Thomas4e Test Bank 08

Instructor Resource
Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e

SAGE Publishing, 2018
Test Bank
Chapter 8: The Challenge of Multicultural Work Groups and Teams
Multiple Choice
1. Work groups are ______ that have boundaries with members who have different roles and are
dependent on each other.
A. social systems
B. task forces
C. cultural crews
D. tool groups
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Work Groups
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following is NOT one of three primary types of work groups?
A. Task forces
B. Crews
C. Committees
D. Teams
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. ______ focus on the completion of a specific project, typically within a limited time frame. The
members are selected primarily based on the task-related skills required by the group.
A. Crews
B. Teams
C. Groups
D. Task forces
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
4. ______ focus on the tools required to perform a task, and the appropriate use of the tools specifies
the interaction among group members. Tools are defined broadly to include a wide variety of
implements or devices.
A. Crews
B. Teams
C. Task forces
D. Individuals
Ans: A
Instructor Resource

5. Sofia is one of several engineers who specialize in design and are tasked with creating a new product
before the end of the fiscal year. Sofia’s group is a ______.
A. crew
B. team
C. committee
D. task force
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
6. Thomas is a member of a group charged with maintaining the landscaping outside the corporate
office. Thomas is in charge of mowing and maintaining the grass. Other members of the group maintain
other parts of the landscape. Thomas’ group is a ______.
A. crew
B. team
C. task force
D. individual
Ans: A
7. ______ are sets of people who each have specific skills and abilities and who are provided with tools
and procedures to address a team’s tasks over a long period of time.
A. Teams
B. Groups
C. Crews
D. Task forces
Ans: A
8. Maria is one of several executives for a petroleum company who are working together on corporate
financing strategies. Each member of the group has expertise in finance in different parts of the world in
which the organization operates. The relationship between members helps the group work effectively.
Maria’s group is a ______.
A. team
B. committee
C. crew
D. task force
Ans: A
Instructor Resource

9. Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of what is needed for work group effectiveness?
A. The output of the group must meet the quantity, quality, and timeliness standards of the
organization.
B. The processes employed by the group should enhance the ability of the group members to work
together.
C. The group experience should contribute to the growth and personal well-being of the group
members.
D. The group’s work must expand beyond the boundaries of the organization.
Ans: D
Answer Location: Work Group Effectiveness
Difficulty Level: Hard
10. If both a work group and the larger department of which it is a part have a strong ______, then
group diversity is more likely to have positive performance implications than otherwise.
A. group behavior
B. group diversity
C. results orientation
D. firm strategy
Ans: C
Answer Location: External Conditions
11. ______ norms in work groups specify such things as what methods and channels of communication
are important and the level of individual effort expected, and they also provide group members with
explicit guidance as to how to accomplish the task.
A. Group
B. Crew
C. Team
D. Task performance
Ans: D
Answer Location: Group Structure
12. ______ can also represent preferences among different effectiveness criteria, so that groups can be
said to have a service climate or a safety climate that influences its performance in terms of service or
safety.
A. Task performance
B. Role assignment
C. Group norms
D. Status systems
Ans: C
Instructor Resource

13. ______ can come from explicit statements made by the organization or a group’s members, critical
incidents in the group’s history, an early behavior that emerges and persists, and from other previous
group situations.
A. Status relationships
B. Group norms
C. Role expectations
D. Task performance
Ans: B
14. Which of the following is NOT a category of the effect of status systems in groups?
A. Group member’s output quality
B. Evaluations by others
C. Relationships with other group members
D. Group member’s self-esteem
Ans: A
15. Group ______ are how groups achieve their outcomes and involve such things as focusing group
effort, the dynamics that occur during group functioning, and the relationships among group members.
A. losses
B. processes
C. gains
D. systems
Ans: B
Answer Location: Group Processes
16. A ______ loss occurs when problems in communication patterns, decision processes, and conflict
reactions cause a group to fail to meet its potential
A. group
B. focus
C. conflict
D. process
Ans: D
17. A ______ gain occurs when the efforts of the group exceed that of individual members.
Instructor Resource
A. focus
B. conflict
C. process
D. group
Ans: C
18. Benjamin’s group reached an outcome that was beyond the abilities of the individual team members
but that was possible because of the efforts of the group. What Benjamin’s groups experienced was a
______ gain.
A. focus
B. conflict
C. process
D. group
Ans: C
19. ______ occurs when the norm for group consensus overrides the motivation to realistically appraise
alternative courses of action.
A. Synergy
B. Groupthink
C. Focus
D. Sugar loafing
Ans: B
20. Isabella’s team suffered a process loss because the team favored group consensus over a realistic
appraisal of alternative courses of action. Isabella’s team experienced ______.
A. synergy
B. groupthink
C. focus
D. social loafing
Ans: B
21. ______ occurs when individuals reduce their effort on group tasks expecting that other members
will do the work for them.
A. Social loafing
B. Groupthink
C. Process gain
Instructor Resource
D. Process loss
Ans: A
22. Because there are 10 people on Jaxon’s team, he reasons that he can reduce his effort on group
tasks and other members will pick up the slack. What Jaxon is doing is called ______.
A. social loafing
B. groupthink
C. group norming
D. process loss
Ans: A
23. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages through which Tuckman proposed all groups go?
A. Forming
B. Norming
C. Roaming
D. Storming
Ans: C
Answer Location: Group Processes Over Time
24. Ella is part of a newly formed project team. The team just had its first meeting at which members
introduced themselves and learned about the project. The team members are still trying to figure out
how they fit into the team. The team is at the ______ stage of group formation.
A. forming
B. storming
C. adjourning
D. norming
Ans: A
25. According to Tuckman’s stage model of groups, in the ______ stage group members just begin to
think of themselves as part of a group and might be uncertain about the group and how they fit into it.
A. forming
B. storming
C. adjourning
D. norming
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
26. According to Tuckman’s stage model of groups, in ______ stage the characteristics, attitudes, and
expectations of individuals come into conflict with the structure of the group.
A. storming
B. norming
C. forming
D. adjourning
Ans: A
27. Lily’s team has been working together for several weeks but is not getting anything accomplished as
team members try to make the team do what they want to do. The team is at the ______ stage of group
formation.
A. storming
B. norming
C. forming
D. adjourning
Ans: A
28. According to Tuckman’s stage model of groups, in the ______ stage the group agrees on the
expectations that specify the acceptable behavior of the group.
A. performing
B. storming
C. adjourning
D. norming
Ans: D
29. Adam’s team has been working together for a long time. All members of the group understand what
is expected of them. The team is at the ______ stage of group formation.
A. performing
B. storming
C. adjourning
D. norming
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
30. According to Tuckman’s stage model of groups, in the ______ stage the efforts of the group shift to
accomplishing the task at hand.
A. adjourning
B. performing
C. norming
D. forming
Ans: B
31. Daniel’s team has worked through many of its conflicts, understands expectations and has shifted its
efforts to accomplishing the task at hand. The team is at the ______ stage of group formation.
A. adjourning
B. performing
C. norming
D. forming
Ans: B
32. According to Tuckman’s stage model of groups, task forces and crews would proceed to the ______
stage once the task was completed.
A. forming
B. performing
C. adjourning
D. storming
Ans: C
33. Isla’s team has completed its task. It is now ready for the ______ stage of group formation.
A. forming
B. performing
C. adjourning
D. storming
Ans: C
34. In the ______ model of group development, the group sets its direction at the first meeting and this
pattern of behavior and approach to the task become firmly adhered to for the first one half of the
group’s existence.
A. punctuated equilibrium
B. temporal rhythms
Instructor Resource
C. virtual globe teams

D. face-to-face interactions
Ans: A
35. In the ______ model of group development, a transition seems to occur at about the midway point
between the first meeting and the official deadline at which point the group seems to get a wake-up call
and drops the previous patterns of behavior and perspectives in favor of a new direction and enhanced
activity.
A. face-to-face interactions
B. virtual globe teams
C. temporal rhythms
D. punctuated equilibrium
Ans: D
36. Which of the following is NOT one of the classifications of group tasks provided by Jackson?
A. Group maintenance tasks
B. Cognitive or intellective tasks
C. Creative idea generation and decision-making tasks
D. Clearly defined production tasks
Ans: A
Answer Location: Group Task
37. According to Jackson’s model of group tasks, ______ tasks require motor skills, and some objective
standard of performance is assumed to exist.
A. intellective
B. decision-making
C. production
D. cognitive
Ans: C
38. According to Jackson’s model of group tasks, ______ tasks are problem-solving tasks with a correct
answer
A. production
B. intellective
C. decision-making
D. creative idea
Ans: B
Instructor Resource

39. According to Jackson’s model of group tasks, ______ tasks are involved with reaching consensus on
the best solution to a problem.
A. decision-making
B. production
C. intellective
D. cognitive
Ans: A
40. Which of the following is NOT a classification of group composition on a particular dimension?
A. Homogeneous
B. Heterogeneous
C. Minority–majority
D. Routine
Ans: D
Answer Location: Group Composition
41. ______ groups consist of groups in which one or a few members are different on the dimension of
interest.
A. Minority–majority
B. Routine
C. Homogeneous
D. Heterogeneous
Ans: A
42. In group composition, ______ in observable attributes is generally found to have a negative effect on
affective outcomes, such as identification with the group and satisfaction.
A. homogeneity
B. heterogeneity
C. minority–majority
D. diversity
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
43. In group composition, group ______ on underlying attributes, such as skills and tenure in the
organization, has a direct relationship to the level of process losses suffered by the group.
A. minority–majority
B. heterogeneity
C. homogeneity
D. routine
Ans: B
44. In group composition, group ______ on task-related abilities and skills is often positively related to
group performance on the tasks typically found in organizations, particularly if group processes are
carefully controlled.
A. routine
B. heterogeneity
C. homogeneity
D. minority–majority
Ans: B
45. In group composition, ______ work groups probably have a higher performance potential but also a
higher tendency to suffer process losses.
A. homogeneous
B. minority–majority
C. heterogeneous
D. routine
Ans: C
46. Research on the special case of ______ groups has tended to focus on the influence of minority
members on the majority.
A. heterogeneous
B. minority–majority
C. homogeneous
D. routine
Ans: B
47. Which of the following is NOT one of the general types of mechanisms through which the cultural
backgrounds of a work group’s members affect the way they function?
A. Cultural diversity
Instructor Resource
B. Relative cultural difference

C. Cultural norms
D. Cultural training
Ans: D
Answer Location: Culture’s Influence on Work Groups
48. In ______, the orientations of the specific cultures represented in the group toward the functioning
of groups, are a mechanism through which the cultural backgrounds of work group members affect the
way groups function.
A. cultural diversity
B. relative cultural difference
C. cultural training
D. cultural norms
Ans: D
49. In ______, the number of different cultures represented in the group are a mechanism through
which the cultural backgrounds of work group members affect the way groups function.
A. relative cultural difference
B. cultural diversity
C. cultural norms
D. cultural training
Ans: B
50. In ______, the extent to which group members are culturally different from each other are a
mechanism through which the cultural backgrounds of work group members affect the way groups
function.
A. relative cultural distance
B. cultural norms
C. cultural diversity
D. cultural training
Ans: A
51. ______ does not occur among collectivists because they bring their norms for placing group goals
ahead of their own interest to the work group situation.
A. Vertical dissonance
B. Faultlines
C. Social loafing
Instructor Resource
D. Behavior expectation
Ans: C
Answer Location: Cultural Norms
52. ______ occur when group members fall into two, nonoverlapping cultural categories, as opposed to
many cultures and individuals sometimes identify more strongly with their cultural subgroup than with
the task group as a whole.
A. Subgroups
B. Overlaps
C. Faultlines
D. Diversity
Ans: C
Answer Location: Cultural Diversity
53. ______ cause cultural subgroup favoritism and negatively affects information flow across subgroup
boundaries.
A. Faultlines
B. Diversity
C. Overlaps
D. Homogeneity
Ans: A
54. Half of the members of Lisa’s work group are older American, while the other half of the group is
made up of younger women immigrants. It is likely a(n) ______ will form in this group.
A. overlap
B. faultline
C. hybrid
D. favoritism
Ans: B
55. The norms of the ______ culture, made up of selected norms of the group members, override the
conflicting norms brought to the group by individuals.
A. hybrid
B. overlap
C. subgroup
D. conflict
Ans: A
Instructor Resource

56. Because the nature of the interaction of ______ is through the tools that they use, who the
members are as people is of little importance to the functioning of the group.
A. subgroups
B. crews
C. hybrids
D. faultlines
Ans: B
Answer Location: Culture’s Effect in Different Group Structures and Tasks
57. Which of the following does NOT affect the preference for face-to-face communication as compared
to use of electronic media for work groups?
A. The goals of the parties communicating
B. How easy the electronic media are to use
C. Location of face-to-face meeting
D. The complexity or ambiguity of the task that they are doing
Ans: C
Answer Location: Communication
58. Where there is a lag between one message being sent and another received, communication is
______.
A. synchronous
B. ambiguous
C. complex
D. asynchronous
Ans: D
Answer Location: Communication
59. Culture might be a less ______ dimension in virtual groups because of the lack of evidence of cultural
differences.
A. complex
B. diverse
C. salient
D. ambiguous
Ans: C
Answer Location: Relationship Building and Conflict Management
Instructor Resource
60. The fact that members of virtual teams may have little in the way of shared ______ makes the
development of team identity more difficult.
A. diversity
B. context
C. respect
D. complexity
Ans: B
Answer Location: Relationship Building and Conflict Management
61. The degree of ______ and urgency influence the frequency of communication required in virtual
teams.
A. task interdependence
B. task strategy
C. tolerance of ambiguity
D. interaction norms
Ans: A
Answer Location: Task Management
62. ______ knowledge is more easily transferred in the absence of shared background and experience in
virtual teams
A. Continuous
B. Virtual
C. Task
D. Explicit
Ans: D
63. Which of the following is NOT one of the key organizational factors that influence the ability of work
groups to handle technological and geographic issues?
A. Extent to which individual rewards come from the group
B. Status afforded the group
C. Level of management support
D. Internal leadership of the group
Ans: D
64. The success of globally dispersed teams is likely to be greater when management has fostered an
organizational culture that supports ______.
A. external focus
B. diversity
Instructor Resource
C. flexibility over control

D. group cohesiveness
Ans: C
Answer Location: Management Support
65. One study of culturally diverse teams found that the extent to which individuals derived their ______
from the team was positively related to both team performance and team member attitudes.
A. rewards
B. focus
C. commitment
D. confidence
Ans: A
Answer Location: Group-Level Rewards
66. Team members in ______ cultures are likely to be more comfortable with team-based rewards,
which depend on the level of individual contribution.
A. individualist
B. collectivist
C. internal focus
D. external focus
Ans: A
67. Team members in ______ cultures are likely to be more comfortable with team-based rewards in
which all group members share equally in group rewards.
A. individualist
B. virtual
C. collectivist
D. hybrid
Ans: C
68. The status of work groups might have a great influence on the feelings of self-worth, confidence,
group potency, and desire to work in the group for ______.
A. collectivists
B. individualists
C. virtualists
D. internalists
Ans: B
Instructor Resource
Answer Location: Work Group Status

69. The status of work groups might have a little influence on the feelings of self-worth, confidence,
group potency, and desire to work in the group for ______.
A. individualists
B. collectivists
C. externalists
D. virtualists
Ans: B
Answer Location: Work Group Status
70. ______ training is important when work group activities and tasks cannot be specified in advance
and when individuals can have different assumptions about how the work group should operate.
A. Communication
B. Confidence
C. Interaction skills
D. Cross-cultural
Ans: C
Answer Location: Training
71. ______ training has been found to be effective in improving interaction processes, trust, and
commitment in virtual team environments.
A. Interaction skills
B. Confidence
C. Cross-cultural
D. Communication
Ans: D
72. ______ training has the objective of bringing the expectations of individuals from different cultural
backgrounds in line with the reality of working in a multicultural context.
A. Cross-cultural
B. Interaction skills
C. Communication
D. Confidence
Ans: A
Instructor Resource
73. The argument for ______ work groups stems from the idea that the benefits of group work are
related to the delegation of a substantial amount of authority to the work group or team.
A. self-managing
B. virtual
C. performance
D. hybrid
Ans: A
Answer Location: Self-Management
74. ______ activities by a work group involve experimentation, innovation, and divergent thinking.
A. Convergent
B. Exploration
C. Cultural
D. Divergent
Ans: B
Answer Location: Broad Evaluation Criteria
75. ______ activities by a work group involve production, efficiency, and convergent thinking.
A. Exploration
B. Divergent
C. Convergent
D. Exploitation
Ans: D
76. Exploration activities by a work group are encouraged by ______ performance criteria.
A. homogenous
B. shallow
C. broad
D. hybrid
Ans: C
77. On MacKenzie’s team, the group goals have transcended the individual differences of group
members. The goals are now ______ goals.
A. task
B. divergent
C. superordinate
D. focus
Ans: C
Instructor Resource

Answer Location: Common Purpose
True or False
1. Work groups are social systems that have boundaries with members who have different roles and are
dependent on each other.
Ans: T
2. Group members bring two types of resources to groups: personal attributes, including personality,
values, and attitudes, and their skills and abilities, both technical and social.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Group Member Resources
3. If a group is structured as a crew, it focuses on the completion of a specific project, typically within a
limited time frame.
Ans: F
4. If a group is structured as a crew, it focuses on the tools required to perform a task, and the
appropriate use of the tools specifies the interaction among group members.
Ans: T
5. If a group is structured as an organizational team, it focuses on the interrelationships among the

group members.
Ans: T
6. In the storming stage of group development, group members just begin to think of themselves as part
of a group and might be uncertain about the group and how they fit into it.
Ans: F
Instructor Resource
7. In the norming stage of group development, the group agrees on the expectations that specify the
acceptable behavior (norms) of the group.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Group Processes over Time
8. In the performing stage of group development, the efforts of the group shift to accomplishing the task
at hand.
Ans: T
9. Minority–majority groups consist of groups in which one or a few members are different on the
dimension of interest.
Ans: T
10. Cultural diversity has been shown to have both positive and negative effects on work group
effectiveness.
Ans: T
11. The success of globally dispersed teams is likely to be greater when management has fostered an
organizational culture that supports flexibility over control and an external focus over an internal focus.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Management Support
12. Work groups with high degrees of interpersonal interaction, such as teams, will be more susceptible
to both the process losses and process gains produced by cultural differences among members.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Work Group Task and Structure
13. Multicultural work groups often take longer to reach their potential than do homogeneous work
groups.
Ans: T
Instructor Resource
Completion (Fill in the Blank)

1. ______ focus on the completion of a specific project, typically within a limited time frame. The
Ans: Task forces
2. ______ focus on the tools required to perform a task, and the appropriate use of the tools specifies
the interaction among group members. Tools are defined broadly to include a wide variety of
implements or devices.
Ans: Crews
3. ______norms in work groups specify such things as what methods and channels of communication
are important and the level of individual effort expected, and they also provide group members with
explicit guidance as to how to accomplish the task.
Ans: Task performance
4. ______ can also represent preferences among different effectiveness criteria, so that groups can be
said to have a service climate or a safety climate that influences its performance in terms of service or
safety.
Ans: Group norms
5. ______ occurs when the norm for group consensus overrides the motivation to realistically appraise
alternative courses of action.
Ans: groupthink
6. ______ occurs when individuals reduce their effort on group tasks expecting that other members will
do the work for them.
Ans: Social loafing
Instructor Resource
7. In the ______ model of group development, the group sets its direction at the first meeting and this
pattern of behavior and approach to the task become firmly adhered to for the first one-half of the
group’s existence.
Ans: punctuated equilibrium
9. ______ groups consist of groups in which one or a few members are different on the dimension of
interest.
Ans: Minority–majority
10. ______ occur when group members fall into two, nonoverlapping cultural categories, as opposed to
many cultures and individuals sometimes identify more strongly with their cultural subgroup than with
the task group as a whole.
Ans: Faultlines
Essay
1. Describe the three work group structures that need managing in intercultural organizational groups.
Ans: Task forces focus on the completion of a specific project, typically within a limited time frame. The
Crews focus on the tools required to perform a task, and the appropriate use of the tools specifies the
interaction among group members. Tools are defined broadly to include a wide variety of implements or
devices.
Organizational teams focus on the interrelationships among the group members. Teams are sets of
people who each have specific skills and abilities and who are provided with tools and procedures to
address a team’s tasks over a long period of time.
2. Describe how group behavior is influenced by the organization to which the group belongs.
Ans: The strategy of the organization, the authority structures, and regulations employed to implement
that strategy determine which groups in organizations get resources and dictate the type of behavior
that receives rewards.
Answer Location: External Conditions
3. Describe how the cultural composition of work groups affects the way they function.
Instructor Resource
Ans: The cultural backgrounds of a work group’s members affect the way they function through three
general types of mechanisms:
 Cultural norms: the orientations of the specific cultures represented in the group toward the
functioning of groups
 Cultural diversity: the number of different cultures represented in the group
 Relative cultural distance: the extent to which group members are culturally different from each
other
These mechanisms are interrelated, but each affects the way groups operate in different ways.
4. How do the group task and the structure of the group influence the extent to which cultural
composition has an effect in work groups?
Ans: Group tasks that allow little employee discretion are not sensitive to variations among group
members, and are not controlled by the group offer very limited opportunities for the characteristics of
group members to influence outcomes. Therefore, routine production tasks generally offer less
opportunity for the effects of cultural composition (either positive or negative) than would creative idea
generation and decision-making tasks.
Crews, task forces, and teams differ in the importance of member composition to their functioning.
Because the nature of the interaction of crews is through the tools that they use, who the members are
as people is of little importance to the functioning of the group. The structure of a team makes it very
sensitive to member differences. These groups require highly developed intermember relationships and
are therefore very sensitive to cultural differences among group members. For task forces, the effects of
group composition are less clear. However, in this case cultural diversity might be more important than
for crews but less important than for teams. Because task forces are temporary and project focused,
member interactions are limited in both intensity and time.
Answer Location: Culture’s Effect on Different Group Structures and Tasks
5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of global virtual teams.

Ans: Answer should mention communication, task management, and relationship building and conflict
management.
The use of electronic media allows firms to build work groups with optimum membership without
regard for the restrictions of time and space. However, the ability of these work groups to work
effectively requires overcoming the additional barriers presented by the discontinuity among group
members and by electronic mediation. Global virtual teams seem to perform best when they use a
coordination mechanism that accommodates both the time frames and interdependence required by
the task, they have participation norms that allow the skills, abilities, and knowledge of group members
to be leveraged, and they develop a strong group identity and trust among group members.

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Instructor Resource

Thomas/Peterson, Cross-Cultural Management, 4e

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Work Groups

Answer Location: Group Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

C. virtual globe teams

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

B. Relative cultural difference

Answer Location: Cultural Diversity

C. flexibility over control

Answer Location: Work Group Status

Cognitive Domain: Application

5. If a group is structured as an organizational team, it focuses on the interrelationships among the

Completion (Fill in the Blank)

5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of global virtual teams.

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