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Design Parameters of Electric Vehicle

Conference Paper · February 2020

DOI: 10.1109/PARC49193.2020.236548

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 2020 International Conference on Power Electronics & IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC)
GLA University, Mathura, UP, India. Feb 28-29, 2020

Design Parameters of Electric Vehicle

2020 International Conference on Power Electronics & IoT Applications in Renewable Energy and its Control (PARC) 978-1-7281-6575-2/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE 10.1109/PARC49193.2020.236548

K. Sreekanth Reddy Sreenivasappa B. Veeranna, Member, IEEE

Center for Research in Power Electronics, Presidency University, Center for Research in Power Electronics, Presidency University,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India Bangalore, Karnataka, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— To achieve zero emissions and low energy a methodology to determine the power needed by electric motor
consumption Electric Vehicle (EV) has drawn attention from based on acceleration time. Influence of speed of electric motor
automobile industries and researchers. Presently, in EV on the power needed is also addressed. The effect of change in
industries the major requirements for the consumers are the vehicle weight on the performance parameters is discussed in
mileage, speed, performance, efficiency, high storage battery for [3]. The design of power electronic converters needed to drive
higher mileage and its protection and most importantly cost of electric motor and for charging the batteries are discussed in
EV. The appropriate design parameters will help us in [4]-[6]. The detailed analysis of design parameter calculations
understanding the economy of energy utilization and balancing are not reported in the literature. This paper presents a detailed
between mileage and fuel efficiency. In this paper detailed
analysis on the design parameter selection and calculation.
analysis of design parameter selection and calculation for EV is
presented.

Index Terms—Electric vehicle, Efficiency, Battery

I. INTRODUCTION

T HE fossil fuels scarcity and growing environmental

issues have become the most likely reasons for the
extensive use of electric vehicles (EVs). Presently many
countries made a flexibility in the number of policies to
promote the development of EVs. The key parameters involved
in the design of any electric vehicle are: (i) Range of the vehicle
(ii) Speed of the vehicle (iii) Weight carrying capacity of the
vehicle. Many EV manufacturers around the globe like Audi,
BMW, Bolloré, BYD, Chery, Chevrolet, Citroën, COURB, Fig. 1. Key component of electric vehicle [7]
ElectraMeccanica, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, JAC Motors,
Jaguar Land Rover, Kewet, Kia, Kyburz, Lightning, Mahindra, The organization of the paper is as follows. The various
Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, Motores Limpios, MW Motors, design parameters of the electric vehicle are presented in
NIO, Nissan, ECOmove, Peugeot, Rayttle, Renault Samsung, Section II along with simulation results. The conclusions are
Renault, Rimac, Smart, Sono Motors, Stevens, Tesla, Venturi, concluded in Section III.
Volkswagen etc. are manufacturing cars with top speed from 80 II. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
km/hr to 355 km/hr, acceleration time of 2.4s to 15.9s, charging
time of 30 min to 12 hours, nominal range of 40 km to 560 km, The design of electric vehicle includes the dynamics of the
capacity of 2 to 7 persons and price range from $29,990 (Nissan vehicle, capacity and weight of the vehicle, torque and type of
Leaf) to $84,990 (Tesla Model X). The EVs propulsion system motor used, speed required (during up-hill, down-hill and
is driven by electric motor rather than a conventional fossil fuel normal road), range of the vehicle, type of battery and DC/DC
based engines. The electric motor converts electrical energy or DC/AC power converter used.
into mechanical energy is powered by rechargeable batteries A. Dynamics of the Vehicle
which can be charged with the help of charger comprises of
AC-DC power converter. In most EVs either permanent magnet During the design of any EV it is important to know vehicle
synchronous motor or induction motor or switched reluctance dynamics which helps us in understanding its effects on the
motor is used as traction motor to drive the vehicle. The cost of performance of the vehicle and energy consumption per driven
the EV is mainly dependent on type of battery used and the distance.
number of batteries required to achieve desired range, speed According to Newton’s second law of mechanics, the force
and weight. The key components of EV are included in Fig. 1. (F) due to movement of the vehicle in any given direction can
In the literature not many authors have published research be determined by the sum of all the forces acting on it in the
article on design parameters of electric vehicles. In [1] the same direction given by the equation
influence of size of the batteries and vehicle weight on the ‫ܨ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݉ܽ ൌ ݉
ௗ௩ሺ௧ሻ
ൌ ‫ܨ‬௧ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ െ ‫ܨ‬௥ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (1)
range is presented. The authors have concluded that the use of ௗ௧
high capacity batteries for low range is less efficient than the Where ‫ܨ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ is accelerating force in N
vehicle with low capacity batteries. The authors in [2] presented

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 ݉ is the mass to be accelerated in kg ‫ ீܨ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݉݃‫݊݅ݏ‬ሺߙሻ (4)
2
ܽ is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s Where ߙ is the angle between level road and horizontal
ௗ௩ሺ௧ሻ 2
plane of the vehicle in ‫ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ‬
is the rate of change of vehicle speed in m/s
ௗ௧ ݀௩
‫ܨ‬௧ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ is the sum of tractive forces acting to increase the ߙ ൌ –ƒିଵ ൬ ൰
݀௛
vehicle speed in Nm
݀௩ is vertical distance and ݀௛ is horizontal distance
‫ܨ‬௥ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ is the sum of resistive forces acting to decrease the
vehicle speed in Nm 4) Wheel force
The force on the wheel ‫ܨ‬ௐ that has come from traction
The tractive force is the force exerted from the vehicle via force of the vehicle to the wheel in order to sustain certain
wheel shaft, gear and the differential to the contact area speed level and is expressed as
between the wheel and the road. The tractive force is also due
to downhill driving gravity. ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܨ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܨ‬஺ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܨ‬ோ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ீܨ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (5)
The resistive force is due to uphill driving gravity, If ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ is positive then it accelerates the vehicle and if it
aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance and regenerative breaking is negative represents either a regenerative breaking force or
due to conventional friction brakes. friction braking. The maximum tractive force ‫ܨ‬ௐ௠௔௫ on the
wheel can be controlled either by normal force on the wheel ‫ܨ‬ே
1) Aerodynamic drag force or by friction coefficient ‫ܥ‬௙ between the tyre and the road is
Any vehicle is unavoidably exposed to aerodynamic drag defined as
during driving due to flow of air around the vehicle (external
flow) and flow of air through the vehicle (internal flow). ‫ܨ‬ௐ௠௔௫ ൌ ‫ܥ‬௙  ൈ  ‫ܨ‬ே (6)
The aerodynamic drag force ‫ܨ‬஺ is expressed as: The normal force ‫ܨ‬ே is affected by non-uniform distribution
ଵ of the load in the vehicle or change in the weight during
‫ܨ‬஺ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ߩ௔ ‫ܥ‬௔ ‫ܣ‬௘ ሺ‫ݒ‬௩௘௛௜௖௟௘ െ ‫ݒ‬௪௜௡ௗ ሻଶ (2) acceleration and deceleration or unbalancing of tyres or
ଶ
variation in the air pressure in the tyres. The friction coefficient
Where ߩ௔ is the density of the air in ݇݃Ȁ݉ଷ varies
‫ܥ‬௙ depends on the tyre slip ܵ measured in (Ψ) is defined by
depending on humidity, temperature, pressure and altitude, at
sea level, temperature of ʹͷ଴ ‫ ܥ‬and standard atmospheric ܵ ൌ ቀͳ െ
௩ೡ೐೓೔೎೗೐
ቁ (7)
pressure of 1013.25 pascal, ߩ௔ is 1.225 ݇݃Ȁ݉ଷ ௪ή௥ೈ

‫ܥ‬௔ is aerodynamic drag co-efficient, it is a dimension less Where ‫ ݓ‬is speed of the wheel in ‫݀ܽݎ‬Ȁ‫ݏ‬
quantity. The typical value of ‫ܥ‬௔ is 0.25-0.35. ‫ݎ‬ௐ is the radius of the wheel in ݉
ଶ
‫ܣ‬௘ is the effective cross sectional area of the vehicle in ݉ Let us consider a wheel diameter of three cars of 12 inch, 16
varies depending on the vehicle size and shape inch, and 20 inch then the radius of the wheel ‫ݎ‬ଵ ൌ ͲǤͳͷʹͶ݉,
‫ݒ‬௩௘௛௜௖௟௘ is the speed of the vehicle in ݉Ȁ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬ଶ ൌ ͲǤʹͲ͵ʹ݉ and ‫ݎ‬ଷ ൌ ͲǤʹͷͶ݉, respectively, if ܵ is varied
from 0 to 1.0 insteps of 0.1 and ‫ݒ‬௩௘௛௜௖௟௘ is varied from 0 to 250
‫ݒ‬௪௜௡ௗ is the speed of the wind in ݉Ȁ‫ݏ‬ km/h insteps of 25km/h, then wheel speed in rpm is shown in
-ve sign indicates both wind and vehicle are moving in the Fig.2.
same direction It is very clear from Fig. 2 that at a particular vehicle speed,
2) Rolling resistance force the wheel that has smaller radius rotates at higher rpm and this
Rolling resistance is caused by vehicle tyre during rolling. will increase further when the vehicle speed increases.
The rolling resistance force ‫ܨ‬ோ is expressed as
‫ܨ‬ோ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܥ‬௥ ݉݃ܿ‫ݏ݋‬ሺߙሻ (3)
Where ‫ܥ‬௥ is dimensionless rolling resistance with typical
value 0.007-0.015
݉ is mass of the vehicle in ݇݃
݃ is gravitational constant in ͻǤͺͲ͹݉Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ଶ
ߙ is road inclination angle in ‫ݏ݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ‬
3) Grading force
Grading force ‫ ீܨ‬which is parallel to road is caused due to
road inclination and is expressed as
Fig. 2. Wheel speed versus vehicle speed

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 TABLE I
CURB AND GROSS WEIGHTS OF POPULAR ELECTRIC CARS

Make Model Curb Weight Gross Weight

(Kgs) (Kgs)
Audi e-tron 2490 3130
BMW i3 1501 1951
Chevrolet Bolt 1616 2116
Fiat 500e 1361 1811
Hyundai Kona 1685 2185
Kia NiroEV 1748 2298
MG ZS EV 1539 2039
Nissan Leaf 1557 2057
Renault Zoe 1548 2018
Tesla X P100D 2509 3109
Fig. 3. Power-to-weight ratio versus vehicle weight
Volkswagen e-Golf 1615 2115
Every manufacturer will specify the PWR at the peak value,
but the value may vary in use and variations in weight which
will affect the performance. The variation in the PWR as
5) Wheel power and energy against variation in the weight of EV for various power levels
The wheel power ܲௐ can be determined by the product of are shown in Fig.3.
tractive force acting on the wheel ‫ܨ‬ௐ and speed of the vehicle
‫ݒ‬௩௘௛௜௖௟௘ . C. Torque Calculation
ܲௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ݒ‬௩௘௛௜௖௟௘ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ (8) The torque ሺܶௐ ሻ required to drive the wheel is obtained by
directly mounting a motor on the differential or by using a gear
The total energy consumed by the wheel can be determined box or by using a chain drive to magnify the lesser torque to the
as torque that is needed to drive the wheel.
௧
‫ܧ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫׬‬଴ ܲௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ݀‫ݐ‬ (9) ܶௐ ൌ ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ݎ‬ௐ ൈ •‹ሺߠሻ (10)

B. Capacity and Weight calculation Where ߠ is the angle between road and the point of contact
of tyre and is assumed to be ͻͲ଴
Capacity and weight calculation play an important role in
the selection of motor and battery. In capacity calculation, the ܶௐ ൌ ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ݎ‬ௐ (11)
calculation of payload in EV includes, number of passengers
including driver in the vehicle. Let us consider five seater If ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݉ ൈ ܽ , where ݉ is the mass of the vehicle that
family vehicle that includes father, mother, husband, wife and a includes curb weight, payload and mass equivalent of force due
school going child. The average weight of a father and mother to aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance and grading. For Tesla
is 75kg, the average weight of a husband and wife is 65kg and X P100D model car the gross weight is 3109 Kg and mass
the average weight of a child is 40kg. The total weight of the equivalent of force due to aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance
family members is and grading is 500 Kg. Then ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ is given by the following
calculation
ܹ௙ ൌ ሺ͹ͷ ൅ ͹ͷ ൅ ͸ͷ ൅ ͸ͷ ൅ ͶͲሻ ൌ ͵ʹͲ݇݃
‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ͵͸Ͳͻ‫ ݃ܭ‬ൈ ͻǤͺͳ݉Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ଶ
The weight calculation (curb weight) of the vehicle
‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ͵ͷͶͲͶǤʹͻ‫ ݃ܭ‬െ ݉Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ ͵ͷͶͲͶǤʹͻܰ
(excluding passengers weight) includes, weight of the seats,
motor weight, weight of the batteries, inverter weight, air If ‫ݎ‬ௐ is wheel radius, for Tesla X P100D model car
conditioner weight, heater weight, weight of the fastening ‫ݎ‬ௐ ൌ ͳͲ݄݅݊ܿ ൌ ͲǤʹͷͶ݉.
frame, vehicle body weight and weight of other assemblies. The
curb and gross weights of some of the popular electric cars are Then ܶௐ ൌ ‫ܨ‬ௐ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ݎ‬ௐ ൌ ͵ͷͶͲͶǤʹͻܰ ൈ ͲǤʹͷͶ݉
listed in the Table I. The gross weight of EV includes curb ܶௐ ൌ ͺͻͻʹǤ͸ͺܰ െ ݉
weight and payload (weight of the passengers and driver,
weight of an extra wheel, luggage weight and weight of We have, ͳܰ െ ݉ ൌ ͳͲǤͳͻ͹ͳ͸ʹͳʹͻ͹͹ͻ‫ ݃ܭ‬െ ܿ݉, then
accessories). ܶௐ ൌ ͻͳ͸ͻͻǤͺͳ‫ ݃ܭ‬െ ܿ݉
Power-to-weight Ratio: D. Selection of the Motor
Power-to-weight ratio (PWR) is a ratio of output power of
an engine or a power source to the weight of the vehicle. PWR Three different types of electric motors are available in
is used to measure the performance of the vehicle. automotive industries (i) Brushless DC motor (BLDC) (ii)
Brushed DC motor (iii) Induction motor. In most of EVs three
phase induction motor is used due to its advantages such as
easy maintenance, simple construction, change of direction and
speed control is easy.

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 The torque ሺܶெ ሻ needs to be generated by the motor can be E. Motor Power Calculation
calculated using the relation F=m ൈ a, with m being the mass of the vehicle and a being
ܶௐ ൈ ߱ௐ ൌ ܶெ ൈ ߱ெ (12) the acceleration desire to be a=dv/dt. The motor torque can be
calculated using the equation ܶெ ൌ ‫ ܨ‬ൈ  ‫ݎ‬ெ , where ‫ݎ‬ெ is the
Where wheel torque ܶௐ and motor torque ܶெ are measured radius of the motor shaft.
in ܰ݉ ܲெ ൌ ܶெ  ൈ  ߱ெ , where ߱ெ is the angular (rotational)
Angular velocity of the wheel ߱ௐ and angular velocity of frequency of the motor. This ߱ெ again would depend on the
the motor ߱ெ are measured in ‫݀ܽݎ‬Ȁ‫ܿ݁ݏ‬ motor shaft diameter. To determine the frequency of a vehicle’s
motor which has a diameter 5cm, rotating at 100 kmph.
If we consider a loss of about 2% then gearbox efficiency
will become 98% with this (12) becomes Then ‫ݎ‬ெ ൌ ʹǤͷܿ݉, ‫ݒ‬ெ ൌ ͳͲͲ݇݉‫ ݄݌‬ൌ ʹ͹͹͹Ǥ͹͹ܿ݉Ȁ‫ݏ‬,
‫ܥ‬ெ ൌ ʹߨ‫ݎ‬ெ ൌ ͳͷǤ͹Ͳ͹ܿ݉.
ܶௐ ൈ ߱ௐ ൌ ͲǤͻͺ ൈ ܶெ ൈ ߱ெ (13)
Time taken by the motor to complete one rotation ܶ ൌ
஽௜௦௧௔௡௖௘ ஼ ଵହǤ଻଴଻௖௠
ൌ ಾൌ ൌ ͲǤͲͲͷ͸ͷͶ‫ݏ‬, so the frequency ݂
ௌ௣௘௘ௗ ௩ಾ ଶ଻଻଻Ǥ଻଻௖௠Ȁ௦
ଵ
is inverse of ܶ. Hence ݂ ൌ ൌ ͳ͹͸Ǥͺ͸‫ݒ݁ݎݎ݋ݖܪ‬Ȁ‫ ݏ‬and
்
angular frequency
߱ெ ൌ ʹߨ݂ ൌ ʹߨሺͳ͹͸Ǥͺ͸ሻ ൌ ͳͳͳͳǤʹͶ‫݀ܽݎ‬Ȁ‫ݏ‬. To express
߱ெ in RPM, we have ͳ‫݀ܽݎ‬Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ͻǤͷͶͻ͵ܴܲ‫ܯ‬, then
߱ெ ൌ ͳͳͳͳǤʹͶ ൈ ͻǤͷͶͻ͵ܴܲ‫ ܯ‬ൌ ͳͲ͸ͳͳܴܲ‫ܯ‬.
ௗ௩ ଽ଺௞௠Ȁ௛
Let the mass of the vehicle m=3609kg, ܽ ൌ ൌ ൌ
ௗ௧ ଻Ǥଽ௦
వలబబబ
௠Ȁ௦
యలబబ
ൌ ͵Ǥ͵͹ͷͷ݉Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ଶ , then ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ͵͸Ͳͻ݇݃ܺ͵Ǥ͵͹ͷͷ݉Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ
଻Ǥଽ௦
ͳʹǤͳͺʹ݇ܰ,
Fig. 4. Power versus motor speed
ܶெ ൌ ͳʹǤͳͺʹ݇ܰ ൈ ʹǤͷܿ݉ ൌ ͳʹǤͳͺʹ݇ܰ ൈ ͲǤͲʹͷ݉ ൌ
To express ߱ௐ and ߱ெ in rpm ͵ͲͶǤͷͷͶܰ݉.
௦௣௘௘ௗ௢௙௪௛௘௘௟ሺ௠௜௟௘௦Ȁ௛௢௨௥ሻ
߱ௐ ሺ‫݉݌ݎ‬ሻ ൌ (14) Now let us calculate motor power ܲெ :
௖௜௥௖௨௠௙௘௥௘௡௖௘௢௙௪௛௘௘௟ሺ௠ሻ
‫݀ܽݎ‬
If the car wheel has radius of 0.3m and car travelling at a ܲெ ൌ ܶெ ൈ  ߱ெ ൌ ͵ͲͶǤͷͷͶܰ݉ ൈ ͳͳͳͳǤʹͶ
speed of 100 miles/hour then ‫ݏ‬
ൌ ͵͵ͺǤͶ͵ܹ݇
భబబ ೉భలబవ
ቀ ቁሺ௠Ȁ௠௜௡ሻ
߱ௐ ሺ‫݉݌ݎ‬ሻ ൌ లబ
(15) ͵͵ͺǤͶ͵ܹ݇
ଶగ௑଴Ǥଷሺ௠ሻ ܲெ ൌ ൌ Ͷͷ͵Ǥ͸͸‫ܲܪ‬
͹Ͷ͸ܹ
߱ௐ ሺ‫݉݌ݎ‬ሻ ൌ ͳͶʹ͵Ǥ͵ͺ‫݉݌ݎ‬ In a similar way motor power can be calculated for different
mass, range and speed.
Velocity and Mass Relation
ௗ௩ ி
We have ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ݉ܽ ൌ ݉ and ܸ ൌ ܽ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ (17)
ௗ௧ ௠

Fig. 5. Motor torque versus motor speed

The torque ܶெ of the motor in ሺܰ݉ሻ can be calculated as

follows:
ଽǤହହൈ௉
ܶெ ൌ (16)
ఠಾ

Fig. 6. Velocity versus time with different mass

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 In equation (17) though velocity of the vehicle is inversely Acceleration force ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ݉ܽ
proportional to mass, during acceleration with a mass of 2000
kg, velocity increases from 0 to top speed (96km/h) between 0 Acceleration Work ܹ ൌ ‫ܦܨ‬
to 7.9 s respectively as shown in Fig. 6. If the mass is increased Where D distance moved in meters
from 2000 kg to 3000 kg, velocity drops from 96 km/h to 20 ௐ
km/h and increases again from 20 km/h as time increases. Acceleration Power ܲ ൌ
ௗ௧
F. Speed and Range Calculation If mass of the vehicle is 2000 kg, acceleration 8m/s2,
The factors responsible for limiting the speed (ܸௌ ) and range distance moved is 100m and ݀‫ ݐ‬ൌ ͷ‫ ݏ‬then
(ܴ௏ ) of the vehicle are discussed in this section: ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ʹͲͲͲ݇݃ ൈ ͺ݉Ȁ‫ ݏ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ͸݇ܰ
The maximum range of the vehicle is calculated using the ܹ ൌ ͳ͸݇ܰ ൈ ͳͲͲ݉ ൌ ͳ͸ͲͲ݇ሺܰ݉ǡ ‫ܬ‬ሻ
equation
ଵ଺଴଴௞
‫ ݏݐ݈݋ܸ݇ܿܽ݌ݕݎ݁ݐݐܽܤ‬ൈ ‫ ݏ݁ݎ݁݌݉ܣ‬െ ‫ݎݑ݋ܪ‬ ܲൌ ൌ ͵ʹͲ݇ሺ‫ܬ‬Ȁ‫ݏ‬ǡ ܹሻ (20)
ହ௦
ܴ௏ ൌ
‫ݏ݁ݎ݁݌݉ܣ‬ The above calculations reveals that the amount of power
ܸ‫ ݏݐ݈݋‬ൈ 
‫ܪܲܯܭ‬ drawn from the battery during acceleration.
ௐ௛௢௙஻௔௧௧௘௥௬௣௔௖௞
ൌ (18)
ௐ௛Ȁ௄ெ

If we take battery pack voltage of 300 V, Ampere-Hour of

100AH, speed of the vehicle is 120 KMPH and if vehicle draws
50 A current from the battery pack, then the range of the
vehicle is
͵ͲͲܸ ൈ ͳͲͲ‫ܪܣ‬
ܴ௏ ൌ ൌ ʹͶͲ‫ܯܭ‬
ͷͲ‫ܣ‬
͵ͲͲܸ ൈ 
ͳʹͲ‫ܪܲܯܭ‬
To achieve higher range, keeping battery voltage and
Ampere-Hour constant, if we increase the speed, current drawn
from the battery will increase to supply more power to the
motor. This proves that the range of the vehicle is dependent on
capacity of the battery, current drawn from the battery and
speed. But for a given battery pack specifications and range, the
speed of the vehicle is also dependent on the speed of the
motor, radius of the wheel Fig. 7. Velocity versus time

H. Battery Calculations
ܰோ௉ெ  ൈ  ‫ݎ‬ௐ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ܸௌ ൌ ൬ ൰൬ ൰ ‫ ܯܭ‬ቌ ቍ In EVs high voltage battery is one the major component and
‫ܩ‬ோ ͻǤͷͶͻ͵ ͳͲͲͲ ͳ
݄ the battery parameters have significant role on other component
͵͸ͲͲ
ଷǤ଺௑ேೃುಾ ൈ௥ೈ
of the vehicle such as (i) Range of the vehicle (ii) Total weight
ܸௌ ൌ in ‫ܯܭ‬Ȁ݄ (19) of the vehicle (iii) Total cost of the vehicle (iv) Torque of the
ଽǤହସଽଷൈீೃ
motor (v) Torque of the regenerative braking.
Where ܰோ௉ெ speed of the motor in RPM
A battery is made up of one or more battery cells
‫ݎ‬ௐ is radius of the wheel in meter (electrochemical cells), each cell consists of anode electrode,
cathode electrode, separator, electrolyte, terminals and an
‫ܩ‬ோ is gear ratio, it is the ratio of number of teeth on the
enclosure or case. Different types of battery cells used for EV
wheel shaft to the number of teeth on the motor shaft and
applications are shown in Fig. 8.
‫ܩ‬ோ ൌ ͳ, if motor shaft is directly connected to wheel shaft.
ͳ‫݀ܽݎ‬Ȁ •‡ ൌ ͻǤͷͶͻ͵ܴܲ‫ܯ‬
If the speed of the motor is 2000 RPM, radius of the wheel is
0.2286 m, ‫ܩ‬ோ ൌ ͳ, then ܸௌ ൌ ͳ͹ʹǤ͵͸‫ܪܲܯܭ‬
G. Velocity and Acceleration Time
The relation between velocity and acceleration time is given
by the relation
ௗ௩
ܸ ൌ ܽ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬
ௗ௧
Fig. 8. Different types of battery cells (a) cylindrical cell (b) button cell (c)
Prismatic cell (d) pouch cell (e) swollen pouch cell [8]

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 There are several types of batteries available for EV Then volume of battery pack is
propulsion systems but in most of the EVs only Lithium-ion
cells are used due to their higher specific energy [Wh/kg] and ܸ஻ ൌ ்ܰ஼ ൈ  ܸ஼ ൌ ͺʹͲͲ ൈ ͳǤ͹ͷͷʹ ൈ  ͳͲିହ ݉ଷ ൌ ͲǤͳͶ͵ͻ݉ଷ
specific power [W/kg]. The voltage level of the battery The mass of battery pack (݉஻௉ ) can be calculated as
determines the maximum electrical power which can be follows:
delivered to EVs. Let the power be P[W] is the product of
voltage V[V] and current I[A]. To carry higher current, the ݉஻௉ ൌ  ݉ா஼ ൈ ்ܰ஼ (25)
diameter of the wires should be big and this leads to higher Where ݉ா஼ is mass of each cell, for lithium-ion cylindrical
thermal losses. To limit thermal losses, the current should be cell ݉ா஼ ൌ ͲǤͲͶͺͷ݇݃
limited and the nominal power can be obtained by considering
higher voltage. In our calculation a nominal battery voltage ݉஻௉ ൌ ͲǤͲͶͺͷ݇݃ ൈ ͺʹͲͲ݈݈ܿ݁‫ ݏ‬ൌ ͵ͻ͹Ǥ͹݇݃
(ܸ௕௔௧ ) of 300 V is considered. Total energy of the battery pack (‫்ܧ‬஻௉ ) can be computed as
ܸ஻ ൌ ்ܰ஼ ൈ  ܸ஼ (21) ‫்ܧ‬஻௉ ൌ ‫ܧ‬஺ ൈ ܴ௏ (26)
ଷ
Where ܸ஻ is the volume of battery pack in ݉ Where ܴ௏ is the vehicle range in KM
்ܰ஼ ൌ ሺܰௌ ൈ  ܰ஻஼ௌ  ൈ ܰ஻ ሻ is the total number of cells in ‫ܧ‬஺ is the average energy consumption in Wh/KM
battery pack, ܰௌ is the number of strings, ܰ஻஼ௌ is number of
cells in each string and ܰ஻ is the number of modules. ‫ܧ‬஺ ൌ ሺ‫ܧ‬஼௉ ൅ ‫ܧ‬஼஺஽ ሻ ൈ ሺʹ െ ߟሻ (27)
ܸ஼ is the volume of each cell and for cylindrical cell Where ‫ܧ‬஼௉ is the energy consumption for propulsion in
ܸ஼ ሾ݉ଷ ሿ can be calculated using the equation Wh/KM
గൈ஽಴మ If the propulsion system consumes 10 kW power in 1 hour
ܸ஼ ൌ ‫ܮ‬஼ (22)
ସ at vehicle speed of 50 KM/h.
Where ‫ܦ‬஼ is the diameter of each cell in meter ଵ଴௞ௐ
Then ‫ܧ‬஼௉ ൌ ൌ ʹͲͲܹ݄Ȁ‫ܯܭ‬
ହ଴௄ெȀ௛
‫ܮ‬஼ is the length of each cell in meter
‫ܧ‬஼஺஽ is the energy consumption for auxiliary systems such
For lithium-ion cylindrical cell if ‫ܦ‬஼ ൌ ͲǤͲͳͺͷ݉ and as power supply unit for heater, cooler, head lights, multimedia,
‫ܮ‬஼ ൌ ͲǤͲ͸ͷ͵݉, then volume of each cell ܸ஼ ൌ ͳǤ͹ͷͷʹ ൈ indicators, wipers, lighting system inside the vehicle etc. in
ͳͲିହ ݉ଷ Wh/KM. If the entire auxiliary system consumes 400W power
Number of battery cells need to be connected in series in in 1 hour at vehicle speed of 50 KM/h.
each string ସ଴଴ௐ
Then ‫ܧ‬஼஺஽ ൌ ൌ ͺܹ݄Ȁ‫ܯܭ‬
ହ଴௄ெȀ௛
௏್ೌ೟
ܰ஻஼ௌ ൌ (23)
௏ಶ಴ ߟ is the conversion efficiency of electrical energy to
ܸா஼ is voltage of each cell, for lithium-ion battery cell mechanical energy from battery to wheel, which includes
ଷ଴଴௏ inverter (power converter that converts DC voltage stored in
ܸா஼ ൌ ͵Ǥ͹ܸ. Therefore ܰ஻஼ௌ ൌ ൌ ͺͳǤͲͺ ൎ ͺʹ cells batteries into AC voltage required by the motor) efficiency,
ଷǤ଻௏
needed to be connected in series in each string. inverter driver efficiency and motor efficiency. Taking all these
For 320 kW power with a battery voltage of 300 V, the factors into account the value of ߟ is taken as 90%.
battery current (‫ܫ‬௕௔௧ ) can be calculated as follows: Therefore the total average energy consumption is
ܲ௕௔௧ ൌ ܸ௕௔௧ ൈ ‫ܫ‬௕௔௧ (24) ‫ܧ‬஺ ൌ ሺ‫ܧ‬஼௉ ൅ ‫ܧ‬஼஺஽ ሻ ൈ ሺʹ െ ߟሻ ൌ ሺʹͲͲ ൅ ͺሻܺሺͳǤͳሻ (28)
ܲ௕௔௧ ͵ʹͲͲͲͲ ‫ܧ‬஺ ൌ ʹʹͺǤͺܹ݄Ȁ‫ܯܭ‬
‫ܫ‬௕௔௧ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͳͲ͸͸‫ܣ‬
ܸ௕௔௧ ͵ͲͲ
The total energy of the battery pack for vehicle range of 250
If the each lithium-ion cell is 1AH capacity and if we KM is
connect 10 strings (i.e. ܰௌ ൌ ͳͲ) in parallel to get 10 AH in
ܹ݄
each module and 10 such modules (i.e. ܰ஻ ൌ ͳͲ) in parallel to ‫்ܧ‬஻௉ ൌ ‫ܧ‬஺ ൈ ܴ௏ ൌ ൬ʹʹͺǤͺ ൰ ൈ ʹͷͲ‫ ܯܭ‬ൌ ͷ͹Ǥʹܹ݄݇
get 100 AH capacity. Then the total number of cells in battery ‫ܯܭ‬
pack are
்ܰ஼ ൌ ሺܰௌ ൈ  ܰ஻஼ௌ  ൈ ܰ஻ ሻ ൌ ͳͲܺͺʹܺͳͲ ൌ ͺʹͲͲ݈݈ܿ݁‫ݏ‬ I. Battery charger, Propulsion and regenerative system

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 Fig. 9. Circuit diagram for battery charging, propulsion and regenerative braking for 1- Ф induction motor with direction control

The conventional way of charging the battery from AC battery. The elements L1, C1 combination is used for power
supply consists of two stages. The first stage comprises of factor correction (PFC). During boost propulsion mode main
diode bridge rectifier (AC-DC converter) and an isolated DC- AC supply VS is disconnected from the circuit, the switch S1
DC converter. The function of DC-DC converter is to convert operates as PWM. When the switch S1 is ON the inductor L1
higher DC voltage into the DC voltage suitable for charging the charges to a voltage equal to VB. When the switch S1 is OFF the
battery. The second stage comprises of bidirectional DC-DC inductor L1 discharges through diode D6. During regenerative
converter including boost operation and DC-AC converter. The breaking buck mode induction motor acts as AC generator,
function of bidirectional converter is to convert the battery diodes D7-D10 forms a full bridge rectifier, capacitor C2 acts as
voltage into higher DC voltage through boost operation and filter, switch S1 is OFF, and switch S2 operates as PWM to
during regenerative breaking it converts higher DC voltage into obtain required voltage for charging the battery.
the voltage required by the battery through buck operation. The
DC-AC converter is commonly known as inverter which
converts DC voltage into AC voltage required by the induction
motor. The number of phases in the inverter depends on the
number of phases (1-Ф or 3-Ф) in the motor. The above
mentioned battery charging and regenerative scheme results in
higher cost, heavier and bulky.

Fig. 11. Waveforms of battery voltage and inverter output voltage

J. Inverter selection
The purpose of inverter in EV is to convert DC power
stored in batteries into AC power required by the electric motor
to drive propulsion system. In addition to this it converts AC
power from the motor during regenerative breaking into DC
Fig. 10. Switching pulses for the inverter with 5 pulses/half cycle power and feeding it back to charge batteries. Since inverters
are operated by power electronic devices, they do not produce
To overcome the above draw backs another version of noise and requires no maintenance.
converter called integrated converter is used. This converter
Inverter controls the speed of AC electric motor by
comprises of charger and bidirectional DC-DC converter in a
changing the magnitude of the voltage and frequency.
single converter to perform charging, propulsion and
regenerative breaking operations is shown in Fig. 9 for 1-Ф The speed of AC motor (ܰோ௉ெ ) is dependent on number of
induction motor along with direction control. This results in the motor poles (ܲ) and frequency (݂). The relation between them
reduction of cost, size and weight of the converter. In Fig. 9 is given by the equation ܰோ௉ெ ൌ
ଵଶ଴௙
(29)
during charging mode the switch S1 operates as pulse width ௉
modulation (PWM), and supply required voltage for the

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 For a given motor number of poles are fixed and hence the REFERENCES
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