DC machines - generators that convert mechanical Commutator - a reversing switch, and its working in the

energy to dc electric energy and motors that convert dc motor, as well as a generator
electric energy to mechanical energy. Commutator in DC Motor
-also known as commutating machinery. - reverses the flow of current
Commutator - a mechanism exists that converts the - Essential to keep a unidirectional torque.
internal ac voltages to dc voltages at their terminals. - Will change the direct current (DC) into
alternating current (AC).
A simple Rotating Loop between curved Pole Faces Commutator in DC Generator
- the induced e.m.f within the armature coil
ROTOR – rotating part. Surface is cylinder. will change in nature
STATOR – stationary part - Flow of current in the armature coil will also
Voltage depend on the same 3 factors: be changed. This current will be reversed by
1. The flux in the machine the commutator at the exact time while the
2. The speed of rotation armatures coil crosses the magnetic
3. A constant representing the construction of unbiased axis.
the machine - The load which is external to the generator
Commutator and brushes – for a machine to produce a will get a uni-directional current otherwise
dc voltage instead of the ac voltage DC (direct current).
Commutation - connection-switching process Slip Ring Commutator
Commutator Segments - rotating semicircular segments - Electro-mechanical device,
Brushes - fixed contacts - Used to allow the power transmission as
well as electrical signals from an immobile
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop to a revolving structure.
- can be utilized in any kind of electro-
Torque depends on the same 3 factors: - Mechanical system that needs revolution
1. The flux in the machine while power transmitting.
2. The current in the machine - Technique of building an electrical
3. A constant representing the construction of connection throughout a rotating assembly.
the machine - an electric communication device that
Topic 1 Commutation and armature construction in permits the flow of energy among two
real DC machines electrical rotating elements in a motor
Armature
Commutator - defined as an electrical rotating switch in - shaft piece of a stable magnet otherwise
a particular type of generators as well as electromagnet, as well as the moving iron
motors. piece of a solenoid, particularly if the latter
- Mainly used to overturn the direction of performs as a switch or else relay
current among the external circuit & rotor. - defined as a power generating component
- Comprises a cylinder with numerous metal in an electric machine
contact segments lying on the revolving - Can be a rotating part otherwise a
armature of the machine. stationary part in the machine.
- Provides electric current to the windings. By - Electromagnets which are shaped with a
changing the direction of current within the conducting coil like another armature which
revolving windings every half turn, a torque is known as a doubly-fed electric machine.
(steady revolving force) will be produced. - Multi purposed.
- The primary role is to transmit current
Brushes or Electrical Contacts - made with a carbon across the field,
press material next to the commutator, designing - Second role of an armature is to produce an
sliding contact by consecutive segments of the EMF (electromotive force).
commutator while it revolves. - Components namely the core, the winding,
Armature windings – allied to the segments of the the commutator, & the shaft.
Commutator. The Core
- Can be built with stacked metal plates
Commutator Construction and Working instead of using a steel piece to produce the
Commutator - can be built with a set of contact bars sum of lost energy while heat in the core.
that are set toward the revolving shaft of a DC machine,
and allied to the armature windings. The loss of energies is known as iron losses which are
occurred by eddy currents.
In a DC motor, the armature current causes the set The Winding
magnetic field to use a rotating force, otherwise a Armatures are classified into two types namely lap
torque over the winding for making it revolve. wound armature as well as wave wound armature.
In a DC generator, the mechanical torque can be
applied in the direction of the shaft to maintain the The Commutator
armature winding motion via the stationary magnetic - Pushed on top of the shaft as well as it is
field, stimulating a current within the winding. held on by a coarse knurl similar to the
core.
Function of Commutator in DC Machines - has to be accurately associated by the core
slots whenever pushed on top of the
 - Shaft because the wires from every coil will •Suitable for low voltage and high current
appear from the slots as well as attach with generators.
the commutator bars.

The Shaft
- One kind of hard rod mounted among two
bearings that describe the axis of Disadvantages of Lap Winding
components placed onto it. - It gives less emf compared to wave winding.
- Should be broad sufficient to send out the This winding requires more no. of
torque necessary with the engine & rigid conductors for giving the same emf, which
adequate to control some of the forces results in high winding cost.
which are out of balance. - It has less efficient utilization of space in the
- For harmonic distortion, the length, speed, armature slots.
and bearing points are selected.
Wave winding: The end of one coil is not connected to
The armature rotation can be caused by the the beginning of the same coil but is connected to the
communication of two magnetic fields. One magnetic beginning of another coil of the same polarity as that of
field can be generated by the field winding, whereas the the first coil.
second can be produced with the armature
Dummy coils: not connected to the remaining part of
Armature Winding and Armature Reaction the winding but only for mechanical balance.
- The armature winding is the winding where
the voltage can be induced. Simplex Wave Winding Advantages
- The basic terms namely turn, coil and - Only two brushes are required but more
winding. parallel brushes can be added to make it
The field winding is the winding where the main field equal to the no. of poles.
flux can be generated whenever the current flows - If one or more brushes set poor contacts
through the winding. with the commutator, satisfactory
Armature reaction is the result of the armature flux on operation is still possible
top of main field flux. - Gives sparkles commutation.
- It gives more emf than that of lap winding.
Applications of an armature - Used in high voltage and low current
• For generating power. machines. This winding is suitable for small
• can be used as rotor otherwise stator. generators circuit with a voltage rating of
•used to monitor the current for the 500-600V.
applications of DC motor.
DC Windings
a. Lap Winding
b. Wave Winding Simplex Wave Winding Disadvantages
- Cannot be used in machines having higher
Types and shapes of winding wires current rating because it has only two
1. Round wires: used in semi-closed slot type parallel paths.
motors and mush windings rotors.
2. Rectangular straps: used in open type slot 2 main issues that disturb the commutation process.
motors. • Armature reaction - disturbance of the
a. Low voltage motor windings armature field to the original field of stator
b. Used as conductor in high current • L di/dt voltages - is also known as an inductive
motor kick.
c. Series field motor windings coils.
Winding Pitches Two main issues occur due to this armature reaction.
Back Pitch: distance between top and bottom coil sides • Neutral-Plane Shift
of a coil measures around the back of the • Flux Weakening
Armature. An odd integer.
Front Pitch: distance between two coil sides connected Topic 3 Internal generated voltage and induced torque
to the same commutator segment equations of real DC Machines
Winding pitch: distance between the starts of two DC Machines types
consecutive coils measured in terms of coil sides 1. DC Generator
Commutator pitch: distance between the two 2. DC Motor
commutator segments to which the two ends of a coil
are connected Generated EMF equation of a DC Generator
Lap winding: winding in which successive coils overlap Electric Generator – a machine that converts
each other mechanical energy (or power) into electrical energy (or
power).
Advantages of Lap Winding The electric motor - a machine that converts electrical
• required for large current applications energy into mechanical energy.
because it has more parallel paths.
Topic 4 Construction of DC Machines
5 main types of losses that occur in dc machines
The output of the DC machine is DC output because • Copper Losses or I2R Losses
they convert AC voltage to DC voltage. - losses occur at the windings of machines
DC Machine • Brush Losses
- An electromechanical energy alteration - losses occur at the carbon brushes that are
device. connected with the output terminals and
- Classified into two types such as DC commutators of machines
generator as well as DC motor. • Core Losses
DC generator is to convert mechanical power to - Two Types:
DC electrical power o Eddy current Losses
DC motor converts DC power to mechanical
▪ When the rotor of the
power.
AC motor - used in the industrial applications for machine rotates in the field,
altering electrical energy to mechanical energy. then voltage induces
DC motor - applicable where the good speed regulation current which starts to flow
& ample range of speeds are necessary like in electric- through the armature
Transaction systems. winding.
o Hysteresis loss
Parts of the DC machine ▪ Energy required to
Yoke - frame. Offer mechanical support
magnetize and demagnetize
Pole and Pole Core - electromagnet and the field
the core of the machine.
winding is winding among pole.
• Mechanical Losses
Pole Shoe - extensive part as well as enlarge the region
- Due to the mechanical effects that occur in
of the pole.
dc machines.
Field Windings - wounded in the region of pole core &
- Two main facts that cause to mechanical
named as field coil.
losses
Armature Core – includes the huge number of slots
o Friction losses
within its edge. Provides the low-reluctance path
toward the flux generated with field winding. ▪ Occur due to the bearings
Armature Winding - can be formed by interconnecting that exit the shaft of
the armature conductor. Allied to an exterior circuit. machines.
Commutator - collect the current from the armature o Windage losses
conductor as well as supplies the current to the load
using brushes. ▪ Occur due to the air among
Brushes - gather the current from commutator and the rotatory portion and
supplies it to exterior load. their casing.
• Stray Losses
Principal kinds of DC machine - Iron or core losses and mechanical losses
• Separately excited DC machine together
- A separate DC source is utilized for
activating the field coils.

• Shunt wound/shunt machine

- The field coils are allied in parallel through
the armature.
• Series wound/series machine.
- The field coils are allied in series through
the armature.
• Compound wound / compound machine.
- Includes both the series as well as shunt
fields.
‘Short shunt compound machine’ - If the shunt-field is
allied in parallel by the armature only
‘Long shunt compound machine’ - if the shunt-field is
allied in parallel by both the armature as well as series
field