INDEX

S.N Practical Topic Page No. Date Sign

O
1 C++ Program to create multiple
objects of a class

1
2
C++ Program to create multiple objects of class

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student {
public:
int rollNo;
string stdName;
float perc;
};

int main()
{
cout << "This Program is written by Akhil Suryan" << "\n";
Student std1, std2;
std1.rollNo = 101;
std1.stdName = "Akhil Suryan";
std1.perc = 89.99f;
std2.rollNo = 102;
std2.stdName = "Himanshu Kumar ";
std2.perc = 93.50f;

cout << "student 1..."

<< "\n";
cout << "Student's Roll No.: " << std1.rollNo << "\n";
cout << "Student's Name: " << std1.stdName << "\n";
cout << "Student's Percentage: " << std1.perc << "\n";

cout << "student 2..."

<< "\n";
cout << "Student's Roll No.: " << std2.rollNo << "\n";
cout << "Student's Name: " << std2.stdName << "\n";
cout << "Student's Percentage: " << std2.perc << "\n";

3
 return 0;
}

Output

4
C++ program to create class methods and how to access the
class methods outside of the class

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Calculator {
public:
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
int subtract(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "This Program is written by Akhil Suryan" << "\n";
Calculator myCalculator;
int sum = myCalculator.add(10,20 );
int difference = myCalculator.subtract(13, 4);
std::cout << "Sum: " << sum << std::endl;
std::cout << "Difference: " << difference << std::endl;
return 0;
}

5
OUTPUT

6
C++ program to define a class method outside the class definition.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Sample {
public:
void printText1();
void printText2();
void printValue(int value);
};

void Sample::printText1()
{
cout << "Hey!!!\n";
}
void Sample::printText2()
{
cout << "Let's learn together\n";
}
void Sample::printValue(int value)
{
cout << "value is: " << value << "\n";
}

int main()
{
cout << "This program is made by Akhil Suryan\n";
Sample obj;
obj.printText1();
obj.printText2();
obj.printValue(737);
return 0;

7
Output

8
C++ program to assign values to the private data members

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student {

private:
int rollNo;
string stdName;
float perc;

public:
void setValue()
{
rollNo = 73
7;
stdName = "Akhil Suryan";
perc = 98.0f;
}
void printValue()
{
cout << "Student's Roll No.: " << rollNo << "\n";
cout << "Student's Name: " << stdName << "\n";
cout << "Student's Percentage: " << perc << "\n";
}
};
int main()
{
cout << "This program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
Student std;
std.setValue();
9
 std.printValue();

return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to create class to read and add two

distance

10
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Distance {
private:
int feet;
int inch;

public:
Distance();
void getDist();
void showDist();
Distance addDist(Distance d2);
Distance subDist(Distance d2);
};

Distance::Distance()
{
feet = 0;
inch = 0;
}

void Distance::getDist()
{
cout << "Enter Value of feets : ";
cin >> feet;
cout << "Enter value of inches : ";
cin >> inch;

inch = (inch >= 12) ? 12 : inch;}

void Distance::showDist()
{
cout << endl
<< "\tFeets : " << feet;
cout << endl
<< "\tInches: " << inch;
}

11
Distance Distance::addDist(Distance d2)
{
Distance temp;

temp.feet = feet + d2.feet;

temp.inch = inch + d2.inch;

if (temp.inch >= 12) {

temp.feet++;
temp.inch -= 12;
}
return temp;
}

Distance Distance::subDist(Distance d2)

{
Distance temp;

temp.feet = feet - d2.feet;

temp.inch = inch - d2.inch;

if (temp.inch < 0) {
temp.feet--;
temp.inch = 12 + temp.inch;
}
return temp;}
int main()
{
cout << "This program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
Distance d1;
Distance d2;
Distance d3;
Distance d4;

cout << "Enter Distance1 : " << endl;

d1.getDist();

12
 cout << "Enter Distance2 : " << endl;
d2.getDist();

d3 = d1.addDist(d2);

cout << endl

<< "Distance1 : ";
d1.showDist();

cout << endl

<< "Distance2 : ";
d2.showDist();

cout << endl

<< "Distance3 : ";
d3.showDist();

cout << endl;

return 0;
}

Output

13
C++ program to create class to get and print details
of students

14
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class student {
private:
char name[30];
int rollNo;
int total;
float perc;

public:
void getDetails(void);
void putDetails(void);
};
void student::getDetails(void)
{
cout << "Enter name: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Enter roll number: ";
cin >> rollNo;
cout << "Enter total marks outof 500: ";
cin >> total;

perc = (float)total / 500 * 100;

}
void student::putDetails(void)
{
cout << "Student details:\n";
cout << "Name:" << name << ",Roll Number:" << rollNo <<
",Total:" << total << ",Percentage:" << perc;}
int main()
{
cout << "This Program ks Written by Akhil Suryan\n";
student std;

std.getDetails();
std.putDetails();

15
 return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to calculate the area of a wall by

default constructor.

16
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class CRectArea
{
private:
int length;
int breadth;
public:
CRectArea (int,int);

int areaofrect ()
{
return (length * breadth);
}
int length1()
{
return length;
}

int breadth1()
{
return breadth;
}
};
CRectArea::CRectArea(int x, int y)
{
length = x;
breadth = y;
}

int main ()
{
CRectArea myrectangle (5,10);
cout<<"This Program is Written by Akhil Suryan\n";
cout<<"The Length of Wall :: "<<myrectangle.length1()<<"\n";
cout<<"\nThe Breadth of Wall :: "<<myrectangle.breadth1()<<"\
n";

17
 cout << "\nThe area of Wall is :: " << myrectangle.areaofrect()<<
endl;
return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to calculate the area of a wall by

Parameterized Constructor.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
18
class Test {
public:
int l, w, area;
Test(int length, int width) {
l = length;
w = width;
}
void findArea() {
area = l * w;
}
void display() {
cout << "Area of rectangle is:" << area;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "This program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
int length, width;
cout << "Enter length of rectangle:";
cin >> length;
cout << "Enter width of rectangle:";
cin>>width;
Test obj(length, width);
obj.findArea();
obj.display();

return 0;
}

Output

19
C++ program to calculate the area of a wall by
copy Constructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
20
class Wall {
private:
double length;
double height;

public:
Wall(double len, double hgt) {
length = len;
height = hgt;
}
Wall(Wall &obj) {
length = obj.length;
height = obj.height;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * height;
}
};
int main() {
Wall wall1(10.5, 8.6);
Wall wall2 = wall1;
cout << "This Program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
cout << "Area of Wall 1: " << wall1.calculateArea() << endl;
cout << "Area of Wall 2: " << wall2.calculateArea();

return 0;
}

OUTPUT

21
C++ Program to calculate Volume of Cube using
constructor

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
22
class Cube {
private:
double side;

public:
Cube(double s) {
side = s;
}

double calculateVolume() {
return side * side * side;
}
};

int main() {
cout << "This Program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
double sideLength;
std::cout << "Enter the side length of the cube: ";
std::cin >> sideLength;

Cube cube(sideLength);

double volume = cube.calculateVolume();

std::cout << "Volume of the cube: " << volume << std::endl;

return 0;
}

OUTPUT

23
C++ Program to determine the area of Rectangle using
constructor

24
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle {
private:
double length;
double width;

public:
Rectangle(double len, double wid) {
length = len;
width = wid;
}
double calculateArea() {
return length * width;
}
};

int main() {
cout << "This program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
double length, width;
std::cout << "Enter length of rectangle: ";
std::cin >> length;
std::cout << "Enter width of rectangle: ";
std::cin >> width;
Rectangle rectangle(length, width);

std::cout << "Area of the rectangle is: " <<

rectangle.calculateArea() << std::endl;

return 0;
}

Output

25
C++ Program to enter student details by passing
Parameters to constructors

26
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Student {
private:
std::string name;
int age;
double grade;

public:
Student(const std::string& n, int a, double g) {
name = n;
age = a;
grade = g;
}

void displayDetails() {
std::cout << "Name: " << name << std::endl;
std::cout << "Age: " << age << std::endl;
std::cout << "Grade: " << grade << std::endl;
}
};

int main() {
std::string name;
int age;
double grade;
cout << "This Program is Written by Akhil Suryan \n";
std::cout << "Enter student name: ";
std::getline(std::cin, name);
std::cout << "Enter student age: ";
std::cin >> age;
std::cout << "Enter student grade: ";
std::cin >> grade;
Student student(name, age, grade);

27
 std::cout << "Student Details:" << std::endl;
student.displayDetails();
return 0;
}

Output

C++ Program to Show overload Constructor Example

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

28
using namespace std;
class Student {
private:
std::string name;
int age;
double grade;
public:
Student() {
name = "Unknown";
age = 0;
grade = 0.0;
}

Student(const std::string& n) {
name = n;
age = 0;
grade = 0.0;
}

Student(const std::string& n, int a, double g) {

name = n;
age = a;
grade = g;
}

void displayDetails() {
std::cout << "Name: " << name << std::endl;
std::cout << "Age: " << age << std::endl;
std::cout << "Grade: " << grade << std::endl;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "This program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
Student student1;
Student student2("Alice");
Student student3("Bob", 18, 85.5);

std::cout << "Student 1 Details:" << std::endl;

student1.displayDetails();
std::cout << std::endl;

29
 std::cout << "Student 2 Details:" << std::endl;
student2.displayDetails();
std::cout << std::endl;

std::cout << "Student 3 Details:" << std::endl;

student3.displayDetails();

return 0;
}

Output

C++ Program to calculate Volume of Box using

constructor

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Box {

30
private:
double length;
double width;
double height;

public:
Box(double len, double wid, double hei) {
length = len;
width = wid;
height = hei;
}
double calculateVolume() {
return length * width * height;
}
};

int main() {
cout << "This Program is written by Akhil Suryan\n";
double length, width, height;
std::cout << "Enter length of box: ";
std::cin >> length;
std::cout << "Enter width of box: ";
std::cin >> width;
std::cout << "Enter height of box: ";
std::cin >> height;
Box box(length, width, height);
std::cout << "Volume of the box is: " << box.calculateVolume() <<
std::endl;

return 0;}

Output

31
C++ Program to demonstrate example of simple inheritance

#include <iostream>

32
using namespace std;

// Base Class
class A {
public:
void Afun(void);
};

// Function definiion
void A::Afun(void)
{
cout << "I'm the body of Afun()..." << endl;
}

// Derived Class
class B : public A {
public:
void Bfun(void);
};
// Function definition
void B::Bfun(void)
{
cout << "I'm the body of Bfun()..." << endl;
}

int main()
{
// Create object of derived class - class B
B objB;

// Now, we can access the function of class A (Base class)

objB.Afun();
objB.Bfun();

return 0;
}

Output

33
34
C++ Program to demonstrate example of private simple inheritance

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
private:
int a;

protected:
int x;
public:
void setVal(int v)
{
x = v;
}
};
class B : private A {
public:
void printVal(void)
{
setVal(10);
cout << "value of x: " << x << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
B objB;
objB.printVal();
return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to demonstrate example of Protected simple inheritance

35
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base {
private:
int pvt = 1;
protected:
int prot = 2;
public:
int pub = 3;
int getPVT() {
return pvt;
}
};
class ProtectedDerived : protected Base {
public:
int getProt() {
return prot;
}
int getPub() {
return pub;
}
};
int main() {
ProtectedDerived object1;
cout << "Private cannot be accessed." << endl;
cout << "Protected = " << object1.getProt() << endl;
cout << "Public = " << object1.getPub() << endl;
return 0;
}

Output

C++ Program to read and print student’s information using two classes
and simple inheritance

#include <iostream>
36
using namespace std;
class std_basic_info {
private:
char name[30];
int age;
char gender;

public:
void getBasicInfo(void);
void putBasicInfo(void);
};
void std_basic_info::getBasicInfo(void)
{
cout << "Enter student's basic information:" << endl;
cout << "Name?: ";
cin >> name;
cout << "Age?: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "Gender?: ";
cin >> gender;
}
void std_basic_info::putBasicInfo(void)
{
cout << "Name: " << name << ",Age: " << age << ",Gender: " << gender <<
endl;
}
class std_result_info : public std_basic_info {
private:
int totalM;
float perc;
char grade;
public:
void getResultInfo(void);
void putResultInfo(void);
};

void std_result_info::getResultInfo(void)
{
cout << "Enter student's result information:" << endl;
cout << "Total Marks from 500? ";

37
 cin >> totalM;
perc = (float)((totalM * 100) / 500);
cout << "Grade?: ";
cin >> grade;
}

void std_result_info::putResultInfo(void)
{
cout << "Total Marks: " << totalM << ",Percentage: " << perc << ",Grade: "
<< grade << endl;
}

int main()
{
std_result_info std;
std.getBasicInfo();
std.getResultInfo();
std.putBasicInfo();
std.putResultInfo();
return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to demonstrate example of multilevel inheritance

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
38
class A {
private:
int a;
public:
void get_a(int val_a)
{
a = val_a;
}
void disp_a(void)
{
cout << "Value of a: " << a << endl;
}
};
class B : public A {
private:
int b;
public:
void get_b(int val_a, int val_b)
{
get_a(val_a);
b = val_b;
}
void disp_b(void)
{
disp_a();
cout << "Value of b: " << b << endl;
}
};
class C : public B {
private:
int c;
public:
void get_c(int val_a, int val_b, int val_c)
{
get_b(val_a, val_b);
c = val_c;
}

void disp_c(void)
{
disp_b();
cout << "Value of c: " << c << endl;

39
 }
};
int main()
{
C objC;
objC.get_c(10, 20, 30);
objC.disp_c();
return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to read and print employee information using multilevel

inheritance

#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
40
using namespace std;
class basicInfo {
protected:
char name[30];
int empId;
char gender;
public:
void getBasicInfo(void)
{
cout << "Enter Name: ";
cin.getline(name, 30);
cout << "Enter Emp. Id: ";
cin >> empId;
cout << "Enter Gender: ";
cin >> gender;
}
};
class deptInfo {
protected:
char deptName[30];
char assignedWork[30];
int time2complete;
public:
void getDeptInfo(void)
{
cout << "Enter Department Name: ";
cin.ignore(1);
cin.getline(deptName, 30);
cout << "Enter assigned work: ";
fflush(stdin);
cin.getline(assignedWork, 30);
cout << "Enter time in hours to complete work: ";
cin >> time2complete;
}
};
class employee : private basicInfo, private deptInfo {

public:
void getEmployeeInfo(void)
{
cout << "Enter employee's basic info: " << endl;
getBasicInfo();

41
 cout << "Enter employee's department info: " << endl;
getDeptInfo();
}
void printEmployeeInfo(void)
{
cout << "Employee's Information is: " << endl;
cout << "Basic Information...:" << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Employee ID: " << empId << endl;
cout << "Gender: " << gender << endl
<< endl;
cout << "Department Information...:" << endl;
cout << "Department Name: " << deptName << endl;
cout << "Assigned Work: " << assignedWork << endl;
cout << "Time to complete work: " << time2complete << endl;
}
};
int main()
{
employee emp;
emp.getEmployeeInfo();
emp.printEmployeeInfo();
return 0;
}

Output

42
C++ program to demonstrate example of multiple inheritance

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

43
class A {
private:
int a;
public:
void get_a(int val_a)
{
a = val_a;
}
void put_a(void)
{
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
}
};
class B {
private:
int b;
public:
void get_b(int val_b)
{
b = val_b;
}
void put_b(void)
{
cout << "value of b: " << b << endl;
}
};
class C {
private:
int c;

public:
void get_c(int val_c)
{
c = val_c;
}
void put_c(void)
{
cout << "value of c: " << c << endl;
}
};
class final : public A, public B, public C {
public:
void printValues(void)

44
 {
put_a();
put_b();
put_c();
}
};
int main()
{
final objFinal;
objFinal.get_a(100);
objFinal.get_b(200);
objFinal.get_c(300);
objFinal.printValues();
return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to demonstrate example of hierarchical inheritance to get

square and cube of a number

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

45
class Number {
public:
double num;

void getNumber() {
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> num;
}
};
class Square : public Number {
public:
void calculateSquare() {
cout << "Square of " << num << " is: " << num * num << endl;
}
};
class Cube : public Number {
public:
void calculateCube() {
cout << "Cube of " << num << " is: " << num * num * num << endl;
}
};
int main() {
Square squareObj;
Cube cubeObj;
squareObj.getNumber();
squareObj.calculateSquare();
cubeObj.getNumber();
cubeObj.calculateCube();
return 0;
}

Output

C++ program to read and print employee information with department

and pf information using hierarchical inheritance

#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>

46
using namespace std;
class basicInfo {
protected:
char name[30];
int empId;
char gender;
public:
void getBasicInfo(void)
{
cout << "Enter Name: ";
cin.ignore(1);
cin.getline(name, 30);
cout << "Enter Emp. Id: ";
cin >> empId;
cout << "Enter Gender: ";
cin >> gender;
}
};
class deptInfo : private basicInfo {
protected:
char deptName[30];
char assignedWork[30];
int time2complete;
public:
void getDeptInfo(void)
{
getBasicInfo();
cout << "Enter Department Name: ";
cin.ignore(1);
cin.getline(deptName, 30);
cout << "Enter assigned work: ";
fflush(stdin);
cin.getline(assignedWork, 30);
cout << "Enter time in hours to complete work: ";
cin >> time2complete;
}

void printDeptInfo(void)
{
cout << "Employee's Information is: " << endl;
cout << "Basic Information...:" << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

47
 cout << "Employee ID: " << empId << endl;
cout << "Gender: " << gender << endl
<< endl;
cout << "Department Information...:" << endl;
cout << "Department Name: " << deptName << endl;
cout << "Assigned Work: " << assignedWork << endl;
cout << "Time to complete work: " << time2complete << endl;
}
};
class loanInfo : private basicInfo {
protected:
char loanDetails[30];
int loanAmount;
public:
void getLoanInfo(void)
{
getBasicInfo();
cout << "Enter Loan Details: ";
cin.ignore(1);
cin.getline(loanDetails, 30);
cout << "Enter loan amount: ";
cin >> loanAmount;
}
void printLoanInfo(void)
{
cout << "Employee's Information is: " << endl;
cout << "Basic Information...:" << endl;
cout << "Name: " << name << endl;
cout << "Employee ID: " << empId << endl;
cout << "Gender: " << gender << endl
<< endl;
cout << "Loan Information...:" << endl;
cout << "Loan Details: " << loanDetails << endl;
cout << "Loan Amount : " << loanAmount << endl;
}
};

int main()
{

deptInfo objD;

48
 objD.getDeptInfo();
objD.printDeptInfo();

cout << endl

<< endl;

loanInfo objL;

objL.getLoanInfo();
objL.printLoanInfo();
return 0;
}

Output

49
Write a program to check number and string palindrome

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

50
using namespace std;

bool isPalindrome(int num) {

int originalNum = num;
int reversedNum = 0;

while (num > 0) {

int digit = num % 10;
reversedNum = reversedNum * 10 + digit;
num /= 10;
}

return originalNum == reversedNum;

}

bool isPalindrome(string str) {

int left = 0;
int right = str.length() - 1;

while (left < right) {

if (str[left] != str[right]) {
return false;
}
left++;
right--;
}

return true;
}

int main() {
int num;
string str;

cout << "Enter a number or a string: ";

cin >> str;

if (isdigit(str[0])) {
num = stoi(str);
if (isPalindrome(num)) {
cout << num << " is a palindrome number." << endl;
} else {

51
 cout << num << " is not a palindrome number." << endl;
}
} else {
if (isPalindrome(str)) {
cout << str << " is a palindrome string." << endl;
} else {
cout << str << " is not a palindrome string." << endl;
}
}

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program to show the effect of call by value and call by reference in
function

#include <iostream>

52
using namespace std;
void callByValue(int num) {
cout << "Inside callByValue function:" << endl;
cout << "Original value (before modification): " << num << endl;
num = 100;
cout << "Modified value (inside function): " << num << endl;
}
void callByReference(int &num) {
cout << "Inside callByReference function:" << endl;
cout << "Original value (before modification): " << num << endl;
num = 200;
cout << "Modified value (inside function): " << num << endl;
}

int main() {
int num = 42;

cout << "Original value (before function calls): " << num << endl;

callByValue(num);
cout << "Value after callByValue function: " << num << endl;

callByReference(num);
cout << "Value after callByReference function: " << num << endl;

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program to perform following operations on matrix using

functions and switch case:
(a) Addition
(b) Subtraction

53
 (c) Multiplication
(d) Transpose

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

const int MAX = 10;

void inputMatrix(int mat[MAX][MAX], int &row, int &col) {

cout << "Enter the number of rows: ";
cin >> row;
cout << "Enter the number of columns: ";
cin >> col;

cout << "Enter the matrix elements:" << endl;

for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
cin >> mat[i][j];
}
}
}

void displayMatrix(int mat[MAX][MAX], int row, int col) {

for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
cout << mat[i][j] << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
}

void addMatrix(int mat1[MAX][MAX], int mat2[MAX][MAX], int

result[MAX][MAX], int row, int col) {
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
result[i][j] = mat1[i][j] + mat2[i][j];
}
}
}

void subtractMatrix(int mat1[MAX][MAX], int mat2[MAX][MAX], int

result[MAX][MAX], int row, int col) {
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {

54
 for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
result[i][j] = mat1[i][j] - mat2[i][j];
}
}
}

void multiplyMatrix(int mat1[MAX][MAX], int row1, int col1, int mat2[MAX]

[MAX], int col2, int result[MAX][MAX]) {
for (int i = 0; i < row1; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col2; j++) {
result[i][j] = 0;
for (int k = 0; k < col1; k++) {
result[i][j] += mat1[i][k] * mat2[k][j];
}
}
}
}

void transposeMatrix(int mat[MAX][MAX], int row, int col, int result[MAX]

[MAX]) {
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
result[j][i] = mat[i][j];
}
}
}

int main() {
int choice;
int matrix1[MAX][MAX], matrix2[MAX][MAX], result[MAX][MAX];
int row1, col1, row2, col2, resultRow, resultCol;

cout << "Matrix 1:" << endl;

inputMatrix(matrix1, row1, col1);

cout << "Matrix 2:" << endl;

inputMatrix(matrix2, row2, col2);

cout << "Choose an operation:" << endl;

cout << "1. Addition\n2. Subtraction\n3. Multiplication\n4. Transpose" <<
endl;
cin >> choice;

55
 switch (choice) {
case 1:
if (row1 == row2 && col1 == col2) {
addMatrix(matrix1, matrix2, result, row1, col1);
resultRow = row1;
resultCol = col1;
cout << "Matrix Addition Result:" << endl;
displayMatrix(result, resultRow, resultCol);
} else {
cout << "Matrix dimensions do not match for addition." << endl;
}
break;
case 2:
if (row1 == row2 && col1 == col2) {
subtractMatrix(matrix1, matrix2, result, row1, col1);
resultRow = row1;
resultCol = col1;
cout << "Matrix Subtraction Result:" << endl;
displayMatrix(result, resultRow, resultCol);
} else {
cout << "Matrix dimensions do not match for subtraction." << endl;
}
break;
case 3:
if (col1 == row2) {
multiplyMatrix(matrix1, row1, col1, matrix2, col2, result);
resultRow = row1;
resultCol = col2;
cout << "Matrix Multiplication Result:" << endl;
displayMatrix(result, resultRow, resultCol);
} else {
cout << "Matrix dimensions do not match for multiplication." <<
endl;
}
break;
case 4:
transposeMatrix(matrix1, row1, col1, result);
resultRow = col1;
resultCol = row1;
cout << "Matrix Transpose Result:" << endl;
displayMatrix(result, resultRow, resultCol);
break;
default:

56
 cout << "Invalid choice." << endl;
}

return 0;
}

Output

Define a class Shape whose attributes are radius, length and width.
Calculate the perimeter of rectangle and circle. Use Constructors and
Destructors

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
57
class Shape {
private:
double radius;
double length;
double width;

public:
Shape(double r = 0.0, double l = 0.0, double w = 0.0) : radius(r), length(l),
width(w) {
std::cout << "Shape object created with radius=" << radius << ", length="
<< length << ", width=" << width << std::endl;
}
~Shape() {
std::cout << "Shape object destroyed." << std::endl;
}
void setAttributes(double r, double l, double w) {
radius = r;
length = l;
width = w;
}
double calculateCirclePerimeter() {
return 2 * M_PI * radius;
}
double calculateRectanglePerimeter() {
return 2 * (length + width);
}
};

int main() {
double radius, length, width;

std::cout << "Enter the radius of the circle: ";

std::cin >> radius;

std::cout << "Enter the length of the rectangle: ";

std::cin >> length;

std::cout << "Enter the width of the rectangle: ";

std::cin >> width;

Shape myShape(radius, length, width);

58
 double circlePerimeter = myShape.calculateCirclePerimeter();
std::cout << "Perimeter of the circle: " << circlePerimeter << std::endl;

double rectanglePerimeter = myShape.calculateRectanglePerimeter();

std::cout << "Perimeter of the rectangle: " << rectanglePerimeter <<
std::endl;

return 0;
}

Output

Create a class person which includes: character array name of size 64, age
in numeric, character array address of size 64, and total salary in real
numbers (divide salary in different components, if required). Make an
array of objects of class Person of size 10.
(a) Write inline function that obtains the youngest and eldest age of a
person from a class person using arrays

59
 (b) Write a program to develop a salary slip and display result by using
constructors

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class Person{
public:
char name[64],address[64];
int age,salary;
Person(char* n, char* ad, int a, int s){
strcpy(name,n);
strcpy(address,ad);
age = a;
salary = s;
cout<<"Salary Slip:" << endl << name << endl << address << endl <<
age<<endl<<salary<<endl;
}
void maxmi(int i,int * max, int *mi);
};
inline void Person:: maxmi(int i,int* max,int *mi){
if(i<*mi)
*mi = i;
if(i>*max)
*max = i;
}

int main(){
char name[64],ad[64];
int max = 0, mi = 1000,i,a,s;
Person* obj = (Person*)malloc(10*sizeof(Person));
for(i=0;i<10;i++){
cout<<"Enter name, address, age and salary"<<endl;
cin>>name>>ad>>a>>s;
obj[i]=Person(name,ad,a,s);
obj[i].maxmi(obj[i].age,&max,&mi);
}
cout<<"Youngest age = "<<mi<<endl;
cout<<"Oldest age = "<<max<<endl;
}

60
Output

61
62
Create a class called Complex for performing operations:
(a) Overload increment and decrement operations for increasing and
decreasing complex number values(Unary Operator overload)
(b) Overload ‘+’ op and ‘-‘ op for complex numbers(Binary operator
overloading)

#include <iostream>

class Complex {
private:
double real;
double imag;

public:
Complex() : real(0), imag(0) {}

Complex(double r, double i) : real(r), imag(i) {}

Complex operator++() {
++real;
++imag;
return *this;
}

Complex operator--() {
--real;
--imag;
return *this;
}

Complex operator++(int) {
Complex temp(real, imag);
++real;
++imag;
return temp;
}

Complex operator--(int) {
Complex temp(real, imag);
--real;
--imag;
return temp;
}

63
 Complex operator+(const Complex& other) {
Complex result;
result.real = real + other.real;
result.imag = imag + other.imag;
return result;
}

Complex operator-(const Complex& other) {

Complex result;
result.real = real - other.real;
result.imag = imag - other.imag;
return result;
}

friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& in, Complex& c) {

in >> c.real >> c.imag;
return in;
}

friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Complex& c) {

out << c.real << " + " << c.imag << "i";
return out;
}
};

int main() {
Complex c1, c2, result;

std::cout << "Enter the first complex number (real imag): ";
std::cin >> c1;

std::cout << "Enter the second complex number (real imag): ";
std::cin >> c2;

std::cout << "c1: " << c1 << std::endl;

std::cout << "c2: " << c2 << std::endl;

result = c1 + c2;
std::cout << "c1 + c2: " << result << std::endl;

result = c1 - c2;
std::cout << "c1 - c2: " << result << std::endl;

64
 ++c1;
std::cout << "After prefix increment c1: " << c1 << std::endl;

--c2;
std::cout << "After prefix decrement c2: " << c2 << std::endl;

c1++;
std::cout << "After postfix increment c1: " << c1 << std::endl;

c2--;
std::cout << "After postfix decrement c2: " << c2 << std::endl;

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program to find the area (function name AREA) of circle,

rectangle and triangle by function overloading concept

65
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

class AreaCalculator {
public:
double AREA(double radius) {
return 3.14159 * radius * radius;
}

double AREA(double length, double width) {

return length * width;
}

double AREA(double base, double height, int option) {

if (option == 1) {
return 0.5 * base * height;
}
return -1;
}
};

int main() {
AreaCalculator calc;
double radius, length, width, base, height;

std::cout << "Enter the radius of the circle: ";

std::cin >> radius;
std::cout << "Area of the circle: " << calc.AREA(radius) << std::endl;

std::cout << "Enter the length and width of the rectangle: ";
std::cin >> length >> width;
std::cout << "Area of the rectangle: " << calc.AREA(length, width) <<
std::endl;

std::cout << "Enter the base and height of the triangle: ";
std::cin >> base >> height;
std::cout << "Area of the triangle: " << calc.AREA(base, height, 1) <<
std::endl;
return 0;
}
Output

66
Design three classes: Student, Exam and Result. The student class has data
members such as roll no, name etc. Create a class Exam by inheriting the

67
Student class. The Exam class adds data members representing the marks
scored in six subjects. Derive the Result from class Exam and it has its own
members such as total marks. Write an interactive program to model this
relationship. What type of inheritance this model belongs to?

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student{
public:
int roll_no;
string name;
};
class exam:public Student{
public:
int math,english,chem,bio,phy,cse;
};
class result:public exam{
public:
int total;
};
int main()
{
result obj1;
obj1.math = 99;
obj1.english = 99;
obj1.chem = 68;
obj1.bio = 88;
obj1.phy = 80;
obj1.cse = 94;
obj1.total =
obj1.math+obj1.english+obj1.chem+obj1.bio+obj1.phy+obj1.cse;
cout<<"Total = "<<obj1.total;
}

Output

Write a program to swap two numbers (create two classes) by using Friend
function.

68
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Swap {

int temp, a, b;

public:

Swap(int a, int b)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
friend void swap(Swap&);
};

void swap(Swap& s1)

{
cout << "\nBefore Swapping: " << s1.a << " " << s1.b;

s1.temp = s1.a;
s1.a = s1.b;
s1.b = s1.temp;
cout << "\nAfter Swapping: " << s1.a << " " << s1.b;
}

int main()
{
Swap s(4, 6);
swap(s);
return 0;
}

Output

69
Consider an example of book shop which sells books and video tapes. These
two classes are inherited from base class called media. The media class has

70
command data members such as title and publication. The book class has
data members for storing number of pages in a book and tape class has
playing time in a tape. Each class will have member functions such as read
() and show (). In the base class, these members have to be defined as
virtual functions. Write a program to models the class hierarchy for book
shop and processes objects of these classes using pointers to base class.
Write the rules of virtual functions.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Media {
protected:
std::string title;
std::string publication;

public:
Media(const std::string& t, const std::string& pub) : title(t), publication(pub)
{}

virtual void read() {

std::cout << "Enter title: ";
std::cin >> title;
std::cout << "Enter publication: ";
std::cin >> publication;
}

virtual void show() {

std::cout << "Title: " << title << std::endl;
std::cout << "Publication: " << publication << std::endl;
}
};

class Book : public Media {

private:
int numPages;

public:
Book(const std::string& t, const std::string& pub, int pages) : Media(t, pub),
numPages(pages) {}

void read() override {

Media::read();

71
 std::cout << "Enter number of pages: ";
std::cin >> numPages;
}

void show() override {

Media::show();
std::cout << "Number of pages: " << numPages << std::endl;
}
};

class Tape : public Media {

private:
double playingTime;

public:
Tape(const std::string& t, const std::string& pub, double time) : Media(t,
pub), playingTime(time) {}

void read() override {

Media::read();
std::cout << "Enter playing time (in minutes): ";
std::cin >> playingTime;
}

void show() override {

Media::show();
std::cout << "Playing time (minutes): " << playingTime << std::endl;
}
};

int main() {
Media* mediaPtr = nullptr;
char choice;

std::cout << "Enter 'B' for Book or 'T' for Tape: ";
std::cin >> choice;

if (choice == 'B') {
mediaPtr = new Book("", "", 0);
} else if (choice == 'T') {
mediaPtr = new Tape("", "", 0.0);
} else {
std::cout << "Invalid choice. Exiting." << std::endl;

72
 return 1;
}

mediaPtr->read();
mediaPtr->show();

delete mediaPtr;

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program to calculate the total mark of a student using the concept
of virtual base class.

73
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Student {
protected:
std::string name;
int rollNumber;

public:
Student(const std::string& n, int rn) : name(n), rollNumber(rn) {}

virtual void getMarks() = 0; // Pure virtual function to get marks

virtual void calculateTotal() = 0; // Pure virtual function to calculate total

marks

virtual void display() {

std::cout << "Name: " << name << std::endl;
std::cout << "Roll Number: " << rollNumber << std::endl;
}
};

class Subject {
protected:
int marks;

public:
Subject(int m) : marks(m) {}
};

class Science : public Subject {

public:
Science(int m) : Subject(m) {}
};

class Math : public Subject {

public:
Math(int m) : Subject(m) {}
};

class Arts : public Subject {

public:
Arts(int m) : Subject(m) {}

74
};

class Result : public Student {

private:
int scienceMarks;
int mathMarks;
int artsMarks;
int totalMarks;

public:
Result(const std::string& n, int rn, int sm, int mm, int am)
: Student(n, rn), scienceMarks(sm), mathMarks(mm), artsMarks(am) {}

void getMarks() override {

std::cout << "Enter Science marks: ";
std::cin >> scienceMarks;
std::cout << "Enter Math marks: ";
std::cin >> mathMarks;
std::cout << "Enter Arts marks: ";
std::cin >> artsMarks;
}

void calculateTotal() override {

totalMarks = scienceMarks + mathMarks + artsMarks;
}

void display() override {

Student::display();
std::cout << "Science Marks: " << scienceMarks << std::endl;
std::cout << "Math Marks: " << mathMarks << std::endl;
std::cout << "Arts Marks: " << artsMarks << std::endl;
std::cout << "Total Marks: " << totalMarks << std::endl;
}
};

int main() {
std::string name;
int rollNumber, scienceMarks, mathMarks, artsMarks;

std::cout << "Enter student name: ";

std::cin >> name;
std::cout << "Enter roll number: ";
std::cin >> rollNumber;

75
 Result studentResult(name, rollNumber, 0, 0, 0);

studentResult.getMarks();
studentResult.calculateTotal();

studentResult.display();

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program to show the use of this pointer. Write the application of
this pointer.

#include <iostream>

76
class MyClass {
private:
int data;

public:
MyClass(int d) : data(d) {}

void displayData() {
std::cout << "Data: " << this->data << std::endl;
}

bool isEqual(MyClass& other) {

return this->data == other.data;
}
};

int main() {
MyClass obj1(42);
MyClass obj2(20);

obj1.displayData();
obj2.displayData();

if (obj1.isEqual(obj2)) {
std::cout << "Data members are equal." << std::endl;
} else {
std::cout << "Data members are not equal." << std::endl;
}

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program to implement stack using templates

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

77
using namespace std;
template <class T>
class Stack
{
public:
Stack();
void push(T i);
T pop();
private:
int top;
T st[100];
};

template <class T>

Stack<T>::Stack()
{
top = -1;
}

template <class T>

void Stack<T>::push(T i)
{
st[++top] = i;
}

template <class T>

T Stack<T>::pop()
{
return st[top--];
}

int main ()
{
Stack<int> int_stack;
Stack<string> str_stack;
int_stack.push(67);
str_stack.push("Hello");
str_stack.push("stack using template ");
cout << int_stack.pop() << endl;
cout << str_stack.pop() << endl;
cout << str_stack.pop() << endl;
return 0;
}

78
Output

Write a program to demonstrate exception handling

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
79
int main()
{
int x = -1;
cout << "Before try \n";
try {
cout << "Inside try \n";
if (x < 0)
{
throw x;
cout << "After throw (Never executed) \n";
}
}
catch (int x ) {
cout << "Exception Caught \n";
}

cout << "After catch (Will be executed) \n";

return 0;
}

Output

Write a program that input a file, which determines its length. Also count
the number of word occurrence. For example:” that person is going to
town to meet other person”. Here “to” and “person”-2times.

80
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
ifstream fin("C:\\Users\\acer\\Documents\\file4.txt"); //opening text file

int count=0;
char ch[20],c[20];

cout<<"\nEnter any word which u want to count :: ";

cin>>c;

while(fin)
{
fin>>ch;
if(strcmp(ch,c)==0)
count++;
}

cout<<"\nOccurrence of word [ "<<c<<" ] = "<<count<<"\n";

fin.close(); //closing file

return 0;

Output

81