenin’s equivalent cireuit for double line to ground fault, The fault current is, L E, Doe Ba [Zo + BE) (a): Sequence network connection for double line to ground (LLG) fault. 6.9 Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults using Bus Impedance Matrix * Consider that there are ‘n’ number of buses in a system and a LG fault ocenrs i* bus of this system. * The conneetion of sequence network is as shown in Fig. 1 6.9.1. The positive sequence network is replaced by its Rotownoe | +, T- wvenin’s equivalent i vol » stbus —busfor passive | mi ‘Thevenin’s equivalent ie, the prefault voltage. V;_, of bus bus for passive | mau, i in series with the passive positive sequence network. network Ta + As there is no prefault negative and zero sequence —F voltages, both are passive networks only, Vas= Vou For passive positive sequence network, sy Vi-nus = Zi. aus. Lave 6.9.1) = Via Toy Via |__ positive sequence “4 Where,Vi_n0s = = bus voltage vector (6.9.2) vi You a * mm iP bus Positive sequence bus ; = impedance matrix Ls Buea, svscor Bae Fig. 69.1 : Connection of sequence 6.9.3) network for LG fault on i" bus ha L “3 5 Innes = = Positive sequence bus current injection vector. (6.9.4)WF _Power System — Il (TU) AC to current ~I{ _, is injected only at the faulted i!® bus connection, ording to sequence network of the positive sequence network. Hence, 0 0 Tews = (6.9.5) a 0 + Hence the positive sequence voltage at the i** bus of the passive positive sequence network is, Vii = — Zaid (6.9.6) * Thus, the passive positive sequence network presents an impedance Z ; — \ to the positive sequence current I'_,for negative sequence network. (6.9.7) Vesus = Zz. sus Te eus * The negative sequence network is injected with current I‘, at the i" bus only. Hence, 0 0 Ta wus = f 46.9.8) Tai 0 ‘The negative sequence voltage at i®® bus is, Vai =- Zils, 16.9.9) * Thus negative sequence network offers an impedance Zz. 4 to the negative sequence current I, , for zero sequence network, Vo-nus = Zon Innis 0 0 Tynes 1 10) 0 69 Unsymmotrical Fault Analysis Voi = -Zowlh --AB.911) + Thus zero sequence network offers an impedance %o.«; to the zero sequence current I, From sequence network connection, we ean write, r 1a Toten t tenth 16912) + Similarly we can compute sequence currents for UL and LLG fault * We can now compute the postfault voltages at any bus. + For passive positive sequence network, the voltage developed at bus k due to injection of current -I{_, at bu: is, Vik = ~Zrsel | --(6.9.13) + Hence the postfault positive sequence voltage at bus k i Vin = Vin k= 12am 6.9.19) Where, V! , = prefault positive sequence voltage at bus k. Z1- = ik component of Z nus + As the prefault negative sequence bus voltage is zero, the postfault negative sequence bus voltage is, Voy = O+Vey View = ~Z2-0h!, (6.9.15) where, Zz = ik component of Zeus, + The postfault zero sequence bus voltage is given as, View = ~Zo-wlp.;3 i= 12.0, (6.9.16) where,Zo a = ik’ component of Zo. pus. OF eateoaiastEF _Power System — 11 (GTU) 6-10 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis «After computing postfault sequence voltages, the sequence currents in the lines can be computed as, for line pg. having sequence admittances Yy_ yg, Y2-pe and Yo—pe 2 Ya n(Vi Vin) Le io Te (6.9.17) 4! + After computing sequence voltages and current, phase voltages and currents can be easily computed as, Vy = Avsh= Aw + Ast seems to be more tedious and method requires computation of bus impedance matrices of all the three sequence networks, it \e consuming. ‘+ But once the bus impedance matrices have been formed, fault analysis ean be easily carried out for all the buses which is the aim of fault analysis. ‘+ Also for any changes in power network bus impedance matrix ean be easily modified. 6.10 Computer Calculation of Fault Current ‘+ The current and voltage that activate the relays are the currents and voltages which flow or appear immediately after the occurrence of the fault. + The fault current is very high. This current is to be interrupted by the circuit breaker. Both fault current, and voltages are to be caleulated + The voltages and currents during the faults are used to set the relays so that they can detect the faulted condition as as possible. ‘+ The initial fault current is used to determine the required momentary duty of the breaker. + The current and voltage a short while later are used to calculate the required interrupting capacity of breaker, The voltages and current are also used to calculate the short cireuit capacity. + The basic aim of fault study is to determine the impedance matrix of the system. ‘+ The elements of impedance matrix along with the conditions of faults are used to calculate fault current, and postfault voltages. BF enkeowieayePower System — II (TU) Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis ‘+ Flow chart for short circuit studies Read) Total numbor of buses. n 8 Zero sequence [25] matib« Zou 9 181 = 1.2808 1 Postivarnegative Sequence Zul matrix Zou a fOri= 1.23... k= 120 Fioad - 9 Total numberof ins nt 1 From bus no (n). To bus no() 2010 sequence line impedance Zy, positive! negative sequence line impedance Z, for each ine Le. fork = 1.2... a= No Te this a said hase to ground fault No. Te his a sot doubie line to ground faut — ‘Compute (taut! | [Compuie (9 taut! | [ Compute (9 taut | [Compute «taut (i) Postiaut bus V | |@p Posttaut bus v._| | (@)Postiaut bus V_ || () Postaut bus V {ine currents | |Line curents ater | (a)Line curents || ()Line curents after ‘anor autor ots | | taut for sos tree. || ater taut for inet || taut fr sot single. Goubie ine to | |phaseto ground || ne taut phase to groune ‘round faut faut. fauit ec Fig. 6.104 Problems. Ex. 6.10.1 : Two 25 MVA, 11 kV generators are connected to a common busbar which supplies a feeder. The star point of ‘one of generators is grounded through a resistance of 12, while that of other generator is isolated. A line-to-ground fault ‘occurs at the far end of the feeder. Determine : 2a)The fault current and b) The voltage to ground of healthy phase of the feeder at the fault point ‘The sequence impedances of each generator and feeder are given below : Each generator (p.u.) | Feeder (Q/ph) x, 40.2 jo4 Xo jo.1s jo4 Xo 0.08 jos ‘Assume fault impedance to be zero.WF_Power System — II (GTU) 6-12 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis. Soln. j04x25 | 3. Xe =p 0.088 p.u. © 0.4 x25 ye 25MVA Feeder Bor = ar 0.088 p.u. T1kV ; 5.0.8 x25 Y Xp = =] 0.165 pu 8 Total positive, negative and zero sequence Fig. P.6.10.1 impedances up to fault point are, a) The two identical generators operate in Rar = Xiseet Kae = 0-1 +5 0.083 =j 0.183 pu, parallel son Kur = Xogeg + Xar = j 0.075 + j 0.083 = j 0.158 i Xaee = 2g =J 0.1 pu. pu. jo.15 = Xugert Nor = 5 0.619 + j 0.08 +j 0.165 Xu = SP -j 0.075 pa. Kor pea a ” a The star point of second generator is isolated. Hence it's zero sequence reactance does not come into picture. Base MVA = 25 MVA, 0.08 +3 R, 125) 1 = j008 +3( = 0.619 +] 0.08 pu Feeder’s sequence impedance are specified in Q. Let us convert it into p.u. considering 25 MVA as base MVA and 11 kV as base kV. 0.619 + j 0.245 p.u, = 0.665 221.59 . For line to ground fault, Fault current, BE, des Le Ska =X 05 Xi + Ke ‘ xd + = 70.188 +] 0.158 + 0.619 +] ——3__ = D619 + 50.586 = Jer gay 735 2-48.48 pn 25 Actual fault current. = 3.5% —Fp ay = 4.6 KA b) Voltage of healthy phase at fault point J 5 12-120 a - 4 $8.48) 44 2120 43.43) ) = 0,867 4109.79 + (~0.184 2 166.57) + (0.776 2-21.84) E & Bn Vy = a(R, —Xirg) + of Kor ~ 3 (_ 9.685 2 21.59 x 3.5 2 — he 3 V,, = — 0.8888 - j 0.5697. = 1.009 2 34.96" p.u, Actual voltage = 11.09 kV feontemieageWF_Power System —11 (GTU) Ex. 6.102 : A 25 MVA, 11 KV generar has Xj = 02 pu. X= 038 pu. and X= 0.1 pu. The neutal of generator ig sally grounded, Determine the subransint curent in the Generator and the ine to ne voltages for subrensient condition when a Y - B - G fault occurs at the generator terminals. Assume prefaut currents and faut resistance to be 200 Soin. : For double line to ground fault (Y - B - @ fault) E, 2 Bt T+ ts la Assuming prefault voltage 120°p.u. 120 y, XoXo a TX 4 Xo Ia 120° Ta For LLG fault, v, Va 1-0.7272 = Ve 0.2727 1 Veo _ = 0.2727 2 =X 7j03 Vao_ = 0.2727 Io = -XS=jo1~ TatIo = 50.909 +) 2.727 53.636 = — In Fault current = I, +1. =3 To = 3xj2727 =j8.181p.u. Actual fault current Roe = 10.734 kA. Now, Va = VartVio#Va0e8 Vir 3x 0.2727=0.8181 pn Vy = V=0 643 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Voc = Va= 0.8181 x72 = 5.196 kV co = . yp 75s Vie = 0.0kV Ex. 6.10.3 : A salient pole generator without dampers is raled 20 MVA, 13.8 KV and has a direct axis subtransient reactance of 0.25 p.u. The negative and zero sequence reactance are 0.85 p.u. and 0.1 p.u. respectively, The neutral Cf generator is solidly grounded. Determine the subtransient currents and the line to line voltages at the fault under subtransiont conditions when a line to line fault ocours at b and ¢ terminals of the generator. Assume that the generator Js unloaded and operating at rated terminal voltage when the fault occurs. Neglect resistance. Soln. : ‘The sequence network for LL fault is shown in Fig. P. 6.10.3 the zero sequence network is absent. ‘The pre-fault voltage is assumed to be 1 0" p.u. 2,=1025 Fig. P. 6.10.3 : Sequence network for LL fault a) For LL fault E, 120° Ta = Z 4 Z, 75025 +5035 —j 1667 pu. Ta = -I =-j 1.667 pu. Ine = j 1.667 p. u. In = 0 ‘To find out the fault current, oly = a+ he+ ho= In +he Pla tabs 1 £= 120° (~} 1.667) +12 120%j 1.667) sly = ~2.8872 +] 0=— 2.8872 pu. ' = MVAn_ _ 20% 108 ase current = Ty, 9x13 = 836.74 A Fault current = 2.8872 x 886.72 = 2415.83 A. SE eaewieag¥F_Power System — 11 (TU) b) To find out line to line voltages Var = Eq = Tu Za 145 0~(-j 1.667) (5 0.25) Var = 1-0.4167 = 0.5833 pu. Var = — Tene = (j 1.667) (j 0.35) = 0.5834 pan. Vor = Veo = 0.5838 p.u, Var + Vaa + Vao = Var + Van = 0.5833 + 0.5833 = 1.1666 p.u. Vy = Va + 0M Vi, = 12~120° (0.5833) +1 2 120° (0.5833) = - 0.5888 p.u. Vi = Ve=-0.5833 4 Ve 1.666 — (- 0.5833) = 1.7499 pu, V,- Ve = 1.7499 p.u. V-Ve Line voltage, Vs, Vee Vie Opn ‘The line to line voltage, y, Vic 13.94 kV, OKV Ex. 6.10.4 : An unloaded star connected solidly grounded 10 MVA, 11 kV generator has positive, negative and zero sequence Impedances are | 1.3 0, | 0.8 © andj 040 respectively. A single line to ground fauit occurs at the terminals of the generator. a) Calculate the fault current b) Determine the value of the inductive reactance that must be Inserted at the generator neutral to limit the fault current to 50% of the value obtained in a. Soin. : Base MVA Base kV = 10 MVA. LIKV. Considering these base values the positive, negative and zero sequence reactance of alternator can be expressed in p.u. as, 1.310 ue X ead Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 10:8%10 9 066 2 = ap = 0.066 pu. 04x10 X “ j 0.033 p.u. a) For LG fault Fault current, L Bla = - 14.56 6 x 10 x 10° Actual fault current. = BT cro = 7642 A. 1b) To find the value of the inductive reactance that must be inserted to control fault up to 50% Ty = -j7.28p.u. — hb * Xy+ Xe + Xo + 3Xy, 3K, Xi +X.+X+3X, i a = Tyrape joa2 j 0.107 + j 0.066 +j0.033+3X,= j 0.412 3X, = j0.206 X, = j 0.0687 p.u. Actual reactance to be added = j 0.0687 a 0.831 2. Ex. 6.105 : A 25 MVA, 132 KV alternator wih solidly ‘grounded neutral has a subtransient reactance of 0.25 p.u, ‘The negative and zero sequence reactances are 0.35 and 01 p.u. respectively. Find the faull current when, a) A single line to ground fault occurs at the terminals of an unloaded alternator and b) ALL fauit occurs. Soln.: a) For single line to ground fault Fault current, 3B, = j0.25 +7 0.35 +7 0.1 Se TenirmieyeW_Power System —11 (GTU) 645 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis j 4.28 pu. x11 x 10° 5 x 10° XitXet+Xo = 3 Actual fault current = 4.28 Fa #180 2x XitX, +X) = 46132 imeseU X = 03872 +b) For LL fault To find per unit reactance’s. VBE. Bx Base MVA = 50, Base kV = 11 Fault current Ip = XX, =j025+j035 ae Base reactance = LI = —j2.887 p.u. “ “50x 108 2.887 25 x 10° Xp = 242 Actual fault current = “Fy y9i = T8824. Ex. 6.10.6 : ASO MVA, 11 kV, S-phase altemator was subjected to different types of faults. The fault currents were #39 fault, 1870 Amp, line to line fault 2590 A, single line to ground fault 4130 A. The allerator neutral is solidly grounded. Find p.u. values of sequence reactances of alternators. Soln. : a) For 3 phase fault Fault current Ip 1870 390 b) For LL fault Fault current I, = Xv = V3 x 11x 10" NB XtX, = 2590 = 4.247 X= c) For LG fault 3 Es y3 Fault current I, =I,= 31, = Xie Ke+ ko VBE, v Xp+X.+Xy = a Ex. 6.10.7 : A generator rated 100 MVA, 20 kV has X,=X2 = 20% and X, = 5%. His neutral Is grounded through reactor of 0.82 ohms. The generator is operating at rated voltage with Joad and is disconnected from the system when a single line to ground fault occurs at its terminals. Find the subtransient ccurrent in the faulted phase and line to line voltages. Soin. : Base MVA = 100, Base kV = 20 (20 103 Base reactance = ———— = 100 x 10° P.U, Neutral reactance - 9229.08 px, For LG fault, fault current 3E, UsL=Sli = 3 yak Se _ 3x1 Te = 50.25 j0.2+ 0.0543 %)0.08 = -}4 347 pu. = -j1-449 pu. 4.347 x 100 x 108 Actual faut eurrent = “SEES = 22,820 A. = 22.82 kA. SatnaWF _Power System — Il (TU) 6:16 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Line voltags v, = 14-1,X\=120- j1.449) x 0.2) = 0.2898 = 0.7102 p.u. —1aXe = (-j1.449) x G0.2) = — 0.2898 pu. = ~Lu(K0 +3 X) ~(-§1.449) x 0.05 + 3 x j0.08) 0.42021 pu. ve 111 = 0.4202 ve l=] 1a a 0.7102 Ve 1a of = 0.2898 ot a: ~ 0.4202 =| 1 12-120 12120 0.7102 1 12120 12-1201 L - 02808 0 0.402 + 1x 0.7102 2 120° - 0,2898 2 120° = 0.402 + 0.7102 2120° — 0.2898 2 120° 0 0 =| -0.6122-j0.865 |=] 1.06 254.71" 0,192 + j 0.865 0.88 277.5" 6.11 Analysis of Series Type Unsymmetrical Faults / Open Conductor Faults * Open conductor faults are the faults in series with the line, + Open conduetor faults are : ‘) One conduetor open b) Two conductor open a) One conductor open fault in ay a — by Ik by ey le 6, ooo Fig. 6.11.1: One conductor open fault «Fig. 6.11.1 shows one conductor open fault. + Assume that conductor a is open at ay ~ ay points. + The current and voltage at fault point is given by, = 0 Vin = Vaa=0 (6.11.1) Inthetho = 0 and Viasat = Vistaze = Veuno®$Vane (6.11.2) Where, Vie 1» Viauz) 1 and Vigiga) 0 are the positive, negative and zero sequence voltage of phase a. ‘The equations of sequence current and sequence voltage of phase a show a parallel connection of the sequence network as shown in Fig. 6.11.2. Is 00 Fig. 6.11.2 : One conductor open ‘equivalent sequence network Equation (6.11.2) indicates that the open conductor condition leads to equal series voltage drops in all the three sequence networks in the direction of current flow. b) Two conductor open fault a ly 8 byt be 6 1, > co e —— Fig. 6.11.3 : Two conductor open fault 6.11.3 shows two conductor open fault * The current and voltage at fault condition is given as, Vine = 0 I=1. =0 ‘The symmetrical currents and voltage equation for this faulty condition are given as, +(6.11.3) Veataay 1 + Veonior2 + Vitro = 0WF _Power System — 11 (GTU) 617 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis Equation (6.11.4) indicates that the sequence networks for this fault are connected in series, as shown in Fig, 6.11.4. ye ° Hes Veo Fig. 6.11.4 : Two conductor open equivalent sequence network Ex. 6.11.1: A3 ph,, 400 V Induction motor is operating on 3 pph., 400 V, 50 Hz balanced supply. The motor continues to run even when the fuse in phase A blows out causing open circult init, Determine the line currents and voltages V, . V, Ven ANG Vjq ASSUME positive and negative sequence Impedance as (2.5 + | 0.5) and (0.6 + |1) ohms respectively and neglect source impedance. Fig. P.6.11.4 Soin. : Sequence network connections are as shown in Fig. P. 6.11.1(a). The zero sequence network is not connected because of absence of neutral wire. A) 42) Applying Kirehhoff’s second law to positive and negative sequence network. Vou = Edu Zt (3) Vena =~ Ingle wel) Substituting [ky =—Iy and Vat = Vyazin Equation (4) Veen = Tye 5) Substituting Equation (5) in Equation (3), Ide = B-L2, sy (Zj+%) = B 4002 0° E 3 In = 4%" @54)05)+ 06+ sD = BOSt ee 6 67.06 225.82 67.06 2 ~ 25.82°A, Tatle=0A C8 Ly FO Ly + Loot? Ly 01, +0 Tyo) 67.06 2 - 25.82° x 32 - 90° 116.15 2 ~ 115.82° Amp, =1,=- 116.15 2- 115.82" Amp. ~ lady 67.06 2 ~ 25.82° x (0.6 + j1) 67.06 2 ~ 25.82" x 1.17 259.04" 78.46 2 33.22" volts Van = Vout * Vane + View = 3 Verus = 3x 78.46 2 33,29° = 235.38 2 33.22° Volts Van = Zy Tar + Zalan = Tun (24 — 2a) 67.06 £~ 25.82° x (1.9 ~j 0.5) 67.06 2 ~ 25.82° x (1.96 2 59.56") 131.44 2 33.74” Volts oy Igy +t Ly Igy (2 Za Zs) Iq BF feotowiegeWF _Power System = 11 (GTU) 618 Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis [2.5 +5 0.5) - 0.5 — 0,866) — (0.6 + j1N-0.5 +5 0.866)1 I,y 67.06 2 — 25.82" (2.55 2 11.3°) (12 240°) (1.17 259,04") (12 120°) 67.06 2 — 25.82° ((2.55 2 251.8°— 1.17 2 179.4") = 67.06 Z- 15.82" [0.817 ~ 42 + 1.16 0.012} = 67.06 Z- 25.82" [0.343 ~ 2.432] = 67.06 2 ~25.82° x 2.45 2 ~77.82° = 164.3 2— 103.6° Volts Ven = 1 ZTyixetZolyy = Tyree Zr — o02%0) = 67.06 Z— 25.82% [2.55 211.3 x1 2 120 1.17 259.04 x 1 2 240%} = 67.06 2-25.82 [2.55 2 131.3° 1.17 2299.04] = 67.06 2 ~ 25.82 [- 1.68 + j 1.91 -0.56 + j1.02) = 67.06 2 — 25.82" [2.24 + j 2.93] = 67.06 2 — 25.82" 3.69 252.6 = 247.45 2 26,78 Volts Vin = Von + Viia = 78.46 2 33.22° Volts 5 Enlist the various un-symmetrical faults occurring in power system Draw the interconnection of sequence network for single line to ground fault and explain brietly Draw the interconnection of sequence network for line to lino fault on unloaded alternator. Explain interconnection sequence network for double line to ground fault on unioaded alternator. Explain line to line fault on power system and draw sequence network connection, Draw a flow-chart for computer calculation of fault current. Derive the expression for the fault current for a single line to ground fault as an unloaded generator. 8, Explain how fault current can be calculated when line to ground fault occur through a fault impedance Z, 9. Derive the double line to ground fault in a S-phase alternator. 10. Draw and explain in brief a single line diagram of 3-phase balanced system. 11. Derive the equation for fault current and develop the sequence network for LLG fault on an unloaded synchronous generator. (Ans, : Refer section 6.4) 12, Derive the equation for fault current for LLG fault. 1. Derive the equation for fault current for LG faut 14. Derive the equation for fault current for LL fault. 15. Discuss L-L fault in detail goa