COVENANT UNIVERSITY

Course Title: Applied Computer Programming II

Course Code: GEC 225
Omega Semester
2022/2023

Lecturers: Prof. E. Adetiba, Mrs Temitope Takpor,

Engr. (Mrs) A.H. Ifijeh, Miss Omolola Ademola
MODULE 1:
Revision (Data Types
and Program
Structures) And
Decision Making in C
Revision (Data
Types and
Program
Structures)
Revision of Programming Steps

The following steps are involved when a computer program is used to solve a problem.
i) Analyze the problem
ii) Identify the variables involved
iii) Design the solution
iv) Write the program
v) Enter it into a computer
vi) Compile the program and correct errors
vii) Correct the logical errors if any
viii) Test the program with data
ix) Document the program
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Declaring A Variable

◦ Declaration
◦ The name of a variable may be any valid identifier.
◦ An identifier is the formal programming term for a word that can be used to name
something.
◦ In C, identifiers may be any length, and can contain letters, numbers, and
underscores (_).
◦ They may only start with a letter or an underscore (not a number)
◦ They are case-sensitive (meaning that abc is different from Abc and ABC is different
from both of them).
◦ The variable declaration ends with a semicolon—which is used to end many
statements in C.
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Declaring A Variable

This figure shows a variable declaration

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Assigning a Variable

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Expressions with Common Operators

◦ Mathematical operators, such as +, –, *, and / are used to carry out arithmetic

operations.
◦ For example, 7 + 3 evaluates to 10 and 4 * 6 + 9 * 3 evaluates to 51.
◦ These operators have the standard rules of precedence—multiplication and
division occur before addition and subtraction

◦ Another common operator which you may not be as familiar with is the modulus
operator, %. The modulus operator evaluates to the remainder when dividing the
first operand by the second.
◦ That is a % b (read “a modulus b”, or “a mod b” for short) is the remainder when a
is divided by b. For example, 19 % 5 = 4 because 19 / 5 = 3 with a remainder of 4
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Expressions with Common Operators

◦ A statement such as x = x + 1;
◦ The statement above is quite common in programming.
◦ The statement means to take current value of x, add 1 to it, and update x’s value
to whatever that result is.

Example:
int a;
int b;
a = 5;
b = a % 2 - (a + 1) / 2;

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1.0 Decision
Making in C
 OUTLINE

1.0 Decision Making in C

1.1 Decision Making in C: If Statement

1.2 Decision Making in C: If…Else Statement

1.3 Decision Making in C: Nested If Statement

1.4 Decision Making in C – Case Control Statement

1.4.1 Decision Making in C – Case Control Statement: Switch Case Statement in C

1.4.2 Decision Making in C – Case Control Statement: Break Statement in C

1.4.3 Decision Making in C – Case Control Statement: Continue Statement in C

1.4.4Decision Making in C – Case Control Statement: GOTO Statement in C

Decision Making in C

Decision making is about deciding the order of execution of

statements based on certain conditions or repetition of a
group of statements until certain specified conditions are met.

C programming language assumes:

any non-zero and non-null either zero or null, then is
values as true, assumed as false value.

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Decision Making in C

Decision making structures requires that:

• one or more conditions is to be evaluated or tested by the

program, while

• A statement(s) is/are to be executed if the condition is

determined to be true or false.

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Decision Making in C

C language handles decision-making by supporting the following

statements,
• if statement
• if...else statement
• nested if statements
• switch statement
• nested switch statements

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Decision Making in C

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1.1 If Statement
Decision Making in C: If Statement

If the expression is true, then

'statement-inside' will be
executed,

Otherwise
'statement-inside' is skipped and
only 'statement-outside' is
executed.

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Decision Making in C: If Statement

Example Program for If Statement in C:

1#include<stdio.h>
2 int main()
2 {
3 int m=40,n=40;
4 if (m == n)
5 {
6 printf("m and n are equal");
7 }
8}
OUTPUT: m and n are equal 18
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1.2 If…Else
Statement
Decision Making in C: If…Else Statement

In if else control statement,

• group of statements are executed when
condition is true.
• However, If condition is false, then else part of
the statements are executed.

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Example Program for If…Else Statement in C

OUTPUT: m and n are not equal

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 Decision Making in C: If…Else Statement
The Ternary Operator ?
Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;
Where: Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions.
It can be read as – If Exp1 then Exp2 otherwise Exp3
The outcome of the the expression is determined by:
• Exp1 is evaluated. If it is true, then Exp2 becomes the
result.
• If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 becomes the result.
E.g.
6 == 4? 1:0 // Evaluate 0 since 6 is not equal to 5
Interpret the following?
6>=4?1:0 //

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1.3 Nested If
Statement
Decision Making in C: Nested If Statement

In “nested if” control statement:

• if condition 1 is false, then condition 2 is checked and

statements are executed if it is true.
• If condition 2 is also false, then else part is executed.

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main() Example Program for Nested If Statement
{
int a;
in C:
printf (“enter a number”);
scanf(“%d”,&a); Note:
if(a%5==0 && a%8==0)
The scanf() function in C is a powerful tool for reading
{
printf(“divisible by both 5 and 8”); input from the user or from a file and storing it in
} variables.
else if(a%8==00 && a%5!=0)
{ When you use the printf family of functions in C
printf(“divisible by 8”); programming to print a formatted string, these functions
} use a percent sign ( % ) to indicate the beginning of a
else if(a%5==00 && a%8!=0) format specifier.
{ For example, %d means to print an int , and %u means to
printf(“divisible by 5”);
print an unsigned int .
}
else
{ The & is a unary operator in C which returns the
printf(“divisible by none”); memory address of the passed operand. This is also
} known as address of operator, and the value of operator.
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getch();
}
 Class Exercise 1
Questions

Write a simple C program to calculate the area of a circle using

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 Area of a Circle

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int radius;
float area;
radius = 6;

area = 3.14*radius*radius;
printf("Area of the Circle = %f square inches\n", area);

return(0);
}

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 Questions

What is the output of

this program?

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 Questions

What is the output of

this program?

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 Questions

What is the output of this

program?

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1.4 Case Control
Statement
 Decision Making in C – Case Control Statement

The statements which are used to execute only specific

block of statements in a series of blocks are called case
control statements.

There are 4 types of case control statements in C

language.
i) switch
ii) break
iii) continue
iv) goto
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Decision Making in C – Case Control Statements

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 1.4.1 Switch Case Statement in C:

Switch case statements are used to execute only specific case statements based on the
switch expression.

Syntax for switch case statement.

switch (expression)
{
case label1: statements;
break;
case label2: statements;
break;
case label3: statements;
break;
default: statements;
break;
} Friday, March 31, 2023
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Switch Case Statement in C:

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 Switch Case Statement in C:

Rules for applying switch

• With switch statement use only byte, short, int, char data types.
• You can use any number of case statements within a switch.
• Value for a case must be same as the variable in switch.

Limitations of switch
• Relational operators cannot be used with switch statement. For
instance
case k>=20: //is not allowed
• Switch case variables can have only int and char data types, so float data
type is not allowed.
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Example Program for Switch…Case Statement in C:

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Example Program for Switch…Case Statement in C:

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 1.4.2. Break Statement in C

Break statement is used to terminate the while loops,

switch case and for loops from the subsequent
execution.
• Syntax: break;

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Break Statement in C:

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 Break Statement in C:
Class Exercise 2
Give the output of this C program

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Break Statement in C:

Result of Exercise 2

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15

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 1.4.3. Continue Statement in C

Continue statement is used to continue the next iteration of for loop, while
loop and do-while loops.
Hence, the remaining statements are skipped within the loop for that particular
iteration.
• Syntax : continue;

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Continue Statement in C: EXAMPLE
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Continue Statement in C:

Class Exercise 3
Give the output of the following
program

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Continue Statement in C:

Output Values for Exercise 3

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19
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1.4.4. GOTO Statement in C

goto statements is used to transfer the normal flow of a

program to the specified label in the program.
Syntax for goto statement
{
…….
go to label;
…….
…….
LABEL:
statements;
}

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GOTO Statement in C: EXAMPLE

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 GOTO Statement in C:
Class Exercise 4
Give the output of the following program

Output Value for Exercise 3

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

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 Module-1 Assignment
A) Write C program for the following tasks:
1) Check Whether an Integer is Prime or Not
2) Check Whether a Number is Even or Odd
3) Check Whether a Character is Vowel or consonant
4) Check Whether the Entered Year is Leap Year or Not
5) Check Whether a Number is Positive or Negative or Zero.

B) Develop a Simple Calculator to Add, Subtract, Multiply or Divide any given

number using switch...case in C language.

Note: Module-1 Assignment codes and output are to be submitted on the

Moodle Platform latest before next class.
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Thank You All for Listening