UDC > NATIONAL STANDARD —] OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Fe) ERS A P GB 50009-2012 Load Code for the Design of Building Structures BAA eT BIG Issued on: May 28, 2012 Implemented on: October 1, 2012 Jointly Issued by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction of the People’s Republic of China General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of ChinaNATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ae) RSE AE LR bE Load Code for the Design of Building Structures ESL MDT OE, GB 50009-2012 Chief Development Department: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China Approval Department: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China Implementation Date: October 1, 2012 Beijing 2009NOTICE ‘This code is written in Chinese and English. The Chinese text shall be taken as the ruling one in the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese text and the English text.Announcement of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China No. 1405 Announcement on Publishing the National Standard of “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures” “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures” has been approved as a national standard with a serial number of GB 30009-2012, and shall be implemented on October 1, 2012. Therein, Articles 3,3.24, $1.1, 5.1.2, $3.1, $5.1, $5.2, 71.1, 7.1.2, 8.1.1 and 8.1.2 are compulsory provisions and must be enforced strictly. The original “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures” GB 50009-2001 (2006 Edition) shall be abolished simultaneously Authorized by the Research Institute of Standards and Norms of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, this code is published and distributed by the China Architecture & Building Press Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China May 28, 2012Foreword According to the requirements of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China—Notice on Printing ‘Development and Revision Plan of National Engineering Construction Standards and Codes in 2009" (Jian Biao [2009] No. 88), this code is revised from the national standard “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures” GB 50009— 2001 (2006 Edition) by the China Academy of Building Research jointly with the orga concerned. During the revision process, the drafting group seriously summed up the design experience in recent years, made reference to the relevant content of the foreign codes and international standards, developed multiple monographic studies, extensively solicited for the comments of construction competent departments as well as design, research and teaching organizations nationally, and finally finalized upon review through repeated discussion, modification and trial design, tions This code comprises 10 chapters and 9 appendixes with the main technical contents as follows general prov load on floors and roofs, crane load, snow load, wind load, thermal action and accidental load. ns, terms and symbols, classification and combination of loads, permanent load, live ‘The main technical contents in the revision of this code: 1. The provisions for edjustment coefficient of variable load considering design working life are added; 2. The accidental load combination expression is added; 3, Chapter 4 “Permanent Load” is added; 4. The characteristic values of uniformly distributed live loads on floors and roofs of partial civil buildings are adjusted and supplemented, and the provisions for the value of live load of fire engine in the design of wall, column and found: are modified, and the live loads on railings are modified and supplemented; $, The conditions of nonuniform snow distribution on partial roofs are supplemented; 6. The exposure factor for wind load and the peak topography correction coefficient are adjusted; 7. The shape factor of wind load and the local shape factor are supplemented and perfected, the value range of interference effect coefficient of tall building complex is supplemented, and the provisions for wind tunnel test equipment and method requirements are added; 8. The calculation expression and calculation parameter of along-wind vibrati coefficient are modified, and the provisions for the calculation principle of the wind vibration of large-span roof structures are added; 9. The provisions for the calculation of equivalent wind load for actoss-wind and torsional vibration are added, and the provisions for the combination conditions of along-wind load and equivalent wind load for across-wind and torsional vibration are added; 10, The calculation formula and table of gust factor are modified; 11. Chapter 9 “Thermal Action” is added: 12. Chapter 10 “Accidental Load” is added; 13. Appendix B “Reduction Factor of Fire Engine Load Accounting for the Influence of Covered Soil” is added; 14. The reference snow pressure and reference wind pressure of partial cities are adjusted by counting the snow pressure and wind pressure of each meteorological station throughout the country again based on the new observed data, and the new reference snow pressure and reference wind pressure maps throughout the country are drawn; 15. The reference air temperature of each meteorological station throughout the country are given by counting based on the monthly average maximum and monthly average minimum air temperature data over the years, and the reference air temperature distribution maps throughout the country are added; 16 Appendix H “Equivalent Wind Load for Across-wind and Torsional Vibration” is added; 17. Appendix J “Acceleration of Wind Induced Along-wind and Across-wind Vibration for Tall Buildings” is added. n In this code, the provision(s) printed in bold type is (are) compulsory one(s) and must be enforced strictly‘The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China is in charge of the administration of this code and the explanation of the compulsory provisions, and the China Academy of Building Research is responsible for the explanation of specific technical contents. During the process of implementing this code, the relevant opinions or advice, whenever necessary, can be posted or passed on to the national standard “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures” Administrative Group of China Academy of Building Research (Address: No, 30, North Third Ring Fast Road, Beijing, 100013, China). Chief Development Organization: China Academy of Building Research Participating Development Organizations: ‘Tongji University China Architecture Design and Research Group China Institute of Building Standard Design & Research Beijing Institute of Architectural Design CMA Public Meteorological Service Center Harbin Institute of Technology Dalian Universit of Technology China Aviation Planning and Construction Development Co,, Ltd. East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Southwestem Architectural Design Institute Co., Ltd. Central-South Architectural Design Institute Co, Lid Shenzhen General institute of Architectural Design and Research Zhejiang Prov. Institute of Architectural Design and Research Chief Drafting Staff: Jin Xinyang (The following ones are arranged according to family name strokes) Wang Jian, Wang Guoyan, Feng Yuan, Zhu Dan, Gong Jinxin, Li Ting, Yang Zhenbin, Yang Weibiao, Shu Weinong, Chen Kai, Fan Zhong, Fan Feng, Lin Zheng, Gu Ming, Tang Yi, Han Jisheng, Chief Examiners: Cheng Maokun, Wang Dasui, Xu Yongji, Chen Jifa, Xue Heng, Ren Qingying, Lou Yu, Yuan Jinxi, Zuo Jiang, Wu Yihong, Mo Yong, Zheng Wenzhong, Fang Xiaodan, Zhang Yiping, Fan XiaoqingContents General Provisions Terms and Symbols... 21 Terms... 2.2 Symbols.. Classification and Combination of Loads 3.1 Classification of Loads and Representative Values of Loads... 3.2. Combination of Loads... Permanent Load..... Live Load on Floors and Roofs. 5.1 Uniformly Distributed Live Loads on Floors in Civil Buildings 5.2 Live Loads on Floors in Industrial Buildings.... 5.3 Live Loads on Roofs .. Ash Load on Roofs Construction and Maintenance Loads, Horizontal and Vertical Loads on Railings... 5.6 Dynamic Coefficient Crane Load 6.1 Vertical and Horizontal Crane Loads....... 6.2 Combination of Multi-cranes 6.3 Dynamic Coefficients of Crane Loads erneeinsnansesennsneneens D1 6.4 Combination Value, Frequent Value and Quasi-permanent Value of Crane Load... ‘Snow Load, 22 7.1 Characteristic Value of Snow Load and Reference Snow Pressure... 22 7.2. Distribution Factor for Roof Snow Load, 22 Wind Load .escncssessnsnsnatses 26 8.1 Characteristic Value of Wind Load and Reference Wind Pressure. 26 8.2 Exposure Factor for Wind Pressure... 8.3. Shape Factor of Wind Load. 8.4 Along-wind Vibration and Dynamic Response Factor. 8.5. Across-wind and Wind-induced Torsional Vibration ..8.6 Gust Factor 9 Thermal Action... 9.1 General Requirements. 9.2 Reference Air Temperature... 9.3. Uniform Temperature Action... 33 10 Accidental Load... 55 10.1 General Requirements. eo ssa 8S 10.2 Explosion... 35 10.3 Impact.. Appendix A Self-weight of Commonly Used Materials and Member ....ssnses Appendix B_ Reduction Factor of Fire Engine Load Accounting for the Influence of Covered Soil .69 Appendix C Determination Method of Equivalent Uniformly Distributed Live Loads on Floors .... 70 nen th Appendix D Live Loads on Floors of Industrial Buildings..... Appendix E Determination Method of Reference Snow Pressure, Wind Pressure and Temperature Appendix F Empirical Formula for Fundamental Natural Period of Structures .. Appendix G Approximate Vibration Mode Shape of Structures. Appendix H_ Equivalent Wind Load for Across-wind and Torsional Vibration 108 Appendix J Acceleration of Wind Induced Along-wind and Across-wind Vibration for Tall Buildings oe 6 Explanation of Wording in This Code 7 119 List of Quoted Standards, 1201 General Provisions 1.0.1 This code is formulated with a view to adapting the need of the building structure design and meeting the requirements of safety and usal ty, economy and rationality. 1.0.2 This code is applicable to the structural design of building engineering 1.0.3. This code is formulated in accordance with the basic principles specified in the national standard “Unified Standard for Reliability Design of Engineering Structures” GB 50153-2008, 1.0.4. The actions concerned in the bui indirect action. This code only specifies load and thermal action, and the provisions for the relevant variable load are also applicable to the thermal action. 1g structure design shall cover direct action (load) and 1.0.5 The loads concerned in the building structure design shall not only comply with this code, but also those in the current relevant ones of the nation,2. Terms and Symbols 21 Terms 2.1.1 Permanent load Load of which the value does not vary with time during the structure use period, or of which the n may be neglected compared with the average value, or of which the variation is monotonous and trends to the limit. vari 2.1.2 Variable load Load of which the value varies with time during the structure use period, and of which the variation cannot be neglected compared with the average value. 2.1.3 Accidental load Load which does not alway’ occur within the design working life of the structure, but its quantity value is very large once occurred and its duration is very short, 2.14 Representative values of a load They are used to check the quantity value of loads adopted in the limit state in the design, such as characteristic value, combination value, frequent value and quas-permanent value. 24.5 Design reference period Time parameter which is selected 10 determine the representative value of variable load. 2.1.6 Characteristic value/nominal value Basic represemtative value of load and characteristic value of maximum load statistical distribution within the design reference period (such as mean, mode, median or some tantile). 2.1.7. Combination value For variable load, load value which can make the exceedance probability of the combined load effect within the design reference period consistent with the corresponding probability when this load occurs separately; or load value which can make the combined structure have a unified reliability dex. 24.8 Frequent value For variable load, load value that the total exceedance time is the specified smaller ratio or the exceedance frequency is the specified frequency within the design reference period 2.1.9 Quasi-permanent value For variable load, load value that the total exeeedance time is about one half of the design reference period within the design reference period. 2.1.10 Design value of a load Product of representative value and partial coefficient of a load24.11 Load effect Reaction of structure or structural member caused by load, such as intemal force, deformation and cracking, 2.1.12 Load combination Provisions for various design values of loads emerging simultaneously in order to ensure structure reliability in the limit state design, 2.113 Fundamental combination Combination of permanent load and variable load in calculation of limit state of bearing capacity. 2.1.14 Accidental combination Combination of permanent load, variable load and one accidental load in calculation of limit state of bearing capacity, and combination of permanent load and variable load in checking of monolithi stability of damaged structure after accidental event occurs. 24.15 Characteristic/nominal combination Combination that adopts characteristic value or combination value as the representative value of a load in calculation of limit state of normal use. 2.1.16 Frequent combination For variable load, combination that adopts frequent value or quasi-permanent value as the representative value of a load in calculation of limit state of normal use, 2.1.17 Quasi-permanent combinstion For variable load, combination that adopts quasi-permanent value as the representative value of a load in calculation of limit state of normal use. 2.1.18 Equivalent uniform live load iscontinuously distributed actual load on floor in structural design, which is generally replaced with uniform load; the equivalent uniform live load refers to the uniform load that the load effect obtained from its structure can keep consistent with the actual load effect. 2.4.19 Tributary area Floor area for member load calculation in consideration of uniform load reduction of members such as beam and column, 2.1.20 Dynamic coefficient Equivalent coefficient adopted for structure or member bearing dynamic load in static design, of Which the value is the ratio of maximum dynamic effect to corresponding static effect of structure or member. 2.1.21 Reference snow pressure Reference pressure of snow load, generally determined based on the 50-year maximum value obtained through probability statistics according to the snow self-weight observation data on the local open and flat ground surface.2.1.22 Reference wind pressure Reference pressure of wind load, wind speed generally determined based on the 50-year maximum value obtained through probability statistics according to the 10min average wind speed observation data at 10m height on the local open and flat ground surface, and wind pressure determined reconsidering corresponding air density according to Bemoulli Formula (E.2.4). 2.1.23. Terrain roughness Grade for describing the distribution condition of irregular obstructions above this ground where ‘wind blows across 2km range before reaching the structure. 2.1.24 Thermal action Action caused by temperature variation in structure or structural member. 2.1.25 Shade ait temperature Temperature measured in a standard thermometer screen and recorded at regular time by the hour. 2.1.26 Reference air temperature Reference value of air temperature, which is determined through statistics according to the average maximum air temperature in the months with maximum temperature and the average minimum air temperature in the months with minimum temperature over the years by taking 50-year monthly average maximum air temperature and monthly average minimum air temperature, 2.1.27 Uniform temperature Temperature which is a constant in the whole section of the structural member and leads the expansion or contraction of the structural member. 2.1.28 Initial temperature Temperature when the structure forms an entirely-confined structural system in some particular construction stage, also called healing temperature, 2.2. Symbols 2.2.41 Representative values and combinations of loads Ag—Characteristic value of accidental load; C—Specitied limit when the structure or member reaches the normal use requirements; G,—Characteristic value of permanent load; Q— Characteristic value of variable load; Re—Design value of resistance of structural member; S,, —Characteristic value of accidental load effect; Sok —Characteristic value of permanent load effect; ‘Sox —Characteristic value of variable load effect;Ss—Design value of load effect combination; jo—Significance coefficient of structure; ‘y¥o——Partial coefficient of permanent load; ‘yqe—Partial coefficient of variable load; 71, —Adjustment coefficient of variable load considering design working life, Combination value coefficient of variable load; ¥p-—Frequent value coefficient of variable load; /g—Quasi-permanent value coefficient of variable load. 2.2.2. Snow load and wind load ‘Acceleration of along-wind vibration at z height of tall buildings (mi aoe @.2——Aceeleration of across-wind vibration at z height of tall buildings (m/s?) B—Windward side width of structure; By—Background component factor of fluctuating wind load; C—Aecross-wind foree coefficient; C;—Wind-induced torque coefficient; Cu—Angle edge correction coefficient of across-wind force; Cou —Angle edge correction coctficient of power spectrum of across-wind force; D—Siructural plane depth (along-wind dimension) or diameter; fi—Natural vibration frequency of the first order of structures fr—Natural vibra n frequency of the first order torsion of structure; fi —Reduced frequency; fry —Reduced frequency of torsion; Fix—Characteristic value of along-wind force in unit height; Fix —Characteristic value of along-wind force in unit height; Ty —Characteristic value of wind-reduced torque in unit height; Gravity acceleration or peak factor; H—Structure height or peak height; Ty—Nominal turbulence intensity of wind at 10m height; K,— Correction coefficient of across-wind vibration mode: K,-——Correction coefficient of torsional vibration mode; R— Resonant component factor of fluctuating wind load;R,— Resonance factor of across-wind vibration; R; Resonance factor of wind-induced torsional vibration; Re—Reynolds number; Si—Strouhal number: S,—Characteristic value of snow load; Sy—Reference snow pressure: T,—Natural vibration period of the first order of structure; T.:——Natural vibration period of the across-wind first order of structure; Tr ‘Natural vibration period of the first order of structure torsion; @o—Reference wind pressure; Characteristic value of wind load; @u-—Characteristic value of wind load equivalent to across-wind vibration; c@on——Characteristic value of wind load equivalent to wind-induced torsional vibration; &—Slope angle, or wind speed profile index; B-—Dynamic response factor at z height; a—Gust factor, t—Critical wind speed of across-wind resonance; ‘Wind speed at the top of structure; #—Distribution factor for roof snow load; He —Exposure factor for wind pressure; Ms —Shape factor of wind load; #4 —Loval shape factor of wind load; 7 —Correction coefficient of wind load landform; n—Fluetuation coef int of acceleration of along-wind vibration; p-—Air density or snow density; Pw Pe —Cortelation coefficient of fluctuating wind load in horizontal and vertical directions; Coefficient of vibration mode of structure; $—Damping ratio of structure; &—Across-wind aerodynamic damping ratio, 223° Thermal action Tax: Tyux——Monthly average maximum air temperature and monthly average minimum air temperature;Tass Te —Maximum average temperature and minimum average temperature of structure: Tynaw Tom ——Maximum initial temperature and minimum initial temperature of structure; AT; Characteristic value of uniform temperature action; 4; Coefficient of linear expansion of mat 2.2.4 Accidental load A,—Area of access plate (m*); Ks—Dynamic coefficient for calculating equivalent uniformly distributed statie load in explosi m—Mass of automobile or helicopter; P.— Characteristic value of impact load; P—Maximum pressure of uniform dynamic load in explosion; Py—Nerified breakdown pressure of access plate; Ja-—Characteristic value of equivalent uniformly distributed static load in explosion; / Impact time; Automobile speed (m/s); V¥—Nolume of explosion space.3 Classification and Combination of Loads 3.1 Classification of Loads and Representative Values of Loads 3.1.1 The loads of the building structures may be classified into: 1 Permanent load, including structure self-veight, soil pressure, prestress, etc.. 2 Variable load, including live load on floor, live load on roof and ash load, crane load, wind load, snow load, thermal action, ete.. 3 Accidental load, including explosive force, impact force, etc.. 3.1.2 In the design of building structures, the values according to the following requirement ifferent loads shall adopt different representative 1 For permanent load, the characteristic value shall be its representative values 2 For variable load, the characteristic value, combination value, frequent value or quasi- permanent value shall be its representative value according to the design requirements; 3. For accidental load, its representative value shall be determined according to the use characteristics of the building structures. 3.1.3 The determination of the representative value of variable load shall adopt 50-yeardesign reference period. 3.14 The characteristic values of loads shall be adopted according to the requirements of each chapter of this code, nit state of normal use mn value or characteristic 3.41.5. In the design of limit state of bearing capacity or the design of according to the characteristic combination, for variable load, the combin: value shall be its representative value according to the specified load combination, The combination value of variable load shall be the characteristic value of variable load multiplied by the load combination value coefficient, 3.1.6 In the design of limit state of normal use according to frequent combination, for variable load, the frequent value or quasi-permanent value shall be its representative value; in the design according to quasi-permanent combination, the quasi-permanent value of variable load shall be its representative value, The frequent value of variable load shall be the characteristic value of variable load multiplied by the frequent value coefficient. The quasi-permanent value of variable load shall be the characteristic value of variable load multiplied by the quasi-permanent value coefficient, 3.2 Combination of Loads 3.2.1 In the design of the building structures, load combination shall be carried out according to the limit state of bearing capacity and the limit state of normal use respectively based on the loads possibly emerging simultaneously on the structure during the use process, and the respective most unfavorable combination shall be taken for des 3.22 For the limit state of bearing capacity, the effect design value of load combination shall be 8calculated according to the fundamental combination or accidental combination of the loads, and the following design expression shall be adopted for design: YoSs SR Where 3 ——The significance coefficient of structure, shall be adopted according to the requirements of the relevant codes for the design of building structures; Si—The effect design value of load combination; Ry—The design value of resistance of structural member, which shall be determined according to the requirements of the relevant codes for the design of building structures. 3.2.3. The effect design value S, of fundamental combination of loads shall be determined from the most unfavorable effect design value in the following load combination values: 1 The effect design value controlled by variable load shall be calculated according to the following formula: oa + aiN,# YoSantVot Where Yo, The partial coefficient of the jth permanent load, shall be adopted according to Article 3.2.4 of this code; Yo, is the partial coefficient of dominant variable load Qj, shall be adopted according to Article 3.2.4 of this code: Yo. ——The partial coefficient of the ith variable load, thei ‘The adjustment coefficient of the ith variable load in consideration of design working life, therein, 7/1, is the adjustment coefficient of dominant variable load Q; in consideration of design working life; Sq. ——The load effect value calculated according to the characteristic value Gof the jth permanent load; Sa —The load effect value calculated according to the characteristic value Q,. of the ith variable load, therein So\ is the one playing the control action among all the variable load effeets; «, ——The combination value coefficient of the ** variable load Q:3 m—The number of permanent loads participating in combination; 2 —The number of variable loads participating in combination. 2 The effect design value controlled by permanent load shall be calculated according to the following formula: $.= DL 16Sox* Dror Sai (323-2) 9Note: 1 The effect desiga values in the fundamental combination are only applicable tothe conditions that both the fonds and load effects are linear 2 Were theres wo obvious dgment fr Sy ech abl lad ete shall be wed a2 Sy to tua. and he ‘feet design value ofthe most unfavorable load combination shall be selected, 3.2.4 The partial coefficient of load of fundamental combination shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 ‘The partial coefficient of permanent load shall meet the following requirements: 1) Where the permanent load effect is unfavorable to the structure, 1.2 shall be taken for the combination controlled by variable load effect and 1.35 for the combination controlled by permanent load effect; 2) Where the permanent load effect is fayorable to the structure, it shall not be greater than 1.0. 2 The partial coefficient of variable load shall meet the following requirements: 1) 1.3 shall be taken for the live load of floor structure of industrial bui the characteristic value is greater than 4kN/m’; ngs, of which 2) 14 shalll be taken for other conditions. 3. Forstructure overturning, sliding or floating checking, the partial coefficient of the load shall meet the requirements of the relevant codes for the design of building structures. 3.2.5 The adjustment coefficient 1 of variable load in consideration of design working life shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 The adjustment coefficient of live load on floors and roofs in consideration of design working life shall be adopted in accordance with those specified in Table 3.2.5 Table 3.2.5 Adjustment Coefficient 7, of Live Load on Floors and Roofs in Consideration of Design Working Life Design working life ofthe structure year) | 5 2 109 a 09, Lo ui Note: 1 Where the design working lift is not te value inthis table, the adjustment coefficient», may be determined according to linear interpolation: 2 Forthe live load with cortrollable characters w the adjustment coefficient of the design working life shall take 1.0, 2 For snow load and wind load, the reference snow pressure and reference wind pressure shall be determined according to Article E.3.3 of this code by taking the recurrence interval as the design working life, or be adopted according to the requirements of the relevant codes, 32.6 The effect design value Sj of accidental combination of loads may be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 The effect design value used for the calculation of limit state of bearing capacity shall be calculated according to the following formula: 10S4= Sox 5a, +41, Sax +2, Ha Sox (3.2.6-1) ma i Where 4, —The load effect value calculated according to the characteristic value 4y of accidental load; v! , —The frequent value coefficient of the first variable load: —The quasi-permanent value coefficient of the i" variable load. 2. The effect design value used for monolithic stability checking of damaged structure after accidental event occurs shall be calculated according to the following formula: Sy= DS 6 tH Son td. + a Son (3.2.62) iat r=} Note The design values in combination are ony applicable to the conditions that both the fas and loa eects ae lnear 3.2.7 The limit state of normal use shall adopt characteristic combination, frequent combination or quasi-permanent combination of loads according to the different design requirements, and shall be designed according to the following design expression: C (3.2.7) Where C—tThe specified limit of structure or structural member reaching the normal use requirements, such as deformation, cracking, amplitude, acceleration and stress limit, which shall be adopted according to the requirements of the relevant codes for the design of the building structures, 3.1.8 The effect design value S; of characteristic combination of loads shall be calculated according to the following formula Ye 7S8 4+ Loe So 3.2.8) Note:The design values in combination ae only applicable tothe conditions that bth the loads and loa effets ae linear 3.2.9 The effect design value 5, of frequent combination of loads shall be calculated according to the following formula: 8.= Sout HeSop +2 % 45a 629) Nove: The design values in combination are only applicable vo the conditions that both the loads and load effest are linear 3.2.10 The effect design value S; of quasi-permanent combination of loads shall be calculated according to the following formula: 5.2 FSontFvigSoe (3.2.10) a i Note:The design values in combination are only applicable tothe conditions that beth the loads and Toa fects ae ine nL4 Permanent Load 4.0.1. The permanent load shall cover the self-weight of structural member, enclosure member, surface course and decoration, fixed equipment and long-term storage, the soil pressure and water pressure, as well as other loads required to be considered according to permanent load. 4.0.2 The characteristic value of the structure self-weight may be determined through calculation according to the design dimension of the structural member and the material self-weight in unit volume, 4.0.3 The unit self-weight of the general material and member may take its average value; for the material and member with larger self-weight variation, the characteristic value of the self-weight shall or lower limit according to the state unfavorable or favorable to the structure. The take the upper self-weight of commonly used materials and members in unit volume may be adopted according to Appendix A of this code. 4.0.4 The self-weight of the fixed partition may be considered according to permanent load, and that of the partition whose position may be flexibly arranged shall be considered according to variable load5 Live Load on Floors and Roofs 5.1 Uniformly Distributed Live Loads on Floors in Civil Buildings $1.1 The characteristic value of uniformly distributed live load on floors in civil buildings, and the combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi-permanent value coefficient shall not be less than those specified in Table 5.1.1. Table S11 Cha teristic Value of Uniformly Distributed Live Load on Floors in Civil Buildings, and the Combination Value Coefficient, Frequent Value Coefficient and Quasi-permanent Value Coefficient Characteristic Frequent] Qeas-permane| em Category | vale value | atyatue coeticient Y|coeicient | coetcient 9 (1) Resident bilng, dormitory, hotel, office | 2 o7 os 4 din, hospital ward, narsery kindergarten 1 2) Laboratory, reading room, confereace room, 2 or 06 os || nospita tines [2 | cuasroom,mes hat conten, general dawarcives | 2S or os os (1) Assembly bal theater, cinema, stand with fied so or os 0 3. | seats 2) Pabiiciaundry 30 or 06 05 1) Shop, exhibition tal station, port airport hall 9 pose as ox os os 44 | sd passenger ling roo (2). Stand without feed seats as or os 03 (1) Gymnasium, performance stage 40 06 os | 5 “0 ° os | o3 (1) Stack room, archives, storage room 50 09 09 08 ‘ + 2) Compact stacks ne | os 0 ox 7 Fan room and devaior machine rom m0 | fe ” os ] cenay sab Noor with [Passenger | o° mat mel 40 ox or 06 | slab span notes than 2m) and | car | [Antemotile| womray sib Moor (ith slab | Fire na an xe on os oo mel and) span nottess than msm) | engine 8 | msenaer sgl) Tvo-way sab or (wit [Passenger lear parking) @) i s “ 2s 0. 07 06 slab spannet es than ém6ay | sorage |b ) fat sb oor (with calm | Fire | v7 os on sid not ee tha 6mm) | engine GQ) Canteen 40 0 07 07 | 9 | kitten | 2) Others 20 oF ° os 0 Bathroom tile and washroom 2s a os os‘Table §.1.1 (continued) Characteriste | Combination | Frequent |Quasi-permane tem Category salue valve value tale (uNim') | cootiient , | coefficient 1 |coetcieat oy (1) Dormitory, hotel, hospital ward, 20 07 os | oa nrserys kindergarten, residential building Corridor, " 2) Office uidingscantesospitactiis | 25 07 06 08 hatiay @) Teaching boiling and other places — ® 35 or | os “3 ith possible dense people (1) Mutiestorey resent building 20 07 os a 2 | Suir @)_ Others 3s | 07 as 3 | (1) Places with possible dense people 3s | oon 06 “s 13. | Balcony 2) Others [2s 07 6 5.12 In the design of floor beam, wall, column and fo Note: 1 Each ive foad giver ta is abe is applicable tothe general we conditions; where the wse load Is larger, the conditions ‘re special or there are spectal requirements the live load shall be adopted according to the actual conditions; 2 For the live lad of stachs in Hem 6, where the Bookshelf height Is greater than 2m, the live fond shall also be determined uecording othe bookshelf height per meter not les than 2SkNi 3 Thelivel id of passenger car in Item 8 s only applicable 1 the passenger car manning less than 9 persons; the live vad of fire engine is applicable tothe large vehicle with a otal weight of 3OOKN at full load: where the requirements ‘of this tabie are not met, the loal load ofthe wheels shall be converted to the equivalent uniform live load according ‘0 the equivatence principle ofthe structure etfect: The tive of fre engine in Item 8 shall be determined through linear Interpolation according to the span where ‘the lab span of the tmo-vay slab Noor I between Sm=Sm-6mn«6u ‘The lve fond of sarin Item 12 shall also be checked according o L.SKN concentrated load for precast stair treads 6 Bach toad i is table excludes partition selfweight and secondary decoration loads the self-weight of the fixed partition shall be considered according to permanent load; where the partition postion may be arranged flexibly, selfoweight of the unfixed partition shall be co in by taking no tes than 13 of wall weight per tinear meter (Nim) as the ad tonal value of ive Toad on loo, and the addtional value shall not be fess than 1.OKNim lation, the reduction factor of characteristic value of live load on floors in Table 5.1.1 of this code shall not be less than the following requirements: 3) 0.8 shall be taken for the secondary beam of one-way slab floor and longitudinal In the design of floor beam: 1) Where the tributary area of the floor beam in Item 1 (1) exceeds 25m’, 0.9 shall be taken; 2) Where the tributary area of the floor beam in Items 1 (2)~7 exceeds 50m’, 0.9 shall be taken; of trough slab in Item 8; 0.6 for the main beam of one-way slab floor; and 0.8 for the beam of two-way slab floor;4) Items 9-13 shall adopt the reduction factor same as the category of the aff buildings. 2 In the design of design wall, column and foundation: 1) Item 1 (1) shall be adopted in accordance with those specified in Table 5.1.25 2) Items 1 (2)~7 shall adopt the reduction factor same as the floor beam; 3) For the passenger car in Item 8, 0.5 shall be taken for one-way slab floor and 0.8 for two-way slab floor and flat slab floor; 4) Items 9~13 shall adopt the reduction factor same as the category of the affiliated buildings. Note: The tributary area ofthe floor heam shall be determined acco the range of stretching one half ofthe beam spacing song both sides of the beam, Table 5.1.2 Reduction Factor of Live Load by Store; | Storey number above calculation section 1) os +8 os 9-20 om0 of wall, column and foundation | | Reduction factor ofsum oflive loads on | 1.00 oss. 070 06s. 0.60 oss each storey above calculation section | (0.9% ‘Note: Where the tributary area of the oor beam exceeds 26m the colficeat in parentheses shall be adopted. 8.1.3 In the design of wall and column, the live load of fire engine in Item 8 of Table 5.1.1 of this code may be considered according to the actual conditions; in the design of foundation, the load of fire engine may not be considered. The live load of fire engine commonly using slab span may be adopted in accordance with Appendix B according to the reduction factor of covered soil thickness. 8.1.4 The local load on the floor structure may be converted to the equivalent uniformly distributed live load in accordance with Appendix C of this code. §.2 Live Loads on Floors in Industrial Buildings $2.1 lll the local loads on floors of industrial buildings, generated by equipment, pipeline, means of transport and removable partition during production use or installation overhaul shall be considered according to the actual conditions, or may be replaced with equivalent uniformly distributed live load. For the conditions that the equipment position is fixed, the structure may be calculated directly according to the fixed position, but the most unfavorable effect to the position change during equipment installation and maintenance shall be considered. The areas on the floors of industrial buildings, where more and heavier raw materials or finished products are stacked shall be considered according to the actual conditions; and the general stacking condition may be considered according to uniformly distributed live load or equivalent uniformly distributed live load. Note 1 The equivalent uniformly distributed live load on floors, including live load on foes for calculating secondary beam, rin beam and foundation may be determined respectively in accordance with Appendix C ofthis code; 2. The general metalworking workshop, instrument and meter predvtion workshop, semisonductor devise workshop, coton textile workshop, tye preparing workshop and grain processing workshop may be adopted in ascordance with Appendix D ofthis code, inthe absence of deta52.2. The operation load of equipment-free area on the floors (including working platform) of industrial buildings, including the self-weight of operating personnel, general tool, sporadic raw materials and finished products, may be considered according to a uniformly distributed live load of 2.0KN/m*. The operation load and stacking load in the equipment area may not be considered. The live load of stair of production workshop may be adopted according to the actual conditions, but should not be less than 3.5kN/m’, The live load of visiting corridor of production workshop may adopt 3.5kNim’. 5.2.3 The combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi-permanent value coefficient of live load on floors of industrial buildings shall be adopted according to the actual conditions besides those specified in Appendix D of this code; however, in any case, the combination value and frequent value coefficient shall not be less than 0.7, and the quasi-permanent value coefficient shall not be less than 0.6. 5.3. Live Loads on Roofs 5.3.1 For the building roofs, the characteristic value of uniformly distributed live load on roofs in horizontal projection plane, and the combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi-permanent value coefficient shall not be less than those specified in Table 5.3.1. Table 53.1 Characteristic Value of Uniformly Distributed Live Load on Roofs, and Combination Value Coetficient, Frequent Value Coeificient and Quasl-permanent Value Coefficient Characterisie valve Combination value | Frequentatue | Qusst:permanent value tem | Category (kN/m') coefficient, coefficient cocfficient 1 | naccestieront os 07 os oo 2 | Accesbte oot | 20 07 as oa 3 | Raters | 30 07 06 ts 4 | Rootsporssarea_| 30 or 06 oa Note: 1 The unaccessible roof shall he adopted according to the actual conditions where the construction oF maintenance Toad is large: the structures of different types shall be adopted according tothe requirements ofthe relevant cndes for design, but shall not be less than (.3kN/m*. 2 Where the accessible roof is doubled as other purposes the live load on corresponding floor shall be adopted: 3. The accumulated water load caused by non-smooth roof drainage, blocking, ete. shall be prevented by’ taking ‘constructional measures: if necessary: the live load on roof shall he determined according tothe possible depth of the accumulated water: 4 The tivefoad of roof garden shall not include the self-weight of materials such as earth and stone in flower garden, 53.2 The load of helipad on roofs shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 The load of helipad on roofs shall be considered according to local load, or converted to equivalent uniform live load according to local load. The characteristic value of local load shall be determined according to the actual maximum take-off weight of the helicopter; in the absence of technical data on aircraft type, the characteristic value of local load and the action area may be selected in accordance with those specified in Table 5.3.2. 16Table £32 Characteristic Value and Action Area of Local Load of Helipad on Roofs Type Maximumtake-om weight ¢) | Characteristi value of oct foad (kN) ‘Action ae Ln 2 20 (0.20m020m Medium 4 0 (0.25m025m Heavy 6 @ (0.30m030m than 2 The characteristic value of equivalent uniform live load of helipad on roof shall not be less $.0kN/m’, 3° The combination value coefficient of load of helipad on roofs shall take 0.7; the frequent value coefficient shall take 0.6; and the quasi-permanent value coefficient shall take 0. 5.3.3 The uniformly distributed live load on unaccessible roof may not be combined simultaneously with snow load and wind load. 5.4 Ash Load on Roofs, S41 In the design of plants with a mass of ash discharge during production and their adjacent buildings, for the plant roofs of machinery, metallurgy, cement, ete, with certain ash removal facilities and ensuring ash removal systems, the characteristic value of ash load on roofs in horizontal projection plane, and the combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi-permanent value coefficient shall be adopted in accordance with those specified in Table 5.4.1-1 and Table $.4.1-2 respectively. TableS4.1-1 Characteristic Value of Ash Load on Roofs, and Combination Value Coefficient, Frequent Value Coefficient and Quasi-permanent Value Coefficient Ctaratestevaive Nim’) [Combinaien | Frequent uas-pennan ie ‘Bgxs oorwinon) S20 indserea | vale | vame | tye | veeecs (84 win] Ouside | cotcem | cote | coetese screen fyindsereen] ve te |_| Machinery plant casting workshop (copes) | 0.50 | 075 | 030 2 | _Steelshop (oxygen blown converte) = 07s | 030 3. | Manganese and fenoshrome workshop | 0.78 100 | 030 [+ [Sitcom and teroninexen workshop o30 | 030 | 030 5 ALT | om | 0 | om | | | simerng plat galery and oer workshons | 030 — m= 49) @ ax | (Cement plant workshop with sh sures | 7 | Gsntcom, grinding rom. jointstorage. | 1.00 - = | drying room, crushing room) | CComeat plant workshop without ash source (ai compressor sation, mechanic | orto, maria sage, per " ~ ~ Aistibution station) Note:The uniform ash loadin this tbe is only applicable to roo! slope @ not greater than 28%; where a is greater than 45°, the ach load may not be considered: where ais within 25°~45°, the ach load may be valued through interpolation;2 The load of ash removal facilis shal be considered separately 3 The sh loadin ems 1~4 is only applicable wo the ro within 20m radius from the chimrey center; where the adjacent {dings fll into this range, the ash load of Items 1,3 and 4 shall be adopted acconting tothe woskshop roof without wind sereen, and that of Item 2 shall be adopted according tothe workshop roof outside the wind screen, ‘TableS4.1-2 Characteristic Value of Ash Load on Roofs of Blast Furnace Adjacent Buildings, and Combination Value Coefficient, Frequent Value Coefficient and Quasi-permanent Value Coefficient Characteristic value (Nim?) | st anace volume Combination vase | requmivate | Quaipermanen : Dstane rom otto lst imeem) a" (w) conten P| cocticnt 4 | vauecoemien <0 100 200 Note: 1 Note 1 and Note in Table $.41-1 ere also applicable wo this table, 2. Where the distance from the eof ofthe adjacent building tothe blast fumnace isthe median inthis table, the value may be ‘obtained through iterpcaton, 54.2. For the area on the roof where itis easy to form ash heap, in the design of roof slab and purli the characteristic value of ash load should be multiplied by an amplified coefficient specitied below 1 2.0 shall be taken within the distribution width two times the roof height difference at high- low span but not greater than 6.0m; 2 1.4 shall be taken within the distribution with not greater than 3.0m at the gutter. 543 The ash load shall be considered simultaneously with the larger one between the snow load and the uniformly distributed live load on unaccessible roof. 55 Construction and Maintenance Loads, Horizontal and Vertical Loads on Railings SS The construction and maintenance loads shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 In the design of roof slab, purlin, reinforced conerete creasing, cantilever awning and Precast joist, the characteristic value of construction or maintenance concentrated loads shall not be less than 1.0kN, and shall be checked at the most unfavorable position; 2 The light members or wide members shall be checked according to the actual conditions or shalll be arranged with temporary facil ss such as base plate and support; 3 In the calculation of bearing capacity of creasing and cantilever awning, one concentrated ‘ond shall be taken every other 1.0m along the slab width; in the checking of overturning of creasing and cantilever awning, one concentrated load shall be taken every other 2.5m~3.0m along the slab width. 5.5.2 The characteristic value of live loads on railings of stairs, stands, balconies, accessible roofs, ete, shall not be less than the following requirements: 1 For residential building, dormitory, office building, hotel, hospi the horizontal loads at the top of railings shall take LOKN/m: 18 1, nursery and kindergarten,2. For school, canteen, theater, cinema, station, assembly hi the horizontal loads at the top of railings shall take 1.0kN/m and the ve 1.2kN/m; the horizontal and vertical loads shall be considered respectivel I, exhibition hall or stadium, I Toads shall take 5.5.3 For construction load, maintenance load and rai shall take 0.7; the frequent value coefficient shall take 0, shall take 0. ng load, the combination value coeificient ; and the quasi-permanent value coefficient 5.6 Dynamic Coefficient 5.6.1 The dynamic calculation in the design of building structures may be in accordance with static calculation method after the self-weight of heavy object or equipment multiplied by a dynamic coefficient, in the presence of adequate criteria. 5.6.2 The dynamic coefficient of carrying and handling heavy objects and of vehicle starting and braking may adopt 1.1~1.3; and its dynamic load only transfers to floor slab and beam. 5.6.3 The load of helicopter on roofs shall also be multiplied by a dynamic coefficient; 1.4 may be taken for the helicopter with hydraulic tyre undercarriage; and the dynamic load only transfers to floor slab and beam.6 Crane Load 6.1 Vertical and Horizontal Crane Loads 6.1.1 The characteristic value of vertical load of erane shall adopt the maximum wheel pressure or the minimum wheel pressure of the crane. 6.1.2 The longitudinal and transverse horizontal load of crane shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 The characteristic value of longitudinal horizontal load of crane shall be adopted according to 10% of the sum of the maximum wheel pressures of all the brake wheels acting on the rail on one side; the action point of this load shall be located at the contact point of brake wheel and rail, and the direction shall be consistent with the rail direction, 2 The characteristic value of transverse horizontal load of crane shall take the percentage of the sum of crane carriage weight and rated lifting capacity and be multiplied by gravity acceleration; the Percentage of characteristic value of transverse horizontal load of crane shall be adopted in accordance with those specified in Table 6.1.2. Table 6.1.2 Percentage of Characteristic Value of Transverse Horizontal Load of Crane Crane type Rated iting capacity () Crane with flexible hock Cae wea = | ” 3. The transverse horizontal load of crane shall be halved to both ends of the bridge frame, and ‘equally transferred to the rail by the wheels on the rail; the direction shall be vertical to the rail, and the brake conditions in positive and negative directions shall be considered. Note: 1 The horizontal load of suspended crane shall be borne by the support system: inthe design of this support system. the ‘combination ofthe wind load ané the horizontal oad of suspended crane sal also be considered: 2 The horizental load may not be considered for hand crane and eesti hist 6.2 Combination of Multi-cranes 62.1 Where the calculated bent frame considers the vertical loads of multi-cranes, for each bent frame of single-span plant of single-layer crane, the number of eranes participating in combination should not be more than 2, and should not be more than 4 for each bent frame of multi-span plant of single-layer crane; the single-span plant of double-layer crane should be combined according to the number of upper-layer and lower-layer cranes not more than 2 respectively; the multi-span plant of double-layer crane should be combined according to the number of upper-layer and lower-layer cranes not more than 4 respectively; where the lower-layer crane is at full load, the upper-layer crane shall be calculated according 10 no load; where the upper-layer crane is at full load, the lower-layer crane shall not be counted in. In consideration of the horizontal loads of multi-cranes, the number of cranes participating in combination shall not be more than 2 for each bent frame of single-span or multi-span 20plant. Note: Where the condition is special, the actual conditions shall be considered 6.2.2 In the calculation of bent frame, the characteristic value of vertical and horizontal loads of multi-eranes shall be multiplied by a reduction factor specified in Table 6.2.2. Table 6.2.2 Reduction Factor of Load of Multi-cranes Tomer of es paring ‘Woking cas of ane the requirements of em 1 Utena o5H Seiten in 5 | Mee pa nanan = oof ne =" HesO.2+1 OP 2.0) iF {ilo dee —————"* a a Sloping ‘Nonaniorn disituon [ “| 4 | rot nih <= skylight x Se in {om station Sloping roof} Nonnifors Seibwien LOS og 4 Lo itr db Ro, with skylighy| on 3 ‘ Ly eS = ~ seen } ‘Uniform disribution te 14, og a6, aaiet ‘Nonuniform distribution | “ siapeanae “javoenopetsce 6 | wt pa op acodg the equrcmens fe (serrated. ™ ro) 2B‘Table 72.1 (continued) ten | cama Tot pe and now Sib ar Temas 0 Unions dsebeton — 1 Pouble-span| —Nenwsitorm dantbution 1 CAS oes 2 val be aatelsconde carcet | Noite tition the aires of em 1 or3 wor | | con conten 2 Hehow ‘ - tot hice) Heald HbVIN20SptenS4.0) ee aot wih npetant o . a ote ie = Ia Hal 020) 1 Seow dion ene hie 88H 843 shal a be omits | : vaca | Z simatnenay 10 | rat 2 shall lope (100m eb psi aso wit egrne 0 rete often tr3 Toe: orsigcapu daisy waa ben, nonin dtbalbn onto may beaded on when Be ape ais 24 200-308, lkems4 and $ ae only applicable to te roof of general industial pants wh slope a not greater than 25°; For double-span double-slope or arched roof in em 7, whete a is not greater than 25° or is not greater than 0.1, only uniform distribution condition san be adopted, ‘The distribution futor for snow load on multi-span roof may be adepted by reference tothe reguiemens of Hem 7.2° The roof truss and arch shell shall be adopted according to the most unfavorable condition in accordance with uniform distribution and nonuniform distribution of full-span snow 2s well as uniform distribution of half-span snow respectively; 3. The frame and column may be adopted according to the uniform distribution of full-span snow.8 Wind Load 8.1 Characteristic Value of Wind Load and Reference Wind Pressure 8.1.1 The characteristic value of wind load vertical to the building surface shall be determined according to the following requirements: 1 In the calculation of main load-carrying structures, the characteristic value of wind load shall be calculated according to the following formula: wi Paltgtiowy (8.1.1-1) Where 4,——The characteristic value of wind load (kNim’); 2-—The dynamic response factor at z height; 21, —The shape factor of wind loads He—The exposure factor for wind pressure; Wo—The reference wind pressure (kN/m?). 2 In the calculation of enclosure structures, the characteristic value of wind load shall be calculated according to the following formula: Betts (8.1.1-2) Where — fy—The gust factor at z height; ‘Hs —The local shape factor of wind load. 8.1.2 The reference wind pressure shall adopt the wind pressure with 50-year recurrence interval, which is determined according to the method specified in this code, but shall not be less than 0.3kN/m’. For the tall buildings, high-rise structures and other structures sensitive to wind load, the reference wind pressure value shall be increased properly, shall meet the requirements of the relevant code for the design of structures, 8.1.3 The reference wind pressure of all the cities throughout the country shall be adopted according to the value with a recurrence interval R of 50 years in Table E.5 of Appendix E of this code. Where the reference wind pressure of a city or construction site is not given in Table E.S of this code, the reference wind pressure shall be determined through statistical analysis according to the method specified in Appendix E of this code and in accordance with the definition of reference wind pressure and the local annual maximum wind speed data; and the analysis shall consider the influence of sample size. In the absence of local wind speed data, the reference wind pressure may be determined through comparative analysis on meteorological and topographic conditions according to the reference wind pressure or long-term data specified for nearby areas, or determined approximately according to Annexed Figure £.6.3 (Distribution Map of Reference Wind Pressure throughout the Country) in Appendix E of this code. 8.14 The combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi-permanent value coefficient of wind load may take 0.6, 0.4 and 0.0 respectively. 268.2 Exposure Factor for Wind Pressure 8.2.1 For the flat or slightly undulant topography, the exposure factor for wind pressure shall be determined in accordance with those specified in Table 82.1 according to the terrain roughness category. The terrain roughness may be classified into A, B, C and D categories: Category A refers to the offshore sea surface and sea island, coast, lakeshore and desert areas; Category B refers to open country, village, underwood, hill, villages and towns with sparse houses: Category C refers to city proper with dense building complex: Category D refers to city proper with dense building complex and taller buildings. Table 8.2.1 Exposure Factor for Wind Pressure ji, Distance to ground surfase] ‘Terrain roughness category or sea evel (m) A B c D 5 1.09) 100 06s 031 0 128 1.00 06s 0st is | Laz 13 06s ost | 20 | 12 123 on ost 30 167 139 088 ost 0 9 132 1.00 0.60 30 Lag 192 10 049 cy 197 ut 120 o77 70 203 19 las oss 10 | Par 187 136 oat %0 | 193 18 098 | 100 2.00 Ls0 Lot 130 | 2as 225 L719 133 | 200 | 246 203 138 250 253 224 Lat 300 am 243 202 350 291 291 260 22 40 291 291 276 240 | 450 | 291 291 291 238 291 201 291 2m | 2850 291 291 291 29 8.2.2 For the buildings in mountain areas, the exposure factor for wind pressure may be determined in accordance with those specified in Table 8.2.1 of this code according to the flat terrain roughness category, besides, the correction of the topographic conditions shall also be considered: and the correction coefficient 7 shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1 For peak and hillside, the correction coefficient shall be adopted according to the following requirements: 1) The correction coefficient at the top # may be calculated according to the following formula: =|1+«tana{1-—2_ (822 o [ ( sal