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Decision & Looping

HoangND1

© FPT SOFTWARE – TRAINING MATERIAL – Internal use 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT v1/1

 Objectives

 Explain the Selection Construct

- If Statement
- If – else statement
- Multi if statement
- Nested if statement

 Switch statement
 Looping

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 Conditional Statement
 Conditional statements enable us to change the flow of the
program

 A conditional statement evaluates to either a true or a false

value

Example :
To find whether a number is even or odd we proceed as follows :
1. Accept a number
2. Find the remainder by dividing the number by 2
3. If the remainder is zero, the number is “EVEN”
4. Or if the remainder is not zero the number is “ODD”

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 Selection Constructs

C supports two types of selection statements

The if statement

The switch statement

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 The if statement-1

Syntax:

If the if expression evaluates to true, the block

following the if statement or statements are
executed

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 The if statement-2
Program to display the values based on a condition

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x, y;
char a = ‘y’;
x = y = 0;
Example
if (a == ‘y’)
{
x += 5;
printf(“The numbers are %d and \t%d”, x, y);
}
}

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 The if – else statement-1

Syntax:

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 The if – else statement -2
Program to display whether a number is Even or Odd

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num , res ;

printf(“Enter a number :”); Example

scanf(“%d”,&num);
res = num % 2;
if (res == 0)
printf(“Then number is Even”);
else
printf(“The number is Odd”);
}

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 The if–else–if statement-1

Syntax:

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 The if–else–if statement-2

 The if – else – if statement is also known as the if-

else-if ladder or the if-else-if staircase

 The conditions are evaluated from the top

downwards

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 The if–else–if statement-3
Program to display a message based on a value
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int x;
x = 0;
clrscr ();
printf(“Enter Choice (1 - 3) : “);
Example
scanf(“%d”, &x);
if (x == 1)
printf (“\nChoice is 1”);
else if ( x == 2)
printf (“\nChoice is 2”);
else if ( x == 3)
printf (“\nChoice is 3”);
else
printf (“\nInvalid Choice “);
}

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 Nested if-1
Syntax:

 Note that the inner else is associated with if(exp3)

 According to ANSI standards, a compiler should

support at least 15 levels of nesting
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 Nested if-2

#include <stdio.h>
void main ()
{
int x, y;
x = y = 0;
clrscr ();
printf (“Enter Choice (1 - 3) : “);
scanf (“%d”, &x);
Example
if (x == 1)
{
printf(“\nEnter value for y (1 - 5) : “);
scanf (“%d”, &y);
if (y <= 5)
printf(“\nThe value for y is : %d”, y);
else
printf(“\nThe value of y exceeds 5 “);
}
else
printf (“\nChoice entered was not 1”);
}
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 The switch statement-1

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 The switch statement-2
Program to check whether the entered lowercase character is vowel
or ‘z’ or a consonant
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
char ch;
clrscr ();

printf (“\nEnter a lower cased alphabet (a - z)

: “);
scanf(“%c”, &ch);

contd…….
© FPT SOFTWARE – TRAINING MATERIAL – Internal use 09e-BM/DT/FSOFT v1/1
 The switch statement-3
if (ch < ‘a’ || ch > ‘z’)
printf(“\nCharacter not a lower cased alphabet”);
else
switch (ch)
{
case ‘a’ :
case ‘e’ :
case ‘i’ :
case ‘o’ :
case ‘u’ :
printf(“\nCharacter is a vowel”);
break;
case ‘z’ :
printf (“\nLast Alphabet (z) was entered”);
break;
default :
printf(“\nCharacter is a consonant”);
break;
}
}

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 What is a Loop?
Section of code in a program
which is executed repeatedly,
until a specific condition is satisfied

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 3 types of Loop Structures

The for loop

The while loop

The do….while loop

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 The for loop-1

 The initialize counter is an assignment statement that sets

the loop control variable, before entering the loop

 The conditional test is a relational expression, which

determines, when the loop will exit

 The evaluation parameter defines how the loop control

variable changes, each time the loop is executed

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 The for loop-2
/*This program demonstrates the for loop in a C program */
#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int count;
printf(“\tThis is a \n”);

for(count = 1; count <=6 ; count++)

printf(“\n\t\t nice”);

printf(“\n\t\t world. \n”);

}

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 The Comma Operator
The scope of the for loop can be extended by including more than
one initializations or increment expressions in the for loop specification

The format is : exprn1 , exprn2 ;

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i, j , max;
printf(“Please enter the maximum value \n”);
printf(“for which a table can be printed: “);
scanf(“%d”, &max);

for(i = 0 , j = max ; i <=max ; i++, j--)

printf(”\n%d + %d = %d”,i, j, i + j);
}

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 Nested for Loops-1
The for loop will be termed as a nested for loop when it is
written as follows
for(i = 1; i<max1; i++)
{
.
.
for(j = 0; j < = max2; j++)
{
.
.
}
.
.
}

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 Nested for Loops-2
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int i, j, k;
i = 0;
printf("Enter no. of rows :");
scanf("%d", &i);
printf("\n");
for (j = 0; j < i ; j++)
{
printf("\n");
for (k = 0; k <= j; k++) /*inner for loop*/
printf("*");
}
}

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 The while Loop-1

while (condition is true)

statement ;

The while loop repeats statements while a certain

specified condition is True

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 The while Loop-2
/* A simple program using the while loop */

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int count = 1;
while( count <= 10)
{
printf(“\n This is iteration %d\n”,count);
count++;
}

printf(“\n The loop is completed. \n”);

}

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 do…while Loop-1

do{
statement;
} while (condition);

 In the do while loop the body of the code is executed

once before the test is performed

 When the condition becomes False in a do while the loop

will be terminated, and the control goes to the statement
that appears immediately after the while statement

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 do…while Loop-2
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
int num1, num2;
num2 = 0;
do
{
printf( "\nEnter a number : ");
scanf(“%d”,&num1);
printf( " No. is %d",num1);
num2++;
} while (num1 != 0);
printf ("\nThe total numbers entered were %d",--num2);

/*num2 is decremented before printing because count for last

integer (0) is not to be considered */
}

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 Jump Statements-1

expression
 The return statement is used to return from a function

 It causes execution to return to the point at which the

call to the function was made

 The return statement can have a value with it, which it

returns to the program

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 Jump Statements-2

label
 The goto statement transfers control to any other
statement within the same function in a C program

 It actually violates the rules of a strictly structured

programming language

 They reduce program reliability and make program

difficult to maintain

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 Jump Statements-2

statement
 The break statement is used to terminate a case in a
switch statement

 It can also be used for abrupt termination of a loop

 When the break statement is encountered in a loop, the

loop is terminated immediately and control is passed
to the statement following the loop

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 break statement
#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
int count1, count2;
for(count1 = 1, count2 = 0;count1 <=100; count1++)
{
printf("Enter %d count2 : ",count1);
scanf("%d", &count2);
if(count2==100) break;
}

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 Jump Statements-4

statement
 The continue statement causes the next iteration of the
enclosing loop to begin

 When this statement is encountered, the remaining

statements in the body of the loop are skipped and the
control is passed on to the re-initialization step

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 continue statement

#include <stdio.h>
main ()
{
int num;
for(num = 1; num <=100; num++)
{
if(num % 9 == 0)
continue;
printf("%d\t",num);
}
}

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 Jump Statements-5

function
 The exit() is used to break out of the program

 The use of this function causes immediate termination

of the program and control rests in the hands of the
operating system

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