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Logic Circuit Design - Selected Methods

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Logic Circuit Design - Selected Methods

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Shimon P.

Vingron

Logic Circuit Design


Selected Methods

123
Shimon P. Vingron
Bärenkogelweg 21
2371 Hinterbrühl
Austria

ISBN 978-3-642-27656-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-27657-6


DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-27657-6
Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012935652

c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012


This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,
reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication
or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,
1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations
are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective
laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)


For my wife, Dora,
the spirit of the family,
the companion and love of my life.
Preface

This book introduces you to the design of logic circuits. In these times of the
scientific journal it has become customary for a scientific book, in the main, to
contain well-established knowledge while new findings are presented in scientific
journals, preferably ones peer reviewed. As J.R.R. Tolkien says of his Hobbits in the
prologue to ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’, ‘. . . they liked to have books filled with
things that they already knew, set out fair and square with no contradictions’. But
this is not a Hobbitian book: While I certainly have tried to set things out fairly and
squarely and hope to have avoided contradictions, major parts of this book contain
new findings. These, when put together and presented in context, draw a totally new
picture of sequential circuits. As the whole is more than just the sum of its parts, I
thought it advisable to give a picture as complete as possible, thus the book form,
and not to split the material into small parts adequate for journals, but lacking in
meaning if not seen in context.
The subject matter is divided into three divisions, the first covering circuits
that have no memorising ability, the combinational circuits, the second presents
pure memory circuits, the latches, the third investigates circuits which have a
memorising ability to various degrees, the sequential circuits. The presentation
is not theoretical, in that most proofs have been omitted, hopefully making the text
more readable. But there is still enough algebraic content to warrant using paper and
pencil parallel to reading the book.
Part I, on Combinational Circuits, draws completely upon the first three
divisions of Vingron (2004); their approximately 260 pages have not only been
excerpted to the present 95, but a number of improvements have been put in place
(Sects. 1.1–1.3, and 2.2, Chaps. 5, 6, and 8). Especially Chap. 8, on the composition
of combinational circuits, points to a new and important design technique. With
a heavy heart I have refrained from all proofs in connection with normal forms
(Chap. 4) and have omitted chapters on nand and nor design techniques, and on
hazards. Combinational circuits are quite easily recognised as being describable
by the laws of logic. In a rather roundabout way this insight was first achieved
by analysing circuits built of electric relays, but is, of course, independent of the
technology by which a circuit is realised.

vii
viii Preface

Part II is on Latches, these being the elementary form of sequential circuits,


and allowing us to study memorisation in its most basic form. Memorisation is
conventionally taken to be a time-dependent phenomenon, a notion that has always
stood in the way of describing latches (and subsequently sequential circuits) by
the the laws of logic (as was so successfully done for combinational circuits). The
major achievement, presented in Chap. 9, is to find a time-independent description
of memory making it possible to use logic in its conventional form (not, temporal
logic) in working with latches. Despite a superfluous similarity with the division
on latches of Vingron (2004), the present division on latches has been completely
reworked and rewritten (especially Chaps. 9 and 10) putting the theory of latches on
a new footing.
Part III is on asynchronous sequential circuits. Their theory was initiated
by Huffman (1954) landmark paper ‘The Synthesis of Sequential Switching Cir-
cuits’. In this wonderfully readable paper (no maths!) he actually didn’t present
a theory—he put forth verbally expressed procedures saying how to develop
asynchronous circuits. His presentation and arguments were so persuasive that
all subsequent theory (it came to be known as automata theory) seemed to be
focussed on providing a mathematical background and justification. The quantized
time-dependent mathematical models that automata theory developed led to the
introduction of synchronous sequential circuits. They are usually explained as
being clock driven meaning that all switching activity takes place during brief and
periodically recurring time intervals. Asynchronous circuits (Huffman’s original
sequential circuits) are not clocked. They employ continuously present signals, and
the outputs can change whenever an input changes. Automata theory had practically
no success in advancing the theory of asynchronous circuits.
Part III breaks with the standard synthesis procedure for asynchronous circuits
as initiated by Huffman. For one thing, the three representations used in specifying
an asynchronous circuit—the events graph, the word-recognition tree and the flow
table (a slightly advanced version of Huffman’s famous flow table)—are time-
independent idealisations. This allows us to build on the theory of latches, as put
forth in Part II, and to freely use logic in the same way as for combinational circuits
and for latches. The basic problem confronting the standard synthesis procedure is
finding a binary encoding for the flow table. Chapter 15 presents an algorithmic
solution for the encoding problem. Another hitherto unsolved problem is that of
verifying a sequential design. A solution to this problem is given in Chap. 18.
Many of the methods and procedures of Part III are greatly improved and expanded
versions found in Vingron (2004). I have refrained from a discussion of standard
theory as there are excellent books on the subject (my favourites being Krieger
(1969), and Dietmeyer (1971)).
Sections and chapters containing relevantly new material are marked by an
asterisk (). Much of the information conveyed is contained in the figures which
is why I have designed and drawn them very carefully. In general I would suggest
Preface ix

not to just fly over them. The index contains not only page numbers, rather it also
refers to figures (as in: see Fig. 13.5) or equations (as in: see Eq. (13.5)). You will
find the chapter number (e.g., Chap. 13) in the page headers. I always appreciate
comments, and invite you to write me at [email protected].

Hinterbrühl Shimon P. Vingron


Austria

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