TOPIC 6: NUMBER SYSTEMS

❖ Number systems are a fundamental concept in computer science and

mathematics. They provide different ways to represent and express numeric
values. Each number system is based on a specific base or radix, which
determines the number of unique symbols or digits used in the system.

What is a Base?
➢ Example of a base:

Number System Conversion

➢ Converting between different number systems is a fundamental skill in
computer science and mathematics. Understanding how to convert numbers
between binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal systems allows for efficient
data manipulation and representation.

➢ Binary to Octal Conversion

To convert a binary number to octal, follow these steps:
● Group the binary digits into sets of three, starting from the rightmost
digit. If the leftmost group has less than three digits, add leading zeros.
● Assign an octal digit to each group of three binary digits according to
the binary-to-octal conversion table.
● The octal representation is the sequence of octal digits obtained from
step 2.

The binary number 11010110 is grouped into sets of three digits,

starting from the rightmost digit. The leftmost group has two digits, so a
leading zero is added. Then, each group is assigned an octal digit according
to the binary-to-octal conversion table. Finally, the octal representation is
 obtained by combining the octal digits: 326. Therefore, the octal
representation of the binary number 11010110 is 326.

➢ Binary to Decimal Conversion

To convert a binary number to decimal, follow these steps:
● Write down the binary number.
● Assign a place value to each digit in the binary number, starting from
the rightmost digit. The rightmost digit has a place value of 2^0, the
next digit to the left has a place value of 2^1, the next digit has a place
value of 2^2, and so on.
● Multiply each digit in the binary number by its corresponding place
value.
● Sum up the results from step 3 to obtain the decimal equivalent.

To convert the binary number 11011 to decimal, we assign a place

value to each digit based on its position and the power of 2. Then, we multiply
each digit by its corresponding place value. Finally, we sum up the results to
obtain the decimal equivalent. In this case, the decimal equivalent of the
binary number 11011 is 27.

➢ Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

To convert a binary number to hexadecimal, follow these steps:
● Group the binary digits into sets of four, starting from the rightmost digit. If
the leftmost group has less than four digits, add leading zeros.
● Assign a hexadecimal digit to each group of four binary digits according to
the binary-to-hexadecimal conversion table.
● The hexadecimal representation is the sequence of hexadecimal digits
obtained from step 2.
 The binary number 110110101101 is grouped into sets of four digits,
starting from the rightmost digit. Then, each group is assigned a hexadecimal
digit according to the binary-to-hexadecimal conversion table. Finally, the
hexadecimal representation is obtained by combining the hexadecimal digits:
DAD. Therefore, the hexadecimal representation of the binary number
110110101101 is DAD.

➢ Octal to Binary Conversion

To convert an octal number to binary, follow these steps:
● Write down the octal number.
● Convert each octal digit to its binary representation according to the
octal-to-binary conversion table.
● The binary representation is the sequence of binary digits obtained
from step 2.

➢ Octal to Decimal Conversion

To convert an octal number to decimal, follow these steps:
● Write down the octal number.
● Assign a place value to each digit in the octal number, starting from the
rightmost digit. The rightmost digit has a place value of 8^0, the next
 digit to the left has a place value of 8^1, the next digit has a place
value of 8^2, and so on.
● Multiply each digit in the octal number by its corresponding place
value.
● Sum up the results from step 3 to obtain the decimal equivalent.

➢ Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion

➢ Decimal to Binary Conversion

➢ Decimal to Octal Conversion

➢ Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
➢ Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
➢ Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion
➢ Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion