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Lecture 2 Life Science Embryology

Human development begins at fertilization and can be divided into two periods: intrauterine and extrauterine. During the intrauterine period, major organs form from the three embryonic germ layers. If fertilization is successful, an embryo implants and develops through stages including morula, blastocyst, and formation of the inner cell mass and trophoblast. After birth, the postnatal period involves growth and maturation of organs and tissues through defined stages including childhood, adolescence, and aging.

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63 views20 pages

Lecture 2 Life Science Embryology

Human development begins at fertilization and can be divided into two periods: intrauterine and extrauterine. During the intrauterine period, major organs form from the three embryonic germ layers. If fertilization is successful, an embryo implants and develops through stages including morula, blastocyst, and formation of the inner cell mass and trophoblast. After birth, the postnatal period involves growth and maturation of organs and tissues through defined stages including childhood, adolescence, and aging.

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Khazar University

Department of Life Sciences

Lecture 2
Development of the Human Body -
Embryology

Mushfig Orujov, MD, PhD


[email protected]
• Human individual development is called
ontogenesis.
• In this human being, it begins from the
moment the egg is fertilized and continues
until the body dies.
• Ontogenesis can be divided into two periods:
intrauterine period and extrauterine
period (postembryonic development).
Sex cells - Gametes
• Sex cells are cells that are involved in
the formation of an organism's
offspring.
• Gametes consist of sperm cells in male
and egg cells (oocytes) in female.
• Male and female gametes are cells that
contain all the inherited traits of the
organism to which they belong.
Structure of sperm cell
• The sperm cell consists of a head and a tail.
• In the head are the nucleus and in the tail are mitochondria and
the flagellum.
Structure of egg cell
• The egg cell is the largest cell in the body.
• The egg cell grows in the ovary.
• From the outside, it is surrounded by a corona radiata and zona pellucida.
Fertilization

• Fertilization is the union of sperm and egg cells and the formation of a
qualitatively new cell - the zygote.
• Fertilization occurs in the uterine (Fallopian) tubes.
• Fertile semen contains at least 20 million sperm per mL, with a total
volume of at least 2 mL.
• In other words, a healthy male should release at least 40 million sperm
per ejaculation.
• Anything less than 15 million sperm per mL is considered a low sperm
count, also known as oligozoospermia.
• More than 50% of sperm must be motile.
Fertilization
• Sperm, entering the vagina, reaches the ampulla part of the uterine
tubes within 2-7 hours, where it meets the egg cell.
• In this case, out of 200-300 million spermatozoa, only 300-500 can reach
the end, and the other one are destroyed.
• Only one of these sperm passes through the membranes of the egg cell
and enters it.
• Then the nuclei of the sperm and egg unite (synkaryon) and a nucleus
with 46 chromosomes is formed.
• Thus, as a result of the union of two sex cells, a new cell, the zygote, is
formed.
• The zygote is carried into the uterine cavity and gradually passes into the
endometrium of the uterus.
Fertilization
• The zygote begins to divide.
• This results in the formation of a morula (16 cell stages) and a blastocyst
(32 cell stages).
• The cells (blastomeres) in the blastocyst form the inner cell mass
(embryoblast) and the outer layer (trophoblast).
• As a result of the differentiation of blastomeres in the embryoblast, 3
embryonic layers are formed: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
• From these layers develop cells, from cells - tissues, from tissues - organs,
from organs - system and, thus, an organism is formed.
Embryo axial organs
• The gestation period is 280
days or 10 lunar months.
• In the first days of pregnancy, a
woman must be very careful,
responsible, pay very serious
attention to lifestyle, hygiene
and nutrition.
• During this period, a woman
should strictly abstain from
alcohol, smoking, drugs, use
various chemicals, drugs and
cosmetics.
• During the first 8 weeks of
embryonic development, major
organs are formed.
Twins
• Two separate eggs (ova) are fertilized by
two separate sperm, resulting in fraternal
or “dizygotic” (two-cell) twins.
• Each of them has a separate placenta.
• Monozygotic twins are formed by the
division of the inner cell mass into two.
• At this time they have a common placenta.
Postnatal period
• In the postnatal period, a organs and tissues
of human grow, become more complex, and
his body shape develops.
Stages of the postnatal development
• Childhood period: • Juvenile period:
✓neonatal period - 4 weeks ✓middle age, I period - 21-30 years
✓breast-feeding period - 4 weeks – 12 ✓middle age, II period - 31-45 years
months ✓middle age, III period– 46-60 years
✓early childhood period -1-3 years • Senile period :
✓1st childhood period - 4-6 years ✓early senile age - 61-75 years
✓2nd childhood period - 7-11 years ✓middle senile age - 76-90 years
• Adolescent period: ✓age of long-livers – over 90 years
✓puberty - 11-15 years
✓adolescent period - 16-20 years

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