Lesson 1: Introduction to Multimedia Broadcast

Multimedia is a mixture of different forms of • A live or recorded presentation.

media
Multimedia games
• Text
• Can be used in a physical environment
• Graphics
with multiple users in an online
• Audio
network, with special effects or with an
• Video off-line computer or game system.
• Other media
Interaction in a multimedia program can be
Categories of Multimedia increased by mixing multiple forms of media
content. However, depending upon the kind’s
Linear Multimedia
multimedia content available, it may differ
• Information is read or viewed in online.
continuous sequence. Usually, these
Multimedia is progressively becoming data-
presentations begin at a predetermined
driven and object oriented which allows
starting point and end at a
applications with cooperative end-user
predetermined end point.
innovation and personalization on many forms
Example: PowerPoint presentation of content over a period.

Applications of Multimedia
Business

• Multimedia is used for advertising and

selling products on the internet.
Non-Linear Multimedia
Research and Medicine
• Information is not presented in
sequential or chronological manner. • Multimedia is increasingly used in
Non-linear multimedia programs are research in the fields of science,
usually interactive and require audience medicine and mathematics. It is mostly
interaction. used for modelling and simulations.
Example: Website Public Access

• Refers to the practice of making

multimedia content available to the
Digital and computer-based images, text,
general public for viewing, listening, or
graphics, animation, audio and video that can
accessing. Public access multimedia
be turns from one form to another are 2
involves content that is open and
fundamental features of multimedia.
accessible to a wide audience, typically
Generally, multimedia presentations are viewed without restrictions or limitations on
in person in a boardroom, class, on stage or in an who can view or use it.
auditorium.
Entertainment
They can be transmitted, projected or played on
• Multimedia is used to create special
a projector using a media player such as a
effects in films, TV serials, radio
computer.
 shows, games and animations. creative professionals and software
Multimedia games are popular software engineer
programs that available online as well
as on DVDs and CD-ROMs. Stages of Multimedia Project

Industry Pre-production

• Multimedia is used to present • The process before producing

information to all people related to the multimedia project.
industry such as stakeholders, - Idea or Motivation
shareholders, senior level managers and
co-workers. Multimedia is also helpful - Product Concept and Project Goals
in advertising and selling products all
- Target Audience
over the world over internet.
- Delivery Medium and Authoring Tools
Commercial
- Planning
• Creative presentations are used to grab
the attention of the masses in Production
advertising.
• Industrial, business to business and • The process in which multimedia project
interoffice communications are mostly is produced.
developed by firms providing creative - Scriptwriting
services
- Art
Education
- 3D Modelling and Animation
• Multimedia is used as a source of
information in the field of education. - Authoring
Pupils can research on various topics
- Shooting and Recording Digitizing Video
such as solar system or information
technology using different multimedia - Quality Control
presentations.
Phases of Post Production
Multimedia in Public Places
- Testing
• In railway stations, hotels, museums,
grocery stores and shopping malls - Mastering
multimedia will become available at - Archiving and Duplications
stand alone terminals to provide
information and help. - Marketing and Distribution

Engineering

• Software engineers may use multimedia

in computer simulations for anything
from entertainment to training such as
military or industrial training.
Multimedia for software interfaces are
often done as collaboration between
Multimedia Skills Required in a Team

GPS (Global Positioning System)

• Popular Multimedia device that is used

for mapping.
NLE (Non-Linear Editing)
 • Refers to the process of editing audio • are very useful as they help in gaining
and video using digital tools and attention of the reader by highlighting
software. headings, increasing readability and
project an image. They can be classified
CMS (Content Management System)
into three categories – serif, sans serif
Multimedia and decorative.

• Also called Interactive multimedia

Interactive Multimedia Serif

• Hyper media • Have small decorative lines at the end of

- Type of multimedia that expand text each character's strokes. These lines are
element that control it. known as serifs. Serif fonts are often
associated with a more traditional and
formal appearance and are commonly
used for body text in print materials like
Lesson 2: Text books and newspapers.
Fonts & Faces Sans-serif
• Text is one of the easiest of all • Do not have the small lines (serifs) at
multimedia elements to use. the end of their characters' strokes. They
have a more modern and cleaner look,
Factors affecting legibility of text are as follows:
making them suitable for digital displays
• Size and style and informal contexts. Sans-serif fonts
• Background and foreground colours are often used for headings, captions,
• Leading and user interfaces.
Script

• Mimic handwriting or calligraphy and

have a flowing, cursive style. They are
Glyph often used for logos, invitations, and
decorative purposes. Script fonts can
• is a graphic representation of a
range from elegant and formal to playful
character’s shape where a character may
and casual
be represented by many glyphs.
Typeface Selecting Text Fonts

• is a family of many characters often • Choose a font that is legible and easy to
with many type sizes and styles. read.
• The different effects and colours of a
Font font can be chosen to make the text look
distinctive.
• is a collection of character or glyphs of a
• Try to use few different colours within
single size and style belonging to a
the same presentation.
particular typeface family.
• Try to use few typefaces within the
Fonts same presentation. Play with the style
and size to match up to the purpose and
 importance of the text. For instance, use • Therefore, it is advisable to achieve
large font size for headings. better presentation a line of around 8 to
• Drop caps and initial caps can be used to 15 words should be used.
accent the words • The next point of concern is the
• Anti-aliased can be used to make a text consistency of pages. The designer has
look gentle and blended. to make sure that the pages should be of
• To attract instant attention to the text, same size
the words can be wrapped onto a sphere
or bent like a wave.
• In case of text links (anchors) on web Use of Text in Webs
pages the messages can be highlighted.
• Meaningful words and phrases can be Website Loading Speed
used for links and menu items. • is one of the important factors that
• Overcrowding of text on a single page influences conversion as visitors starts
should be avoided. to leave the page if it takes more than
• Do not use decorative passages for eight seconds to load.
longer paragraphs
Use of Text in Films such as Titles and
Using Text in Multimedia Credits
The basic element of multimedia is the text. To include a text in multimedia, a designer has
From design point of view, text should fill less to keep in mind the points given below:
than half the screen. There are following ways in • the theme or look of
which a text can be used in multimedia: • the multimedia product
• In text messaging • the amount of text needed the placement
• In advertisements of the text
• In a website • the format of the project
• In films such as titles and credits • the content of the information
• As subtitles in a film or documentary Typography looks different in different formats
that provide a translation such as in film subtitles, on websites, poster,
Text Layout essay, etc.

Keep in mind the length of the text Significance of Text Based Advertising

Take note: Font Editing and Design Tools

• It should neither too long nor too short. ResEdit

• For a printed document, a line • is a source editor available from apple
containing 13 to 17 words is sufficient. that is useful for creating and changing
• A line having more than 17 words graphic resource such as cursors, icons,
should be too long to fit on a screen and dialog boxes, patterns, keyboard maps,
would be difficult to follow. and bitmapped fonts on the Macintosh.
• On the other hand, a very short line
would not look good on screen. Fontographer

• is a powerful font editor supplied by

Macromedia, is a specialized graphics
 editor for both Macintosh and Windows • It is produced when waves of varying
platforms pressure travel through a medium,
usually air
Type-Designer
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM SOUND
• for windows from DS Design is a font
editor that lets you create, convert, and SOUNDCARD
manipulate PostScript Type1 and
TrueType fonts as well as EPS file • It is also known as an audio interface or
format illustrations. sound adapter, is a hardware component
that enables a computer to produce and
Font Monger record audio.
• It is responsible for converting digital
• from Ares Software offers a proprietary
audio signals into analog signals that can
hinting technology to ensure that your
be played through speakers or
fonts will look good regardless of size.
headphones, and vice-versa for audio
input

Cool 3D Text

• is a program for creating and animating Digital Audio

3D text and graphics, for videos and
• The sound recorded on an audio tape
other multimedia products. This
through a microphone or from other
software runs on Windows 98SE/
sources is in an analogue (continuous)
ME/2000/XP. With this program, a user
form.
can create 3D graphics, animations for
videos. It includes new modelling tools, Digitizing
animations plugs-in, and new features
for animation and video • The analogue format must be converted
to a digital format for storage in a
Hypertext computer.
• Different from normal text in that it is Sampling
non-linear.
• The reader need not read a document • The method used for digitizing sound.
from beginning to end, but can jump Digital audio
around within the document by clicking
on hot spots (or hyperlinks) in the text • represents a sound stored in thousands
of numbers or samples.
Lesson 3: Sound
Preparing Digital Audio Files
INTRODUCTION
• The sampling rate determines the
Sound frequency at which samples will be
• The terminology used in the analogue drawn for the recording
form, and the digitized form of sound is • Sampling rates are calculated in Hertz
called as audio. (HZ or Kilo HZ).
• Sound is a waveform. • Higher sampling rate means higher
quality of sound. However, a higher
sampling rate occupies greater storage
 capacity. Conversion from a higher • is Progressive Networks RealAudio
sampling rate to a lower rate is possible format. It is very popular for streaming
audio on the Internet
MONO
AIFF
• Mono sounds are flat and unrealistic
compared to stereo sounds, which are • is the Macintosh waveform format. It is
much more dynamic and lifelike also supported on IBM compatibles and
Silicon Graphics machines.
STEREO
MPEG
• Stereo sound files require twice the
storage capacity of mono sound files • MPEG and MPEG2 are the Motion
Picture Experts Group formats. They are
Therefore, if storage and transfer are concerns,
a compressed audio and video format.
mono sound files may be the more appropriate
MPEG is a standard format.
choice.
MIDI

• (MID, MDI, MFF) is an internationally

accepted file format used to store
ANALOGUE Musical Instrument Digital Interface
(MIDI) data
• Analogue sound is a continuous stream
of sound waves MIDI AUDIO

DIGITAL • The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital

Interface) is a connectivity standard that
• Analogue sounds that have been musicians use to hook together musical
converted to numbers are digital sounds instruments (such as keyboards and
Non-destructive sound processing methods synthesizers) and computer equipment.
maintain the original file. A copy of the original CONSISTS OF THREE DISTINCTLY
file can be manipulated by playing it louder or DIFFERENT PARTS
softer, combining it with other sounds on other
tracks, or modifying it in other ways • Physical Connector
• Message Format
TYPES OF DIGITAL AUDIO FILE
• Storage Format
FORMATS
Audio File Formats
WAV
UNCOMPRESSED
• It is the most commonly used and
supported format on the Windows • formats like WAV, AIFF, AU or raw
platform. header-less PCM.
AU LOSSLESS COMPRESSED
• is the Sun Audio format • formats like FLAC, Monkey’s Audio,
WavPack, Shorten, Tom ’s lossless
RA
Audio Compressor, TTA, ATRAC
Advanced Lossless, Apple Lossless,
MPEG-4 SLS, MPEG-4 ALS, MPEG-4
 DST and Windows Media Audio • is a term reserved for someone who
Lossless. operates a video camera. It’s someone
who can perhaps play the role of
LOSSY COMPRESSED
director, producer and shooter on a
• MP3, Vorbis, Musepack, AAC, ATRAC single production. They work in
and lossy Windows Media Audio documentary, corporate or commercial
production and, generally this one
Uncompressed Audio File Formats person is alone or on a small team.
• Uncompressed audio files are digital These productions tend to be lower
representations of soundwave, which are budget in nature, more video-based and
single person, run-and-gun type gigs.
most accurate.
Lossless Compressed Audio Formats Cinematography

• Audio compression involves data • is a term that is reserved more for film
compression to reduce the transmission or commercials that are more cinematic
in nature. Generally, this person or team
bandwidth requirement of digital audio
streams and the storage size of audio is concerned with lighting, composition,
files. camera-work and the overall camera
package. They are responsible for all the
visuals captured in a production.
Lossy Compressed A Cinematographer Is A Craftsperson Who
Creates Meaningful Images.
• Lossy compressed audio formats are a
type of digital audio file format that • understand that as much meaning is
significantly reduces the file size of created by how something is
audio recordings by removing some of filmed as what is filmed.
the audio data that might be less
Strong images that support your message are the
noticeable to human ears
foundations of a good story. They can reinforce
Lesson 5: Videography your message (rather than undermine it) and
allow an effective film (TV commercial,
Videography promotional video or training series) to be
- defined as "The art or process of making video created for your brand. We believe that
films." having emotional intelligence behind your
images, your branded film / corporate video is
- In the modern business market, it has become the key to inspiring and connecting with your
closely associated with video work outside of audience.
motion pictures or television.
Videographer
- Commonly synonymous with "one man show"
a videographer is a jack of all trades profession • Videographers Are Hired To Capture
that handles both the recording and editing of Events Such As Conferences And
digital video footage. Weddings.

- is a modern, flexible, and fast-moving industry. Unlike a cinematographer, the focus of a

videographer is usually to make sure they
Videography (or Videographer) capture the important moments of what is going
on.
 1. Videographers are often hired to record scene. These are not terribly dramatic
footage of several different important shots but are used to photograph scenes
events in people’s lives. Digital that explain story development.
technology allows one person to shoot
4. Low Angle
and edit an entire event. This one-person
approach has become common across - looking upwards, has the opposite
the industry. Videographers often find effect of a high angle shot. It tends to
themselves recording events such as focus attention on the size and
weddings, concerts, conventions, sports significance of a character or object.
games, and more.
2. A videographer is hired to record videos 5. Oblique Angle
for television, internet, and film. - shot by literally tilting the camera
3. usually employ some kind of electronic frame. It can be used to suggest a sense
media. This may be videotape, hard of “crookedness” and anxiety, or, in the
disk, streaming media, and so on case of some television news shows and
4. As a videographer you work on smaller music video programs, a sense of
productions such as commercials, playfulness.
documentaries, weddings, music videos,
or corporate promotions.
5. Typically, you work alone or with small
Camera Movements
teams of light technicians and sound
technicians. And aside from the actual • Cameras are moved for a number of
shooting process of operating the reasons and in many complex
camera, you may be accountable for combinations of ways. Movements can
repair and maintenance of equipment, alter the audience’s sense of time, speed
lighting and sound, and editing. and space, follow action or characters,
reveal information that was previously
The Shot, Camera Angles and Movement
off screen, concentrate the audience’s
1. Bird’s-Eye View attention on specific details and
emphasize a point of view shot.
- The camera is placed above the subject,
looking down toward the subject and the Movement of the Camera on a Tripod
ground.
pan
2. High Angle
• turns the camera to the left or right,
- looking downwards, tends to draw focusing attention on an object or
attention to the importance of the subject being followed. The pan is also
environment or setting for a scene. High commonly used to survey surroundings,
angle shots also tend to make characters revealing what is beyond the confines of
look small and are often used by the original frame and to place
directors to symbolically suggest characters or objects more firmly within
insignificance or withering authority their environment.
3. Eye-Level tilt
- the most common angle seen in • pivots the camera upwards or
movies. Scenes are shot at roughly the downwards, often to survey
same level as an observer would see the surroundings, and frequently mimics the
 sight of the character in point of view handheld
shots.
• shots the camera is carried by the
Very small tilts and pans are used to keep a operator, often creating an uneven
subject in the desired part of the frame as he/she movement. These shots allow the
makes small movements. This is known as operator to follow action very closely,
creating a greater sense of immediacy
reframing.
for the audience, and may mimic the
• Often unnoticeable at first, reframing is movement of a character in point of
most easily spotted by looking at the view shots.
corner of the frame
Steadicam
Zoom
• is a camera is placed in a harness worn
• doesn’t really move the camera at all, it by the camera operator which
simply enlarges or reduces the “suspends” the camera in such a way as
proportion of the frame taken up by a to remove the jerkiness of handheld
person or object. In doing so, the zoom shots as the operator moves across the
can focus attention on a particular detail, ground.
but over-use of the zoom is often
Top 10 Videography Tips
distracting.
1. Be Steady
Movement of the Camera, Camera Fittings
and Operator - Keep the camera steady. If possible, use a
tripod. Don’t constantly zoom in & out or pan
tracking (or trucking)
right to left. In general, you want to record at
• shot the camera moves to the left or least :10 of each shot.
right, often on a pre laid track or on a 2. Wide, Medium, Close-up
specially designed truck. Tracking shots
are conventionally used to follow - For every scene or event, you’re shooting,
movements across a frame, often make sure to get different angles so that you’ll
moving parallel to characters, and can have choices in the editing process
help to involve the audience in
3. What’s in the background?
characters’ actions and discussions.
- Make sure to notice what's in the background.
dolly
Ask yourself, does this background "support"
• is the movement of the camera towards this story visually?" Is it a good backdrop for
or from an object or subject. Dollies are what is being discussed?
often used in point of view shots to give
4. Timelapse
the audience the impression of
approaching someone or something with - Time-lapse is one of the most visual and fun
the character. ways to capture an event or story. Various video
cameras these days are equipped with special
crane and helicopter
time-lapse settings. If they’re not, just set the
• shots the camera and mounting are free camera up on a tripod and let it roll.
from the ground and can be maneuvered
5. Lighting
quite precisely.
- The same rules that apply to photography,
apply to videography. Always make sure your
subjects are well lit.
6. Anticipate action

- This is one of those lessons that almost cannot

be taught. It’s a skill that develops instinctively
the more you shoot.
7. Frame it like a picture
This is where artistic expression and style come
into play, but in general, utilize the standard
framing styles and rule of thirds in photography.